praakrut

bhaarateeya aaryabhaasha ke madhyayug mein jo anek praadeshik bhaashaaeain viksit hui unka saamaanya naam praakrut hai aur un bhaashaaon mein jo granth rache gaye un sabko samuchchaya roop se praakrut saahitya kaha jaata hai. vikaas ki drushti se bhaashaavaijnyaaanikon ne Bhaarat mein aaryabhaasha ke teen star niyat kiye hain - praacheen, madhyakaaleen aur arvaacheen. praacheen star ki bhaashaaeain vaidik sanskrut aur sanskrut hain, jinke vikaas ka kaal anumaanat: E. poo. 2000 se E. poo. 600 tak maana jaata hai. madhyayugeen bhaashaaeain hain - maagadhi, ardhamaagadhi, shauraseni, paishaachi bhaasha, mahaaraashtri aur apabhransh. inka vikaasakaal E. poorv 600 E. 1000 tak paaya jaata hai. iske pashchaat, hindi, gujaraati, maraathi, baingala, aadi uttar Bhaarat ki aadhunik aaryabhaashaaon ka vikaas praarambh hua jo aaj tak chala aa raha hai.

praacheen bhaashaaon se ukt madhyayugeen bhaashaaon mein mukhyat: nimn visheshataaeain pai jaati hain :

(1) sanskrut ke svaron mein ri, lru, evam ai aur au ka madhyayugeen bhaashaaon mein abhaav hai. A aur O ki hrasv maatraaon ka prayog in bhaashaaon ki apni visheshata hai.

(2) visrg yahaaain sarvatha naheen paaya jaata.

(3) k se lekar m tak ke sparshavarn paae jaate hain. kintu anunaasikon mein sankoch tatha vyatyaya hota hai.

(4) teenon ooshma varno ke sthaan par keval ek aur visheshat: s hi avashisht paaya jaata hai.

(5) sanyukt vyanjanon ka praaya abhaav hai. donon sanyogi vyanjanon ka ya to sameekaran kar liya jaata hai athva svaraagam dvaara donon ko vibhkt kar diya jaata hai, ya unamein se ek ka lop kar diya jaata hai.

(6) dvitv vyanjan se poorv ka deergh svar hraasv kar diya jaata hai evam sanyukt vyanjan mein se ek ka lop kar usase poorv ka hrasv svar deergh kar diya jaata hai.

(7) vyaakaran ki drushti se sanjnyaaaon tatha kriyaaon ke roopon mein dvivchan naheen paaya jaata

(8) halant sanjnyaaaon aur dhaatuon ko svaraant banaakar chalaaya jaata hai.

(9) kaarak ke roopon mein sankoch paaya jaata hai.

(10) kriyaaon mein ganabhed evam parasmaipad aatmanepad ka bhed naheen kiya jaata.

(11) sabhi prakaar ke roop vikalp se chalte hain.

(12) kriyaaroopon mein kaalaadi bhedon ka alpeekaran hua hai. inka bahut kaam bahudha krudanton se chalaaya jaata hai.

ab prashn yeh hota hai ki madhyayug ki bhaashaaon mein sanskrut ki apeksha itni adhik visheshataaeain kab, kyon, kaise aur kahaaain par utpann ho gain. praakrut ke vararuchi aadi vaiyaakaranon ne praakrut bhaashaaon ki prakruti sanskrut ko maankar usase praakrut shabd ki vyutpatti ki hai. "prakruti: sanskrutan, tatrabhavan tat aagatan va praakrutam". kintu sanskrut bhaasha ka vartamaan svaroop swayam E. poorv chhathi shati ke lagbhag viksit hua hai aur use sthir roop to paanini dvaara E. poo. teesari chauthi shati mein diya gaya hai. sanskrut ke ukt prakaar ke anek lakshanon se vibhinn bhaashaaon ka chhathi shati E. poo. mein hi utpann hona kaise sambhav ho sakta hai ? iske atirikt praakrut mein aise bhi anek shabd paae jaate hain jinka sanskrut mein abhaav hai, kintu vaidik bhaasha mein ve vidyamaan hain. praakrut ki anek pravruttiyon ko liye hue bahut se shabd vedon mein paae jaate hain, jo sanskrut vyaakaran ke anukool naheen hain. is samasya par anek paashchaatya vidvaanon ka ek mat yeh hai ki aaryabhaasha jab bhaaratavarsh mein prachalit hui, anaarya log usaka aaryo ke sadrush shuddh shuddh uchchaaran aur prayog naheen kar paae; ataev unhonne apne niji uchchaaran evam bhaashaashaili ke anusaar use bolna praarambh kiya aur unke sampark se is ka prabhaav aaryo par bhi pada. isi ke falasvaroop praakrut bhaasha ki pravruttiyon ka vikaas hua. is mat ke samarthan mein yeh baat bhi dhyaan dene yogya hai ki vaidik kaal se hi jo t th aadi moordhanya dhvaniyon ka pravesh aaryabhaasha mein hua, vah bahulata se us kaal ki anaarya bhaashaaon ka hi prabhaav tha. kintu praacheen anaarya bhaashaaon ka vishleshan kar yeh siddh naheen kiya ja sakta ki praakrut ki ukt visheshataaon ka beej un anaarya bhaashaaon mein vidyamaan the. iseeliye is mat ke sambandh mein vivaad hai.

doosra mat yeh hai ki vedon ki bhaasha bolanevaale jaatiyon mein hi swayam dhvanyaatmak bhed the, jinke kuchh pramaan vedon mein hi upasthit hai anumaanat: vedon ki bhaasha us kaal ki roodhibddh vedabhaasha ke kramavik se anumaanat: kai hajaar varsho mein sanskrut bhaasha ka vikaas hua, par visheshat: sushikshit purohit varg ki apni bhaasha thi, tatha jismein dhaarmik kaaryon me hi upayog kiya jaata tha. utane hi kaal praacheenatam vaidik bhaasha ki samakaaleen janasaadhaaran ki lokabhaasha se sanskrut ke saath saath hi praakrut ka bhi vikaas hua, jismein pradeshabhedaanusaar naana bhed the. is sambandh mein yeh bhi baat dhyaan dene yogya hai ki Bhaarat mein aaryon ka pravesh ek hi kaal mein evam ek dhaara mein hua naheen kaha ja sakta. yadi aage peechhe aanevaali aarya jaatiyon ke bhaashaabhed se praakrut bhaashaaon ke udgam aur vikaas va sambandh ho to aashcharya naheen. is sambandh mein haurnale aur griyrsan ke vah mat bhi ullekhaneeya hai jiske anusaar bhaarateeya aaryabhaashaaeain do vargo mein vibhaajit pai jaati hain hru ek baahya aur doosra aabhyantar uttar, pashchim, dakshin aur poorv ki bhaashaaon ke ukt prakaar do varg utpann ho gaye. ise sankshep mein samajhne ke liye Maharashtra pradesh ke naamon jaise gokhale, kher, paraanjape, paadhye, munje godavole, taanbe, tatha lanka mein prachalit naamon jaise gunatilke sena naayake, bandaranaayak aadi mein jo akaaraant karta ek vachan ke roop se A pratyaya dikhaai deta hai, vahi poorv ki maagadhi praakrut me apne niyamit sthirta ko praapt hua paaya jaata hai. aadi aaryabhaasha me vaidik r ke sthaan par l ka uchchaaran bhi maana gaya hai, jaise kulau u shrotr. usi pravrutti ke falasvaroop vaidik vruk ke sthaan par jarman bhaashaasamooh mein vulf evam greek mein pruthu ka plutus paaya jaata hai. yeh r ke sthaan par l ka uchchaaraan dhvani maagadhi se surakshit hain, kintu usi kaal ki boliyon mein unke sameekrut roop jaise ott att, satt, bhi paae jaate hain. bogaajakui ke bhinn mitnni (maitra yani ?) aaryashaakha ke jo lagbhag 200 E. poo. ke lekh mile hain unamein Indra aur naasatya devataaon ke naam indar aur naasaateeya roop se ankit hain. unamein svarabhakti dvaara sanyukt varno ke sanyukt kiye jaane ki pravrutti vidyamaan hai. varun devata ka naam "uruvan" roop mein ullikhit hai jismein svar ke agraagam tatha varnavyatyaya ki pravrutti spasht dikhaai deti hai. ye pravruttiyaaain praakrut ke saamaanya lakshan hain. paali mein prayukt idh sanskrut tatha vaidik ke ih se poorvakaaleen parampara ka hai ismein bhi kisi ko koi sandeh naheen hai. aadi aaryabhaasha mein A tatha O ke hrasv roop the; ai aur au ka abhaav tha; kintu ai, au jaise mishr svar prachalit the; anunaasik sparshon ka sankoch tha; teen ooshmon mein keval ekamaatr s hi tha. ye dhvanyaatmak visheshataaeain pradhaanat: shauraseni praakrut mein surakshit pai jaati hain, ityaadi. in lakshanon ke sadbhaav ka samaadhaan samuchit roop se yahi maankar kiya ja sakta hai ki praakrut bhaashaaon mein unka aagaman praacheenatam aarya jaatiyon ki boliyon se avichhinn parampara dvaara chala aaya hai. yathaarthat: sanskrut ho athva vaidik ko hi praakrut ki prakruti maan lene se ukt lakshanon ka koi samaadhaan naheen hota.

tab praakrut ke vaiyaakaranon ne sanskrut ko praakrut ki prakruti kyon kaha? iska kaaran un vyaakaranon ke rache jaane ke kaal aur unke svaroop par dhyaan dene se spashtat: samajh me aa jaata hai. ve vyaakaran us kaal mein likhe gaye jab vidvatsamaaj mein praakrut ki apeksha sanskrut ka adhik prachaar aur sammaan tha. ve likhe bhi sanskrut bhaasha mein gaye hain tatha unka uddeshya bhi sanskrut naatakon mein bhi praakrutikta rakhane ke liye karna padta tha aur jinmein utkrusht saahityik rachanaaeain bhi nirmit ho chuki theen. ataev un vaiyaakaranon ne sanskrut ko aadarsh thaharaakar usase jo visheshataaeain praakrut mein theen unka vivran upasthit kar diya aur iski saarthakata sanskrut ko praakrut ki prakruti kehkar siddh kar di. tathaapi namisaadhu ne apna yeh mat spasht prakat kiya hai ki prakruti ka arth lok ya janta hai aur janasaadhaaran ko bhaasha hone se hi vah praakrut kahalaai. prakruti ka arth lok bahut praacheen hai tatha kaalidaas ne bhi usaka lok ke arth mein prayog kiya hai (raaja prakruti ranyajanaat, raghu. sarg, 4). praakruton ki is ati praacheen parampara ke prakaash mein in bhaashaaon ko vaidik aur sanskrut ki apeksha uttarakaaleen va madhyayugeen kehne ka auchitya bhi vichaaraneeya ho jaata hai. usaki yadi koi saarthakata hai to keval itni ki ye bhaashaaeain vaidik aur sanskrut ke pashchaat hi saahitya mein prayukt huin. unka pratham baar dhaarmik prachaar ke liye upayog E. poo. chhathi shati me shraman mahaaveer aur buddh ne kiya. tatha unki saahityik rachanaaon mein shabdon tatha shaili ki drushti se sanskrut ka bada prabhaav drushtigochar hota hai.

bhaasha jab tak boli ke roop mein rahati hai, usamein desh aur kaal ki apeksha nirantar parivartan hote rahate hain. isi niyam ke anusaar kaal ke saapeksh praakrut ke teen star sveekaar kiye gaye hain -

• poorvakaaleen (E. poo. 600 se 100 E. tak),
• madhyakaaleen (E. 100 se 600 E. s. tak) tatha
• uttarakaaleen (E. san 600 se 1000 tak).

praacheen star ki praakrut

shraman mahaaveer aur buddh ne jis bhaasha ya bhaashaaon mein apne upadesh diye ve praakrut ke praacheen star ke utkrusht roop rahe honge. unke upadeshon ki bhaasha ko kramash: maagadhi evam ardhamaagadhi kaha gaya hai. kintu vartamaan mein paali kahi jaanevaali bhaasha ke granthon mein hame maagadhi ka vah svaroop naheen milta jaisa pashchaatkaaleen vaiyaakaranon ne batalaaya hai. tathaapi bhaasha ka jo svaroop bauddh tripitk granthon mein paaya jaata hai vah praakrut ke praacheen star ka hi sveekaar kiya jaata hai. is star praakrut ka sarvat: praamaanik svaroop ashok ki shilaaon aur stanbho par utkeern dharmalipiyon mein upalabadh hota hai. in shilaaon ki sankhya lagbhag 30 hai. saubhaagya se inmein keval E. poorv truteeya shati ki praakrut bhaasha ka svaroop surakshit hai, kintu un prashastiyon mein tatkaaleen bhaasha ke praadeshik bhed bhi hamein praapt hote hain. pashchimottar pradesh mein shahabaajagadhi aur maanasehara naamak sthaanon ki shilaaon par jo 14 prashastiyaaain khudi hui pai gayi hain unamein sparsh varnon ke atirikt r aur l evam sh sh s ye teenon ooshm praaya: apne apne sthaanon par surakshit hain. rakaar yukt sanyukt varn bhi dikhaai dete hain. kintu jnya aur naya ke sthaan par nyanya ka prayog paaya jaata hai. is prakaar yeh bhaasha vaiyaakaranon ki paishaachi praakrut ka poorvaroop kahi ja sakti hai. ye hi 14 prashastiyaaain us bhaasha ko shauraseni ka praacheen roop prakat karti hain. uttar pradeshavarti kaalasi, jaugad nachhauli naamak sthaanon par bhi ve hi 14 prashastiyaaain utkeern hain. inmein hamein r ke sthaan par l tatha akaaraant sanjnyaaaon ke karta kaarak ek vachan ki A vibhkti praapt hoti hai. tathaapi teenon ooshmon ke sthaan par sh naheen kintu s ka astitv milta hai. is prakaar yahaaain maagadhi praakrut ke teen lakshan naheen. ataev ise maagadhi ki apeksha ardhamaagadhi praakrut ke teen lakshanon mein se do prachur roop se praapt hote hain, kintu sakaar sambandhi teesara lakshan naheen. ataev ise maagadhi ki apeksha ardhamaagadhi praakrut ka praacheen roop kehna adhik upayukt prateet hota hai. ashok ki prashastiyaaain unke bhaashaatmak mahatva ke atirikt saahityik drushti se bhi mahatvapoorn hain. unamein praacheen Bhaarat (E. poo. 3ri shati) ke ek aise samraat ke neeti, dharm evam sadaachaar sambandhi vichaar aur upadesh nihit hain jisne na keval is vishaal desh ke samast bhaagon par raajaneetik adhikaar hi praapt kiya tha, tatha desh ke baahar bhi alekjeindriya tak bhinn bhinn deshon se saanskrutik sambandh sthaapit kiya tha aur yahaaain apne dharmadoot bhi bheje the. is sabke baahar bhi alekjeindriya tak bhinn bhinn deshon se saanskrutik sambandh sthaapit kiya tha aur vahaaain apne dharmadoot bhi bheje the. in sab drushtiyon se yeh saahitya apne dhang ka adviteeya hai.

praacheen star ki praakrut ka doosra udaaharan udeesa ki udayagiri khandagiri ki haatheegunfa naamak guha mein utkeern kalingasamraat khaaravel ka lekh hai jo anek baaton mein ashok ke shilaalekhon se samata rakhata hai. kintu iski apni visheshata yeh hai ki ismein us samraat ke varsho ki vijyon tatha lokakalyaan sambandhi kaaryo ka vivran likha gaya hai. iska kaal anumaanat: E. poo. dviteeya shati hai. usaki bhaasha ashok ki girnaar ki prashastiyon se mel khaati hai, ataev vah praacheen shauraseni kahi ja sakti hai. is praakrut ka E. poo. teesari shataabdi man pashchim Bhaarat aur uske sau, dedh sau varsh pashchaat jain shatkhandaagam aadi granthon evam kundakundaachaarya aadi ki dakshin pradesh ki rachanaaon mein paaya jaana usaki tatkaaleen digvijya tatha saarvabhaumikta ka pramaan hai. us kaal mein itna prachaar aur kisi bhaasha ka naheen paaya jaata.

isi praacheen star ki praakrut ka prayog hamein ashvaghosh krut saariputr prakaran aadi naatakon ke upalabdh khandon mein praapt hota hai. inmein naayakon tatha ek do anya paatron ko chhodkar shesh sabhi paatr praakrut bolte hain, jiske teen roop spasht dikhaai dete hain. saariputr prakaran mein dusht ki bhaasha mein r ke sthaan par l, teenon ooshmon ke sthaan par sh tatha akaaraant sanjnyaaaon ke kartaakaarak ekavachan ke roop mein A vibhkti, ye teen lakshan spashtat: us bhaag ko maagadhi siddh karte hain. yahaaain k t aadi aghosh varn na to g d aadi saghoshon mein parivrtit hue milte, na th gh aadi mahaapraan varn h mein parivrtit hue milte, na th gh aadi mahaapraan varn hru mein parivrtit hue aur na dantya n ke sthaan par moordhanya n dikhaai deta. ye ashvaghosh ki praakrut ke lakshan use praacheen star ki siddh kar rahe hain. gorv naamak paatr ki bhaasha ki praakrut mein r ke sthaan par s ka prayog hua hai. ye lakshan use ardhamaagadhi siddh kar rahe hain. naayika, vidooshak tatha anya paatron ki praakrut mein r aur l apne apne sthaanon par hain. sab ooshm s ke roopamein paae jaate hain tatha kartaakaarak ekavachan okaaraant paaya jaata hai. inse yeh bhaasha spashtat: praacheen shauraseni kahi ja sakti hai.

dviteeya star ki praakrut

iske pashchaat praakrut bhaashaaon ke jo bhed prabhed hue unka vishd varnan bharat naatyashaastr (adhyaaya 17) mein praapt hota hai. unhonne vaani ka paath do prakaar ka maana hai- sanskrut aur praakrut; tatha kaha hai ki praakrut mein teen prakaar ke shabd prachalit hain- samaan (tatsam), vibhrasht (tadbhav) aur deshi. naatak mein bhaashaaprayog ka vivran unhonne is prakaar diya hai - uttam paatr sanskrut bolein, kintu yadi ve daridr ho jaaeain to praakrut bolein; shraman, tapasvi bhikshu, stri, baalak, aadi ashuddh hai. tathaapi itna spasht hai ki unhonne k, t, the, ya aur va ke lop, kh, gh aadi mahaapraan varno ke sthaan par h ka aadesh; t ka d, anaadi t ka aspasht the car uchchaaran; sht, shn aadi ka khakaar, in parivrtanon ka ullekh kiya hai. isse pramaanit hai ki ve dviteeya star ki praakrut ka hi varnan kar rahe hain. 32vein adhyaaya mein unhonne dhruva naamak geetikaavya ka vistaar se udaaharanon sahit varnan kiya hai aur spasht kaha hai ki dhruva mein shauraseni ka hi prayog kiya jaana chaahiye (bhaasha tu shoraseni dhruvaayaaain sanprayojayet). yeh baat unke udaaharanon se bhi pramaanit hai. at: pashchaatkaaleen dhaarana nirmool hai ki naatakon ke geya bhaag mein mahaaraashtri ka prayog kiya jaaya. bharat ke mat se naatak mein shauraseni bhaasha ka prayog kiya jaaya ya ichhaanusaar kisi bhi deshabhaasha ka. aisi deshabhaashaaeain saat hain - maagadhi, aavanti, shauraseni, ardhamaagadhi, vaahleeka aur dakshinaatya. ant:pur nivaasiyon ke liye maagadhi; chet, raajaputr aur sethon ke liye arghamaagadhi; vidooshakaadi ke liye praachya; naayika evam sakhiyon ke liye ardhamaagaghi; vidooshakaadi ke liye praachya; naayika evam sakhiyon ke liye shauraseni se aviruddh aavanti; yoddha, naagrik tatha juaariyon ke liye daakshinaatya; tatha udeechya, khas, shabar, shak aadi jaatiyon ke liye vaahleeka ka prayog karein. inke atirikt bharat ne shabar, aabheer, chaandaal aadi ki heen bhaashaaon ko vibhaasha kaha hai. is prakaar bharat ke naatak ke paatron mein jo praakrut bhaavanaaon ka baintavaara kiya hai usaka sanskrut ke naatakon mein aanshik roop se hi paalan kiya jaata hai.

sanskrut naatakon mein sabse adhik praakrut ka upayog aur vaichitrya shoodrak krut mruchhakatikm mein milta hai. pishl, keeth vidvaanon aadi ke mataanusaar to mruchhakatik ki rachana ka uddeshya hi praakrut sambandhi naatyashaastr ke niyamon ko udaahrut karna prateet hota hai. is naatak ke teekaakaar pruthveedhar ke mataanusaar naatak mein chaar prakaar ki praakrut ka hi prayog kiya jaata hai - shauraseni, avantika, praachya aur maagadhi. prastut naatak mein sootradhaar, nati, naayika vasantasena, chaarudatt ki braahmani stri evam shreshthi tatha inke parichaarak parichaarikaaain aise 11 paatr shauraseni bolte hain. aavanti bhaasha bolanevaale keval do apradhaan paatr hain. praachya bhaasha keval vidooshak bolata hai; tab kunj, chetak, bhikshu aur chaarudatt ka putr kul chhah paatr maagadhi bolte hain inke atirikt shakaari, chaandaali tatha dhakki ke bhi bolanevaale ek ek do do paatr hain. kintu yadi in sab paatron ki bhaasha ka vishleshan kiya jaae to ve sab keval do bhaagon mein baaainti ja sakti hain - shauraseni aur maagaghi. teekaakaar ne swayam kaha hai ki aavanti mein keval rakaar va lokoktiyon ka baahulya hota hai aur praachya mein svaarthik kakaar ka. anya baaton mein ve shauraseni hi hain. shakaari, chaandaali tatha dhakki sab maagadhi ki hi shailiyaaain hai. is prakaar naamachaar ka praakrut baahulya hone par bhi vastut: mruchhakatik mein ashvaghosh ke naatakon ki apeksha koi adhik bhaashaabhed naheen dikhaai deta. praakrut ka svaroop kaalagati se vishesh viksit ho gaya hai aur usamein kuchh aise lakshan aa gaye hain jinke kaaran is praakrut ko praacheen star ki apeksha dviteeya star ki kaha jaata hai. isi star ki praakrut tatha uske deshabhedon ka vivran hamein upalabdh praakrut vyaakaranon mein milta hai aur unheen ka vipul saahitya bhi vidyamaan hai.

dviteeya star ki praakrut ka sarvapraacheen vyaakaran chandakrut praakrut lakshan ya aarsh praakrut vyaakaran hai. yeh ati sankshipt hai aur keval 99 sootron mein praakrut ki vidhiyon ka niroopan kar diya gaya hai. is star ki visheshata batalaane vaale sootr dhyaan dene yogya hain. sootr 76 ke anusaar vargo ke pratham k ch t t aadi varnon ke sthaan par truteeya ka aadesh hota hai, jaise, pishaachi -- bisaaji, jata -- data, krutan -- kadan, pratisiddh -- padisiddhan. sootr 77 ke anusaar kh gh ch aur bh ke sthaan mein hakaar ka aadesh jaise- mukhan -- muhan, megh: -- neho, maadhav: -- maahavo, vrushabh: -- vasaho. sootr 97 ke anusaar k tatha vargon ke truteeya varno (g j aadi) ka svar ke pare lop hota hai, jaise - kokil: -- Kohli, bhaugik: -- bhoio, raaja -- raaya, nadi -- nai. sootr 98 ke anusaar lupt vyanjan ke pare a hone par ya hota hai, jaise - kaakaaoo kaayaaoo, naanaaoo naaya, raajaaoo raaya. antim 99vein sootr mein kaha gaya hai ki praakrut ki shesh vyavastha shisht prayogon se jaanani chaahiye. inse aage ke chaar sootron mein apabhransh ka lakshan, sanyukt varn se lakaar ka lop na hona, peshaachi ka r aur n ke sthaan par l aur na ka aadesh, maagadhika ka r aur s ke sthaan par l aur sh ka aadesh, tatha shauraseni ka t ke sthaan mein vikalp se d ka aadesh batalaaya gaya hai. bhaashaashaastriyon ka mat hai ki dviteeya star ke aadi me k aadi abodh varnon ke sthaan par g aadi saghosh varno ka uchchaaran hone laga. fir inki alpatar dhvani shesh rahi aur fir sarvatha lop ho gaya, tatha mahaapraan dhvaniyon ke sthaan par keval ek shuddh ooshm dhvani h avashisht rah gayi. ye pravruttiyaaain tatha ukt aarsh vyaakaran mein nirdisht ya shruti vikalp se samast jain praakrut hai. kintu pashchaatkaaleen 16veen, 17veen shati ke praakrut vaiyaakaranon ne praakruton ke niroopan mein jo bhraantiyaaain utpann ki hain, unke aadhaar par kuchh paashchaatya vidvaanon ne jain saahitya ki praakruton ko ukt vikalpon ke sadbhaav ke kaaran jain shauraseni tatha jain mahaaraashtri naamon dvaara pruthak nirdisht karna aavashyak samjha, yeh aitihaasik drushti se vaastavik naheen hai.

is aarsh praakrut vyaakaran ke pashchaat praakrutaprakaash naamak vyaakaran likha gaya, jismein aage do baar vruddhi ki gayi. aadi ke nau parichhed vararuchi krut hain. iname aadarsh praakrut ki kramash: svaravidhi, vyanjanavidhi, sanyuktavarn vidhi, sankeern, sanjnyaaaroop, sarvanaam vidhi, kriyaaroop, dhaatvaadesh evam avyayon ka niroopan kiya gaya hai. ant mein kaha gaya hai ki praakrut ka shesh svaroop sanskrut ke samajhna chaahiye. is vyaakaran mein dviteeya star ke praakrut ka svaroop poornaroop se nirdhaarit hua paaya jaata hai. iske anusaar madhyavarti k g ch j t d p ya aur the ka praaya: lop hota hai, evam kh gh th dh aur bh ke sthaan par h aadesh. praakrutaprakaash ke is praacheen vibhaag par kaatyaayan, bhaamah, vasantaraaj, sadaanand aur raamapaanivaadakrut teekaaeain pai jaati hain. aage ke 10vein aur 12vein parichhedon mein kramash: paishaachi ka 14 sootron mein tatha maagadhi ka 17 sootron mein niroopan kiya gaya hai. in donon bhaashaaon ki prakruti shauraseni kahi gayi hai. kintu isse poorv kaheen bhi shaureseni ka naam naheen aaya. ataev anumaanat: iske kartaaon ki drushti mein saamaanya praakrut ka niroopan us kaal ki suprachalit shoraseni ka hi hai. in do parichhedon par keval bhaamah ki teeka hai aur vidvaanon ka anumaan hai ki ye donon parichhed unheen ke jode hue hain. inmein paishaachi ka visheshata shabd ke madhya mein truteeya chaturth varno ke sthaan par pratham tatha dviteeya ka aadesh, n ke sthaan par n, jnya, nya ke sthaan par nyanya tatha tva ke sthaan par toon batalaai gayi hai aur maagadhi ki sh, s, ke sthaan par ksh j ke sthaan par y, ksh ke sthaan par ek ahan ke sthaan par hake, hage va ahake, tatha akaaraant karta kaarak ekavachan ke ant mein A kahi gayi hain. praakrut prakaash ka antim 12 vaaain parichhed bahut peechhe joda gaya prateet hota hai. ispar bhaamah va anya kisi ki teeka naheen hai. is parichhed ki avastha badi vilkshan hai. ismein shauraseni ke lakshan batalaae gaye hain, jiski aadi mein hi prakruti sanskrut kahi gayi hain. kintu antim 32vein sootr mein pun: kaha gaya haihru sheshan mahaaraashtri vat. parantu mahaaraashtri shabd isse poorv granth bhar mein athva anya kaheen vyaakaran mein aaya hi naheen hai. jaan padta hai yeh parichhed us samay joda gaya hai jab yeh dhaarana sudrudh ho gayi ki praakrut kaavya ki bhaasha mahaaraashtri hi honi chaahiye. ataev jahaaain praakrut ka nirdesh hai, vahaaain mahaaraashtri ka hi taatparya grahan kiya jaaya. yahaaain jo shauraseni ka svaroop batalaaya gaya hai, usi se spasht ho jaata hai ki jo svaroop yahaaain saamaanya praakrut ka batalaaya gaya hai, vah shauraseni ka hi kaalaanusaar viksit roop hai. udaaharanaarth shauraseni mein madhyavarti t aur th ke sthaan kramash: d aur dh hote hain, vahaaain praakrut mein d ka lop aur th ka h hota hai. "bh" dhaatu ka shauraseni mein "bho" hi rahata hai, ki kintu praakrut mein vahaaain "ho" aadesh kaha gaya hai. shauraseni mein napunsak bahuvachan ke roop mein vahaaain ni hota hai, jaise jalaani, vaanani, vahaaain praakrut ke keval i rahata hai, jaise jalaain, vanaain shauraseni mein dola, dand tatha dasan ka aadi d prakruti roop rahata hai, jabki praakrut mein vah d ho jaata hai, jaise dola, dand va dasan ityaadi.

praakrutaprakaash ke pashchaat praakrut tatha usaki praadeshik bhaashaaon ka sarvaangapoorn niroopan karanevaala, praakrut vyaakaran hemachandr dvaara 12veen shati E. mein likha gaya. iske chaar parichhed hain, jinmein se lagbhag saadhe teen parichhedon mein praakrut ka suvyavasthit vivran diya gaya hai aur shesh lagbhag 200 sootron mein kramash: shauraseni, maagadhi, paishaachi, choolika paishaachi aur apabhransh bhaashaaon ke vishesh lakshan batalaae hain. in bhaashaaon mein se pratham teen ka svaroop to adhik vistrut roop me vahi hai jo oopar batalaaya ja chuka hai. choolika paishaachi ke lakshan yahaaain chaar sootron mein ye batalaae gaye hain ki usamein teesare aur chauthe varno ke sthaan par pratham aur dviteeya ka aadesh hota hai, r ka l vikalp se hota hai, kuchh aachaaryo ke mat se aadivrn ki dhvani mein parivartan naheen hota, shesh baatein paishaachi ke samaan jaanani chaahiye.

• praakrut saahitya
• apabhransh
• paali
• sanskrut
• Bhaarat ki bhaashaaeain

• praakrut shabd mahaarnav (paaia sadd mahannavo) (praakrut-hindi shabdakosh ; Google pustak ; pandit haragovindadaas vikramachand seth)
• saahityik praakruton (shauraseni, mahaaraashtri, maagadhi, arddh-maagadhi, paishaachi) ko bhinn bhaashaaeain maanane ki paramparaagat maanyataa: punarvichaar (professor mahaaveer saran jain ka aalekh)