praagaitihaasik bundeli samaaj aur sanskruti
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is lekh ko vikifaai karne ki aavashyakta ho sakti hai taaki yeh vikipeediya ke gunavatta maanakon par khara utar sake. krupaya praasangik aantarik kadiyaaain jodkar, ya lekh ka leaaut sudhaar kar sahaayata pradaan karein. adhik jaankaari ke liye daahini or [dikhaaeain] par klik karein.
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is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. |
bundelakhand narmada, chanbal, betava aur ken aadi nadiyon se ghira hua hai aur praacheen kaal mein prasiddh Madhya Pradesh ka ek ang tha. bundelakhand ke aadim nivaasiyon #aur unki sanskruti ka svarup nirnaya karne mein teen prakaar ki saamagri milti hai. puraataatvik chitr aur aujaar tatha vaidik evam pauraamik saahitya mein aaye ullekh.
bhitti chitron aur aujaaron ke aadhaar par nruvansheeya evam samaajashaasreeya upalabdhiyon hui hain tatha pauraanik saahitya ke aadim samaaj ki dhaarmik upalabdhiyon ka pramaaneekaran ho jaata hai. etihaasik aur dhaarmik drushti se bundeli samaaj ka mila-jula rup is prakaar aata h. aitihaasik yug se bahut pehle bundelakhand ki aadim sanskruti ko darshaane vaale ve shilaagruh hain jinka pata beesaveen shataabdi ke chhathe dashak mein laga hai. aadim nivaasi praaya: parvat ki gufaaon mein rahate the. bundelakhand ke saagar, panna, hoshangaabaad, chhatarapur, raayasen aadi sthaanon ke sameep anek bhitti chitr praapt hue hain. in chitron ka nirmaan pan0 krushnadatt Vajpayee ke mataanusaar kam se kam 6000 i0 poo0 se prachalit ho gaya tha. unhonne Madhya Pradesh mein paaye jaane waali bhitti-chitr ki gufaaon ka vaigyaanik dhang se aakalan karke nirnaya diya hai ki praacheen gufa-chitron se vahaan nivaas karne vaalon ki jeevan-charcha tatha ruchi ka pata chalta hai. mukhyataya jo drushya in chitron mein milte hain - vividh aayudhon se pashu pakshiyon ka shikaar, jaanvaron ki ladaai, maanavon mein paaramparik yuddh, pashuon par savaali, geet, nrutya, poojan, madhu-sanchaya tha ghareloo jeevan-sambandhi anek drushya. logon ke jeevan-nirvaah ka mukhya saadhan shikaar tha. shikaar kiye jaane vaale jaanavar baagh, hirn, bhainsa, haathi, gainda aur shookar vishesh hain. bhitti chitr do prakaar ke hain - ek ve jinmein shikaar aur raksha ke liye vividh aayudhon ka prayog hai, doosare ve, jinmein yuddh ke drushya chitrit hai. inmein ghodon par savaar sardaar apne sir ke oopar chhat lagaaye ja rahe hain. kai jagah shikaariyon aur yoddhaaon ke vichit pahanaave mile hain. barauda gaaainv (jila saagar) ke sameep ke gufa chitr mein ek yoddha ooainchi topi aur lamba kot pahane dikhaaya gaya hai. anek chitron mein haathi par savaar log dikhaae gaye hain.
saagar jile ke barathaavali naamak sthaan mein ek rochak guha-chitr hai, jismein nadi ka khel pradarshit hai. ek vyakti ka sir neeche aur pair oopar kiye hue dikhaaya gaya hai. kinheen kinheen chitron mein ghareloo jeevan, Khan-paan, nrutya, gaayan aadi ke chitran hain. vidvaanon ke mat se bhitti-chitron ke maadhyam se hamein jis aadh samaaj ka anumaan lagta hai. vah atyant paravarti samaaj hai. mohan-jodado aur hadppa ki sabhyata se bahut pehle is bhoo-bhaag par narmada aur chambal ki praacheen sabhyataaen prachalit theen jinka samay praapt praacheenatam pattharon ke aujaaron ke aadhaar par lagbhag paaainch lakh i0 poo0 maana gaya hai.
(k) poorv paashaan yug - puraatatv saamagri ke aadhaar par is yug ka samay 5 lakh varsh poorv maana gaya hai. narmada ghaati ke avashesh hoshangaabaad, narasinhapur ke beech bhutara, saagar, damoh, reeva tatha bundelakhand ke kshetro mein mile hain jinhein bi. rangaachaarya ne upayog ki drushti se bane aujaar is baat ke pramaan hain ki manushyon ki pratham bastiyaan yahaaain thi. shri echa0 dee0 saankaliya ne bhi isi ka samarthan kiya hai ki manushyon ki bastiyon mein billaur-patthar, baluaa patthar tata sopaanaashm (trap) teenon prakaar ke hathiyaar prayukt hote the. is ke yug ke maanav, nadi ya jharanon ke kareeb kandaraaon mein vaas karte the. usaka mukhya kaarya mrugaya hi tha. kheti ka sootrapaat is samay tak naheen hua tha.
(kh) madhya paashaan yug - is yug (7000 i0 poo0) ki puraataattvik saamagri ke kshetr narmada ghaati, vindhyaachal ke kshetr ke siva Hyderabad, kaathiyaavaad aur Punjab tak faile hain. pan harihranivaas Dwivedi ke anusaar aakruti ki drushti se is kaal ke aujaar aur shasr chaukor fal, peechhe ki or se bhonthare kiye kae, arddhachandrakaar fal kuredane ke aujaar, shalaakaakar fal ke rup mein hai. unka upayog bina muthiya ke naheen hota tha. manushyon ke asthi pan aur anya jeevon ke asthi pan ke aadhaar par nishkarsh niklata hai ki is yug ke manushya nruvansh ki drushti se neegro the. shri shyaamacharan rai ki vichaar hai ki ye log un logon mein se ho sakte hain jinhein aajkal "aastrelaaid' kehte hain aur jinki santaan ki gaund, bheel, munda aadi hai. bundelakhand mein gaud, bheel, kol, keeraat, shabar aur kotak ki sthiti ka pramaan paravarti pauraanik saahitya mein bhi milta hai. shikaar ke siva in logon ne krushi ka bhi sootrapaat kiya tha. ye pahaadi bhoomi ko chhote-chhote samatalon mein vibhaajit karke krushi karte the. ye log maranottar jeevan ki bhi kalpana karte the. vidvaanon ka maanana hai ki is samay ke log sangeet, nrutya mein praveen the. saanskrutik tatvon ke rup mein bat pooja, bilva aur ka bhi sanket milta hai. kheti mein urvarata laane ke liye ye pret pooja bhi karte the.
(g) uttar paashaan kaal (4000 i0 poo0) - is kaal ke avasheshon mein kulhaadi, chimnaane ke patthar, patthar ke hathaude, kudaali, moosal, haddi ke sooje, choolhe tatha mitti ke aadikaaleen bartan pramukh hain. Madhya Pradesh ki seemaaon mein hameerapur, baaainda, chhattarapur, panna mein ye avashesh praapt hue hain. is yug ke sanskruti ke nirmaata bhaaratavarsh mein "aagneya disha' se aae. inki aakruti Bhaarat mein nishaadon se milne ke kaaran inhein "aagneya nishaad' ki sanjnyaa di gayi. aaryon ke Madhya Pradesh tak saare Bhaarat mein ye fail gaye the. vaidik saahitya tatha bauddh jaatakon mein in logon ka baar baar smaran kiya gaya hai. inki bhaasha ko chaandaal bhaasha kaha gaya hai. aisa pan0 Dwivedi ne apni pustak madhyabhaarat ka itihaas mein bhi maana hai.
dau॰ saankaliya ne nishaadon ko ann utpann karne wala, ek sthaan par rukakar rahane wala tatha agni ka upayog jaanane tatha pashu paalne wala maana hai. ve chaak (chakr) par rakhakar mitti ke bartan banaate the, gaadi ke pahiyon ka avishkaar inhonne kar liya tha. jhonpade banaakar rahane ki prakruti inki thi. graamon ki sabhyata ka vikaas inhonne kar liya tha. ""prakrutigt vibhinnata, sthaan bhed aur jeevanayaapan ke bhed ke kaaran isi kaal mein bhaaratavarsh mein vishesh kaarya karne vaalon ki shreniyon ke rup mein jaati sanstha ka udaya hua, jo aaryon ki varn vyavastha se bahut pehle ki aadim saamaajik sanstha hai. inmein nibhed aur samata ki bhaavana hai tatha shrutismruti ke vidhaanon ka koi hastakshep nahi hai ise dau॰ raajabaali paandeya ne bhi sveekaar kiya hai. vastut: is yug mein sthir jeevan ki kalpana ke saath mrutakon ko gaadkar tha unke bhasmaavasheshon ko mitti ke bartan mein rakhakar aur mitti mein dabaakar un par smruti chinhon ke rup mein patthar khade kiye gaye. bauddh stoopon ki vishaal kalpana bhi isi bhaavana ka parinaam hai iska pan0 harihranivaas Dwivedi ne bhi samarthan kiya hai.
uttar paashaan yug ke viksit aujaar, mitti ke bartan, tarakas mein lautakar aane vaale baan, baaains ki nali se foonk kar (utpann shakti se chalne vaale asr, kudaali, kheti ki naveenata aadi is kaal ki visheshataaeain hain. gehooain, kandali, naarikel, taambool, vaatign, alaaboo, nimbook, jamboo, kapaas, kapant, shaanmeel, kakavaak aadi ka prachalan is kaal mein ho gaya tha.
aagneya (nishaadon) ki den mein matsyagandha ki kalpana, anagadh patthar mein devatv ki sthaapana, devataaon par raktalep karna aur maang bharna (baad mein ise sindoor se sthaanaapann kiya gaya.) uttar paashaan yug ke uparaant chanbal ghaati aur betava ghaati ki sabhyataayein hai jinki pruthak astitv naheen maana gaya hai. vaidik saahitya mein "ayas' dhaatu ka ullekh hua hai. vidvaanon ka vichaar hai ki chambal ke kshetr mein (madhyabhaarat, Madhya Pradesh, uttar pradesh ke chambal vaale bhaag, dravidon ki sanskruti divya thi. ye maanav sabhyata ke kshetr mein uchchamaan sthaapit karne mein samarth ho gaye the.