praacheen Bhaarat

is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (May 2016)

maanav ke udaya se lekar dasveen sadi tak ke Bhaarat ka itihaas praacheen Bhaarat ka itihaas kahalaata hai. iske baad ke Bhaarat ko madhyakaaleen Bhaarat kehte hain jismein mukhyat: muslim shaasakon ka prabhutv raha tha.

paashaan yug se taatparya aise kaal se hai jab log pattharon par aashrit the. patthar ke aujaar, patthar ki gufa hi unke jeevan ke pramukh aadhaar the. yeh maanav sabhyata ke aaranbhik kaal mein se hai jab maanav aaj ki tarah viksit naheen tha. is kaal mein maanav praakrutik aapaadaaon se joojhata rahata tha aur shikaar tatha kand-mool fal khaakar apna basar karta tha.

puraapaashaan yug

himyug ka adhikaansh bhaag puraapaashaan kaal mein beeta hai. bhaarateeya puraapaashaan yug ko aujaaron, jalavaayu parivrtanon ke aadhaaar par teen bhaagon mein baanta jaata hai -

• aaranbhik ya nimn puraapaashaan yug (25,00,000 isvi poorv - 100,000 E. poo.)
• madhya puraapaashaan yug (1,00,000 E. poo. - 40,000 E. poo.)
• uchch puraapaashaan yug (40,000 E.poo -10,000 E.poo.)

aadim maanav ke jeevaashm Bhaarat mein naheen mile hain. Maharashtra ke bori naamak sthaan par mile tathyon se andesha hota hai ki maanav ki utpatti 14 lakh varsh poorv hui hogi. hainlaanki yeh baat lagbhag sarvamaanya hai ki afreeka ki apeksha Bhaarat mein maanav baad mein base. yaddapi yahaan ke logon ka paashaan kaushal lagbhag usi tarah viksit hua jis tarah afreeka mein. is samay ka maanav apna bhojan kathinaai se hi bator paata tha. vah na to kheti karna jaanta tha aur na hi ghar banaana. yeh avastha 9000 E.poo. tak rahi hogi.

puraapaashaan kaal ke aujaar chhotaanaagapur ke pathaar mein mile hain jo 1,00,000 E.poo. tak ho sakte hain. Andhra pradesh ke kurnool jile mein 20,000 E.poo. se 10,000 E.poo. ke madhya ke aujaar mile hain. inke saath haddi ke upakaran aur pashuon ke avashesh bhi mile hain. uttar pradesh ke mirjaapur jile ki belan ghaati mein jo pashuon ke avashesh mile hain unase gyaat hota hai ki bakari, bhaind, gaaya, bhains ityaadi paale jaate the. fir bhi puraapaashaan yug ki aadim avastha ka maanav shikaar aur khaadya sangrah par jeeta tha. puraanon mein keval fal aur kand mool khaakar jeene vaalon ka jikr hai. is tarah ke kuchh log to aadhunik kaal tak parvaton aur gufaaon mein rahate aae hain.

navapaashaan yug

Bhaarat me navapaashaan yug ke avashesh sambhavata 6000 isa purv se 1000 isa purv ke hai, vikaas ki yeh avadhi bhaarateeya upamahaadveep me kuchh der se aayi, kyoki aisa maana jaata hai ki vishv ke bade bhubhaag me yeh yug 7000 isa purv ke aaspaas panapa is yug me maanav patthar ki bani haath ki kulahaadiya aadi aujaar patathar ko chhil ghees aur chamakaakar taiyaar karta tha, uttari Bhaarat me navapaashaan yug ka sthal burjahom (kashameer) me paaya gaya hai Bhaarat me nav paashaan kaal ke pramukh chaar sthal hai

navapaashaan yug ka ant hote hote dhaatuon ka prayog shuroo ho gaya tha. taamr paashaanik yug mein taanba tatha prastar ke hathiyaar hi prayukt hote the. is samay tak loha ya kaanse ka prayog aarambh naheen hua tha. Bhaarat mein taamr paashaan yug ki bastiyaan dakshin poorveeraajasthaan, pashchimi madhya pradesh, pashchimi Maharashtra tatha dakshin poorvi Bhaarat mein pai gayi hai.

beesaveen shataabdi ke praarambh tak itihaasakaaron ki yeh maanyata thi ki vaidik sabhyata Bhaarat ki sabse praacheen sabhyata hai. parantu sar dayaaraam saahani ke netrutv mein 1921 mein jab hadppa (Punjab ke maantagomari jile mein sthit) ki khudaai hui tab is baat ka pata chala ki Bhaarat ki sabse puraani sabhyata vaidik naheen varan sindhu ghaati ki sabhyata hai. agale saal arthaat 1922 mein raakhaaladaas Bannerjee ke netrutv mein mohanajodado (sindh ke larakaana jile mein sthit) ki khudaai hui. hadppa teele ke baare mein sabse pehle Charles maisan ne 1926 mein ullekh kiya tha. mohanajodado ko sindhi bhaasha mein mrutakon ka teela kaha jaata hai. 1922 mein raakhaaladaas Bannerjee ne aur iske baad 1922 se 1930 tak sar John maarshal ke nirdeshan mein yahaan utkhanan kaarya karavaaya gaya.

utpatti

itni vistrut sabhyata hone ke baavajood bhi iski utpatti ko lekar aaj bhi vidvaanon mein mataikya ka abhaav hai. iski sabse badi bajah yeh hai ki hadppa sanskruti ke jitne bhi sthalon ki ab tak khudaai hui hai vahaan sabhyata ke vikaas anukram ka chinh spasht nahi milta hai arthaat is sabhyata ke avashesh jahaan kaheen bhi mile hain apni poorn viksit avastha mein hi mile hain.

sar John maarshal, garden chaaild, maarteemar vheelar aadi itihaasakaaron ki maanyata hai ki hadppa sabhyata ki utpatti mein videshi tatv ka haath raha hai. in itihaasakaaron ka maanana hai ki hadppa ki utpatti mesopotaamiya ki shaakha sumeriya ki sabhyata ki prerana se hui hai. in dono sabhyataaon mein kuchh samaanataaen bhi dekhne ko milti hai jo is prakaar hai -

(1) dono hi sabhyata naagareeya hai.

(2) dono hi sabhyataaon ke nivaasi kaanse aur taanbe ke saath saath paashaan ke laghu upakaranon ka prayog karte the.

(3) donon hi sabhyataaon ke bhavan nirmaan mein kachche aur pakke dono hi prakaar ke inton ka prayog hua hai.

(4) dono hi sabhyat

(5) dono ko lipi ka gyaan tha.

inhi samaanataaon ke aadhaar par vheelar ne saindhav sabhyata ko sumeriyn sabhyata ka ek upanivesh bataaya tha. lekin in samaanataaon ke baavajood kuchh aisi asamaanataaen bhi hain jinki upeksha naheen ki ja sakti hai. hadppa sabhyata ki nagar yojana sumeriya ki sabhyata se adhik suvyavasthit hai. dono hi sabhyataaon aam upayog ki cheejein kaafi bhinn hain jaise bartan, upakaran, moortiyaan, muharein aadi. fir donon hi sabhyataaon ke lipi mein bhi antar hai. jahaan sumeriyaai lipi mein 900 akshar hain vaheen sindhu lipi mein keval 400 akshar hain. in vibhinnataaon ke hote hue dono sabhyataaon ko samaan maanana samuchit naheen lagta.

Bhaarat mein aaryon ka aagaman isa ke sahatron varsh poorv hua. aaryon ki pehli khep rigvaidik aarya kahalaati hai. rigved ki rachana isi samay hui. ismein kai anaarya jaatiyon ka ullekh milta hai. aarya log bhaarateeya-Europeeya parivaar ki bhaashaaen bolte the. isi shaakha ki bhaasha aaj bhi Bhaarat, Iran (faaras) aur Europe mein boli jaati hai. Bhaarat aagaman ke kram mein kuchh aarya Iran chale gaye. rigved ki kai baate avesta se milti hain. avesta Irani bhaasha ke praacheenatam granth hai. dono granthon mein bahut se devataaon tatha saamaajik vargon ke naam bhi samaan hain. rigved mein afgaanistaan ki kubha tatha sindhu aur usaki paaainch sahaayak nadiyon ka ullekh milta hai.

rigvaidik kaal ke baad Bhaarat mein dheere dheere sabhyata ka svaroop badalta gaya. paravarti sabhyata ko uttaravaidik sabhyata kaha jaata hai. uttar vaidik kaal mein varn vyavastha aur kathor roop se paaribhaashit tatha vyaavahaarik ho gayi. isi poorv chhathi sadi mein, is kaaran, bauddh aur jain dharmon ka udaya hua. ashok jaise samraat ne bauddh dharm ke prachaar mein bahut yogadaan diya. iske kaaran bauddh dharm Bhaarat se baahar afgaanistaan tatha baad mein cheen aur Japan pahunch gaya. ashok ke putr ne Sri Lanka mein bhi bauddh dharm ka prachaar kiya. gupt vansh ke dauraan Bhaarat ki vaidik sabhyata apne svarnayug mein pahunch gayi. kaalidaas jaise lekhakon ne sanskrut ki shreshthatam rachanaaen keen.

isa poorv chhathi sadi tak vaidik karmakaandon ki parampara ka anupaalan kam ho gaya tha. upanishd ne jeevan ki aadhaarbhoot samasya ke baare mein svaadheenata pradaan kar diya tha. iske falasvaroop kai dhaarmik panthon tatha sanpradaayon ki sthaapana hui. us samay aise kisi 62 sampradaayon ke baar mein jaankaari milti hai. lekin inmein se keval 2 ne bhaarateeya janamaanas ko lambe samay tak prabhaavit kiya - jain aur bauddh.

ye donon hi pehle se vidyamaan pranaali ke katipya pakshon par aadhaarit hain. dono yatyaaspad jeevan (kathorata poorn aur dukhabhogavaadi) yaani yatitvavaadi aur bhraatrubhaav par aadhaarit hai. yatitvavaad ka mool vedon mein hi hai tatha upanishdo se usako protsaahan milta hai.

jain dharm

jain dharm ke do teerthakaron - rishabhanaath tatha arishtanemi- ka ullekh rigved mein paaya jaata hai. kuch vidvaanon ka mat hai ki hadppa ki khudaai mein jo nagn dhad ki moorti mili hai vo kisi teerthakar ki hai. paarshvanaath teisavein teerthakar tatha Bhagwan mahaaveer chaubeesavein teerthakar the. vardhamaan mahaaveer jo ki jainon ke sabse pramukh tatha antim teerthakar the, ka janm 540 isaapoorv ke aaspaas vaishaali ke paas kundagraam mein hua tha. 42 varsh ki avastha mein unhein kaivalya (param gyaan) praapt hua.

mahaaveer ne paarshvanaath ke chaar siddhaanton ko sveekaar kiya -

• ahinsa - jeev hatya na karna
• amrusha - jhooth na bolna
• asteya - chori na karna
• aparigrah - sampatti ikaththa na karna

iske atirikt unhonne apna paanchava siddhaant bhi apne upadeshon mein joda -

• brahmacharya - indriyon par niyantran

is sampradaaya ke do ang hain - shvetaabar tatha diganbar

bauddh dharm

jain dharm ki tarah iska mool bhi ek uchchavargeeya kshatriya parivaar se tha. Gautam naam se janmein mahaatma buddh ka janm 566 isaapoorv mein shaakyakul ke raaja shuddhodan ke ghar hua tha. inhone bhi saansaarik jeevan jeene ke baad ek din (ya raat) achaanak se apna gaarhasth chhodkar satya ki khoj mein chal pade.

buddh ke upadeshon mein chaar aarya satya samaahit hain -

• dukh
• dukh samuddaya
• dukh nirodh
• dukh nirodh gaamini pratipda.

unhonne ashtaangik maarg ka sujhaav diya jiska paalan karke manushya punarjanm ke bandhan se door ho sakta hai -

• samyak vaak
• samyak karmaant
• samyak aajeev
• samyak vyaayaam
• samyak smruti
• samyak samaadhi
• samyak sankalp
• samyak drushti

bauddh dharm ka prabhaav Bhaarat ke baahar bhi hua. afgaanistaan (us samay faarasi shaasakon ke adheen), cheen, Japan tatha Sri Lanka ke atirikt isne dakshin poorv Asia mein bhi apni pehchaan banaai.

us samay uttar pashchimi Bhaarat mein koi khaas sangathit raajya naheen tha. lagaataar shaktishaali ho rahe faarasi saamraajya ki nazar idhar ki or bhi gayi. hanlaanki ab tak faaras par raaj kar rahe chandr raaja yoonaan, pashchimi Asia tatha madhya Asia ki or badh rahe the, unhonne Bhaarat ki anadekhi naheen ki thi. shaktishaali ajameed/hakhaamani (Achaemenid) shaasakon ki nigaah is kshetr par thi aur Kuru-s kurus saairas (558isaapoorv - 530 isaapoorv) ne hindookush ke dakshin ke rajavaado ko apne adheen kar liya. iske baad daarayavaahu (deriys, 522-486 isaapoorv) ke shaasanakaal mein faarasi shaasan ke vistaar ke saakshya milte hain. iske utkeern lekhon mein do jgh hindu ko iske raajya ka hissa bataaya gaya hai. is sandarbh mein hindu shabd ka sahi arth bata paana kathin hai par iska taatparya kisa aise pradesh se avashya hai jo sindhu nadi ke poorv mein ho.

isaapoorv chauthi sadi mein jab yoonaani aur faarasi shaasak pashchim Asia (aadhunik Turkey ka kshetr) par apna prabhutv jamaane ke liye sangharsh kar rahe the. makadooniya ke raaja sikandar ke haathon hakhaamani shaasak deriys truteeya ke haarne ke pashchaat sthiti mein parivartan aa gaya. sikandar pashchim Asia jeetne ke baad arab, misr tatha uske baad faaras ke kendra (Iran) tak pahunch gaya. itne se bhi jab usako santosh naheen hua to vo afgaanistaan hote hue 326 isa poorv mein pashchimottar Bhaarat pahuainch gaya.

sikandar ke Bhaarat aane ke baare mein koi bhaarateeya srot upalabdh naheen hai. sikandar ke vijay abhiyaan ki baat keval yoonaani tatha roman sroton mein upalabdh hai tatha unhein satya ke kareeb maan kar ye sab likha gaya hai. yoonaani granth to sikandar ke Bhaarat abhiyaan ka vistaar se varnan karte hain par ve kautilya ke baare mein ek shabd bhi naheen likhte hain.

sikandar jab Bhaarat pahuncha to Punjab (avibhaajit Punjab) mein Rawalpindi ke paas ka raaja usaki sahaayata ke liye pahainch gaya. anya lagbhag sabhi raajaaon ne sindar ka datakar mukaabala kiya par ve sikndar ki anubhavi senaaon se haar gaye. yoonaani lekhakon ne in raajaaon ke veerata ki bhoori-bhoori prashansa ki hai. iske baad Jhelum aur chinaab ke beech sthit pradesh ka raaja poras (jo ki paurav ka yoonaani naam lagta hai) ne sikandar ka veerata poorvak saamana kiya. kaha jaata hai ki haarne ke baad jab vo dandi bankar sikndar ke saamane pesh hua to usase poochha gaya - tumhaare saath kaisa sulook (vartaav) kiya jaaya. to usane saahasi uttar diya -" jaisa ek raaja doosare raaja ke saath karta hai ". uske uttar par mugdh hokar sikndar ne usaka haara hua pradesh lauta diya. iske baad jab use Bhaarat ke veer yoddha chandragupt morya ki vishaal sena ka saamana karna tha tab bhaya se grasit sena ko lekar sikndar aage naheen badh saka aur vaapas laut gaya.

bauddh granth anguttar nikaaya ke anusaar kul solah (16) mahaajanapad the - avanti,ashmak ya assak, ang, kamboj, kaashi, kuru, koshal, gaandhaar, chedi, vajji ya vruji, vats ya vansh, paanchaal, magadh, matsya ya machh, mall, surasen.

inmein satta ke liye sangharsh chalta rahata tha.

isaapoorv chhathi sadi ke pramukh raajya the - magadh, kosal, vats ke paurav aur avanti ke pradyot. chauthi sadi mein chandragupt maurya ne pashchimottar Bhaarat ko yoonaani shaasakon se mukti dila di. iske baad usane magadh ki or apna dhyaan kendrit kiya jo us samay nandon ke shaasan mein tha. jain granth parishishth parvan mein kaha gaya hai ki chaanakya ki sahaayata se chandragupt ne nand raaja ko paraajit karke bandi bana liya. iske baad chandragupt ne dakshin ki or apne saamraajya ka vistaar kiya. chandragupt ne sikandar ke kshatrap selyookas ko haaraaya tha jiske falasvaroop usane heraat, kandahaar, Kabul tatha baloochistaan ke praant chandragupt ko saunp diye the.

chandragupt ke baad bindusaar ke putr ashok ne maurya saamraajya ko apne charam par pahuaincha diya. Karnataka ke chittaladurg tatha maaski mein ashok ke shilaalekh paae gaye hain. chunki uske padosi raajya chol, paandya ya keralaputron ke saath ashok ya bindusaar ke kisa ladaai ka varnan naheen milta hai isliye aisa maana jaata hai ki ye pradesh chandragupt ke dvaara hi jeeta gaya tha. ashok ke jeevan ka nirnaayak yuddh kaling ka yuddh tha. ismein utkalon se ladte hue ashok ko apni sena dvaara kiye gaye narasanhaar ke prati glaani hui aur usane bauddh dharm ko apna liya. fir usane bauddh dharm ka prachaar bhi karavaaya.

usi samay yoonaani yaatri megaasthaneej Bhaarat aaya. usane ashok ke raajya tatha usaki rajdhani paataliputr (aadhunik Patna) ka varnan kiya hai. is dauraan kala ka bhi vikaas hua

mauryon ke patan ke baad shung raajavansh ne satta samhaali. aisa maana jaata hai ki maurya raaja vruhadruth ke senaapati pushyamitr ne bruhadrath ki hatya kar di thi jiske baad shung vansh ki sthaapana hui. shungon ne 187 isaapoorv se 75 isaapoorv tak shaasan kiya. isi kaal mein Maharashtra mein saatavaahanon ka aur dakshin mein cher, chol aur paandyon ka udaya hua. saatavaahanon ke saamraajya ko Andhra bhi kehte hain jo atyant shaktishaali tha.

pushyamutr ke shaasanakaal mein pashchim se yavanon ka aakraman hua. isi kaal ke maane jaane vaale vaiyaakaran patanyajali ne is aakraman ka ullekh kiya hai. kaalidaas ne bhi apne maalavikaagnimitram mein vasumitr ke saath yavanon ke yuddh ka jikr kiya hai. in aakramanakaariyon ne Bhaarat ki satta par kabja kar liya. kuchh pramukh bhaarateeya-yoonaani shaasak the - yootheedemas, demetriys tatha minaandar. minaandar ne bauddh dharm apna liya tha tatha usaka pradesh Afghanistan se pashchimi uttar pradesh tak faila hua tha.

iske baad pahlavon ka shaasan aaya jinke baare mein adhik jaankaari upalbdh naheen hai. tatpashchaat shakon ka shaasan aaya. shak log madhya Asia ke nivaasi the jinhein you-chi naamak kabeele ne unke mool nivaas se khaded diya gaya tha. iske baad ve Bhaarat aae. iske baad you-chi janajaati ke log bhi Bhaarat aa gaye kyonki cheen ki mahaan deevaar ke banane ke baad madhya Asia ki paristhiti unke anookool naheen thi. ye kushaan kahalaae. kanishk is vansh ka sabse prataapi raaja tha. kanishk ne 78 isavi se 101 isvi tak raaj kiya.

dakshin mein cher, paandya tatha chol ke beech satta sangharsh chalta raha tha. sangam saahitya is samay ki sabse amoolya dharohar thi. tiroovalluvar dvaara rachit tirukkural tamil bhaasha ka praacheenatam grangh maana jaata hai. dhaarmik sampradaayon ka prachalan tha aur mukhyat: vaishnav, shaiv, bauddh tatha jain sampradaayon ke anuyaayi the.

san 320 isvi mein chandragupt pratham apne pita ghatotkach ke baad raaja bana jisne gupt vansh ki neenv daali. iske baad samudragupt (340 isvi), chandragupt dviteeya, kumaaragupt pratham (413-455 isvi) aur skandagupt shaasak bane. iske kareeb 100 varshon tak gupt vansh ka astitv bana raha. 606 isvi mein harsh ke udaya tak kisi ek pramukh satta ki kami rahi. is kaal mein kala aur saahitya ka uttar tatha dakshin donon mein vikaas hua. is kaal ka sabse prataapi shaasak "samudragupt" tha ijsake shaasanakaal mein Bhaarat ko "sone ki ichidya" kaha jaane laga.

gyaarahaveen tatha baarahaveen sadi mein bhaarateeya kala, bhaasha tatha dharm ka prachaar dakshinpoorv Asia mein bhi hua.

• praacheen Bhaarat ki aarthik sansthaaen
• praacheen Bhaarat mein ganatantr
• praacheen Bhaarat ke vaigyaanik
• praacheen Bhaarat mein vigyaan evam takaneek
• praacheen bhaarateeya kalaaeain
• praacheen bhaarateeya parampara aur itihaas

• praacheen Bhaarat ka saamaajik evam aarthik itihaas (Google pustak ; lekhak - om prakaash prasaad)
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• praacheen Bhaarat ke vaigyaanik karnadhaar (Google pustak ; lekhak - svaami satyaprakaash sarasvati)
• praacheen Bhaarat mein rasaayan ka vikaas (Google pustak; lekhak - svaami satyaprakaash sarasvati)
• praacheen Bhaarat mein doot paddhati (Google pustak ; lekhak - aanand prakaash gaud)
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• praacheen Bhaarat ka raajaneetik aur saanskrutik itihaas (Google pustak ; lekhak - dhanapati paandeya)
• hindu sabhyata (Google pustak ; lekhak - raadhaakumud mukharji)