poonjeevaad

is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (September 2015)

poonjeevaad saamanyat: us aarthik pranaali ya tantr ko kehte hain jismein utpaadan ke saadhan par niji svaamitv hota hai. ise kabhi kabhi "vyaktigat svaamitv" ke paryaayavaachi ke taur par bhi prayukt kiya jaata hai yadyapi yahaaain "vyaktigat" ka arth kisi ek vyakti se bhi ho sakta hai aur vyaktiyon ke samooh se bhi. mote taur par kaha ja sakta hai ki sarkaari pranaali ke atirikt niji taur par svaamitv vaale kisi bhi aarthik tantr ko poonjeevaadi tantr ke naam se bulaaya ja sakta hai. doosare roop mein ye kaha ja sakta hai ki poonjeevaadi tantr laabh ke liye chalaaya jaata hai, jismein nivesh, vitran, aay utpaadan moolya, baajaar moolya ityaadi ka nirdhaaran mukt baajaar mein pratispardha dvaara nirdhaarit hota hai.

pooainjeevaad ek aarthik paddhati hai jismein pooainji ke niji svaamitv, utpaadan ke saadhanon par vyaktigat niyantran, svatantr audyogik pratiyogita aur upabhokta dravyon ke aniyantrit vitran ki vyavastha hoti hai. pooainjeevaad ki kabhi koi nishchit paribhaasha sthir naheen hui; desh, kaal aur naitik moolyon ke anusaar iske bhinn-bhinn roop bante rahe hain.

pooainjeevaad ka itihaas manushya ke itihaas jitna hi puraana hai; praacheen misr, kaarthej, rom, bebiloniya aur yoonaan mein vyaktigat sampatti aur ekaadhikaar par aadhaarit samaajon ka itihaas milta hai. daasapratha jaisi niji svaamitv ki charam sthiti rahi hai. madhyakaal mein Europe mein iska adhik vikaas hua; 18 veen shataabdi ke pashchaat pooainjeevaad ne sansaar ke anek bhaagon mein saamantashaahi aur vaanijyavaad ke beej boe. aadhunik yug ke aarambh mein vyaapaarik pooainjeevaad ne apne vikaasakram mein audyogik pooainjeevaad ko janm diya, jise pooainjotpaadan pooainjeevaad (Mass Production Capitalism) bhi kaha jaata hai.

poonjeevaadi aarthik tantr ko Europe mein sansthaagat dhaaainche ka rup solahaveen sadi mein milna aarambh hua, haalaanki poonjeevaadi pranaali ke pramaan praacheen sabhyataaon mein bhi milte hain.

aidam smith ne apni pustak "the velth ov nations" (1776) mein praakrutik aadhaar par aarthik svatantrata ki baat kahi hai, usane pooainjeevaad ka naam naheen liya hai. aarthik maamalon mein praakrutik svatantrata ko aadhaar maankar chalne ke sambandh mein usaka vishvaas tha, jaisa ki anya udaaravaadiyon ka bhi mat raha hai, ki yadi aarthik vyaapaar ko kisi bhi niyantran se mukt kriyaanvit hone diya jaae, to is sthiti mein utpaadan-vruddhi apni charam seema par pahuainch jaaegi, tatha sarvakalyaanakaari raajya ki sthaapana mein sahaayata milegi. aidam smith ka yeh vyaktigat pooainji aur svatantr udyog ka udaaravaadi mat aadhunik pooainjeevaad ka merudand hain.

18 veen sadi mein Europe ki audyogik kraanti ke saath pooainjeevaad ko naya bal mila. uske prabhaav se 1770 aur 1840 ke madhya aarthik aur vyaapaarik kshetron mein kraantikaari parivartan hue. poorvakaaleen saari sabhyataaeain shoshit sarvahaara ke shram ki neenv par bani theen. aadhunik sabhyata maanaveeya aavishkaaron aur yaantrik shakti dvaara nirmit hui hai. yaantrik upakaranon ki sahaayata se manushya ki utpaadanakshamata mein atyadhik vruddhi hui aur niji udyogon mein is utpaadan-kshamata-vruddhi ke upayog ne pooainjeevaad ke vikaas ko atyadhik bal diya.

poonjeevaad ka siddhaant sabse pehle audyogik kraanti ke falasvarup kaarl maarks ke siddhaant ki vyaakhya ke sandarbh mein aaya. 19 veen sadi mein kuchh jarman sinddhaantakaaron ne is avadhaarana ko viksit karna aarambh kiya jo kaarl maarks ke poonji aur byaaj ke siddhaant se hatkar tha. beesaveen sadi ke aarambh mein maiks vebar ne is avadhaarana ko ek sakaaraatmak dhang se vyaakhyit kiya. sheet yuddh ke dauraan poonjeevaad ki avadhaarana ko lekar bahut bahas chali.

audyogik kraanti ke aaranbhik dinon mein England mein aidam smith ka ahastakshep ka siddhaant (Laissez-Faire) vaiyaktik svatantrata aur aniyantrit aarthik vyavastha ka aadhaar ban gaya. kintu is audyogik parivartan se utpann paristhitiyon ne sarkaar ko udyogapatiyon aur shramikon ki samasyaaon mein hastakshep karne ko baadhya kar diya. inheen dinon samaajavaad (soshalijm) shabd ka prayog pratham baar hua (koaaparetiv maigajeen, 1927). is sthiti mein tathaakathit svatantr udyog, 18 veen sadi ke udaarataavaad aur aaj ke samaajavaadi niyantran ka samanvit roop hoga. amereeki pooainjeevaad, vyaapaar mein vyaktigat aadhiptya aur raajakeeya sanchaalan ka mishrit roop hai. yadyapi bahukshetreeya pratidvandvita udyog ka mukhya aadhaar hai tathaapi pichhle varshon vaanijya aur shramik sangathanon mein ekaadhikaarik niyantran ki sthiti drut gati se badhi hai. sampatti aur aay ke avyavasthit vitvaran se logon ka saamaajik star bahut neeche gaya hai. company trasteeship aur pablik agency jaise anek sangathanon ne pratidvandvita ke siddhaant ko vikrut kar diya hai.

raashtreeyakaran ki yojanaaon se niyantran ki maatra mein vruddhi hui aur svatantr arthavyavastha ko jabardast dhakka laga. pratyek raashtra ke sammukh yeh samasya rahati hai, ki vah apni aarthik paristhitiyon ke anusaar vyavasthaaeain kare. vyavastha ke nirnaya, upalabdh shramashakti aur aarthik sroton par nirbhar karte hain. raajya pratinidhiyon aur yojanaavidon ke sammukh utpaadan ke roop, maatra aur tareeke aadi ke prashn rahate hain. samaajavaadi vyavastha ke antargat iske liye sarkaaron aur sarkaar dvaara niyukt yojanaasamitiyon dvaara nirnaya kiye jaate hain. pooainjeevaadi vyavastha ke antargat ek vyakti ya samooh ko apne aarthik niyojan ka svatantr adhikaar rahata hai.