pleg

taaoon ya pleg (Plague) sansaar ki sabse puraani mahaamaariyon mein hai. ise taaoon, black death, pest aadi naam bhi diye gaye hain. mukhya roop se yeh krutank (rodent) praaniyon (praaya: choohe) ka rog hai, jo paaschurela pestis naamak jeevanu dvaara utpann hota hai. aadmi ko yeh rog pratyaksh sansarg athva pissoo ke dansh se lagta hai. yeh teevr gati se badhta hai, bukhaar tej aur laseeka granthiyaaain sparshaasahya evam sooji hoti hain, raktaputita ki pravrutti hoti hai aur kabhi-kabhi yeh nyoomoniya ka roop dhaaran karta hai. bhaari paimaane par tabaahi machaane ke kaaran poore itihaas mein pleg kukhyaat rahi hai aaj bhi vishv ke kuchh bhaagon mein pleg mahaamaari bana hua hai.

praacheen kaal mein kisi bhi mahaamaari ko pleg kehte the. yeh rog kitna puraana hai iska andaaj isse kiya ja sakta hai ki efeeras ke roofus ne, jo traujan yug ka chikitsak tha, "pleg ke byoobon" ka jikr kiya hai aur likha hai ki yeh ghaatam rog mistr, Libya aur Syria mein paaya jaata hai. "book ov saimual" mein iska ullekh hai. isa poorv yug mein 41 mahaamaariyon ke abhilekh milte hain. isa ke samay se san 1500 tak 109 badhi mahaamaariyaaain huin, jinmein 14veen shataabdi ki "black death" prasiddh hai. san 1500 se 1720 tak vishvavyaapi mahaamaariyaaain (epidemics) faileen. fir 18veen aur 19veen shataabdi mein shaanti rahi. sirf Asia mein chhitfut aakraman hote rahe. tab san 1894 mein Hongkong mein isne sir uthaaya aur Japan, Bhaarat, Turkey hote hue san 1896 mein yeh rog roos ja pahuaincha, san 1898 mein arab, faaras, ostriya, Africa, dakshini amareeka aur havaai dweep tatha san 1900 mein England, amareeka aur Australia mein isne taandav kiya. san 1898 se 1918 tak Bhaarat mein isne ek karod praanon ki bali li. ab pun: sansaar mein shaanti hai, keval chhitput aakraman ke samaachaar milte hain.

pleg mahaamaariyon ke chakr chalaate rahe hain. chhathi shataabdi mein pachaas varshon tak Europe mein iska ek daur chala. samooche roman saamraajya mein pleg badanragaahon se aarambh hokar dooravarti nagaron ki or faila tha. saataveen shataabdi mein 664 se 680 tak faili mahaamaariyaaain, jinka ullekh bede ne kiya hai, shaayad pleg hi thi. 14veen shataabdi mein "kaali maut" ke nae daur aarambh hue, jinmein mrutyusankhya bhayaavah thi. pratham daur mein anek nagaron ki do tihaai se teen chauthaai aabaadi tak saaf ho gayi. kehte hain, is chakr mein Europe mein dhaai karod (arthaat kul aabaadi ke chauthaai) vyakti mar gaye. 1664-65 mein itihaasaprasiddh "great pleg" ka London nagar par aakraman hua. London ki aabaadi saadhe chaar lakh thi, jismein se do tihaai log darakar bhaag gaye aur bache logon mein se 68,596 pleg ka shikaar ho gaye. kehte hain, isi ke baad hue London ke bruhat agnikaand ne nagar se pleg ko nikaal baahar kiya. par sambhavat: yeh chamatkaar san 1720 mein lagaai gayi kathor kvaanrateen ka fal tha. iske baad thi Europe mein pleg ke aakraman hote rahe aur ant mein san 1720 mein maarsei mein 87,500 praanon ki bali lekar yeh shaant hua.

san 1675 se 1684 tak uttari Africa, Turkey, Poland, Hungary, Germany, aastriya mein pleg ka ek naya uttaraabhimukh daura hua, jismein san 1675 mein maalta mein 11,000 san 1679 mein viyena mein 76,000 aur san 1681 mein praag mein 83,000 praanon ki aahuti padi. is chakr ki bheeshanata ki kalpana isse ki ja sakti hai ki 10,000 ki aabaadeevaale dresden nagar mein 4,397 naagrik iske shikaar ho gaye.

san 1833 se 1845 tak mistr mein pleg ka taandav hota raha. par isi samay Europe mein vigyaan ka sooryodaya ho raha tha aur mistr ke pleg ka pratham baar adhyayan kiya gaya. French vaigyaaniko ne bataaya ki vaastav mein jitna bataaya jaata hai yeh utana sankraamak naheen hai. san 1878 mein volga mahaamaari se Europe sanshak ho utha aur sabhi raajyon ne jaaainch aayog bheje, jo mahaamaari samaapt hone ke baad ghatnaasthal par pahuainche.

pleg ke sthaayi gadh arab, mesopotaamiya, kumaaooain, hoonaan (cheen) poorvi tatha madhya Africa hain. pleg ki mahaamaariyon ki kahaani vishv itihaas ke saath padhne par gyaat hoti hai ki itihaas ki dhaaraaeain modne mein is rog ne kitna bada bhaag liya hai.

Bhaarat mein pleg

Bhaarat mein pleg - ek puraan kahaavat thi ki pleg sindhu nad naheen paar kar sakta. par 19veen shataabdi mein pleg ne Bhaarat par bhi aakraman kiya. san 1815 mein teen varsh ke akaal ke baad gujaraaj, kachh aur kaathiyaavaad mein isne dera daala, igale varsh Hyderabad (sindh) aur Ahmedabad par chadhaai ki, san 1836 mein paali (maaravaad) se chalakar yeh mevaad pahuaincha, par registaan ki tapt baaloo mein adhik chal na paaya. san 1823 mein kedaaranaath (gadhvaal) mein, san 1834 se 1836 tak uttari Bhaarat ke anya sthalon par aakraman hue aur san 1849 mein yeh dakshin ki or badha. san 1853 mein ek jaaainch commission niyukt hua. san 1876 mein ek aur aakraman hua aur tab san 1898 se agale 20 varshon tak isne Mumbai aur Bengal ko hila daala.

vaisils pestis (paaschurela pestis) ki khoj san 1894 mein Hongkong ke kita saato aur yarsin ne ki. aage ke anusandhaanon ne siddh kiya ki yeh mukhyat: kruntak praaniyon ka rog hai. pehle choohe marate hain tab aadmi ko rog lagta hai. pleg ke jeevaanu saralata se sanvardhaneeya hai aur gineepig (guinea pig) tatha anya praayogik pashuon mein rog utpann kar sakte hain.

pleg bhoomadhya rekha ke atyant ushn pradesh ko chhodkar sansaar ke kisi bhi pradesh mein ho sakta hai. koi bhi jaati, ya aayu ka naranaari isse bacha naheen hai. pleg hamaare desh mein pehle moos (Rattus norvegicus) ko hota hai. isse choohon (Rattus rattus) ko lagta hai. pissoo (jinaapasella chiyopis) in kruntakon ka raktapaan karta hai. jab choohe marate hain to pleg ke jeevaanuon se bhare pissoo choohe ko chhodkar aadmi ki or daudte hain. jab aadmi ko pissoo kaatate hain, to dansh mein aapne andar bhara sankraamak dravya rakt mein ugal dete hain. choohon ka marana aarambh hone ke do teen saptaah baad manushyon mein pleg failata hai. nyumonik pleg ka sankraman shvaas se nikle jalakanon se lag jaata hai aur sabse adhik sankraamak hota hai. vyaapak anusandhaan se yeh gyaat ho chuka hai ki lagbhag 180 jaati ke kruntak, jinmein maaramot, gilhari, jarabeele, moos, choohe, aadi shaamil hain, pleg se aakraant hote hain aur 1,400 mein se 70 jaatiyon ke pissoo pleg sanvaahak hote hain. pleg unmoolan ki yahi sabse kathin samasya bhi hai ki yeh jangali kruntakon ka rog hai aur madhya Asia, Africa tatha dakshin amareeka ke ghane jangalon mein chhipa baitha hai, jahaaain se ise nikaalna kathin ho raha hai.

jahaaain pissoo kaatata hai us sthal ki laseeka granthi sooj jaati hai (primary byoobo). tab shareer ki aur laseeka granthiyaaain (giltiyaaain) soojati hain. kabhi-kabhi jeevaanu rakt mein pahuainch jaate hain aur raktapootita ho jaati hai. bheeshan pleg mein gilti nikalne ka mauka hi naheen aata. ye jeevaanu shareer ke pramukh angon mein pradaah karte hain aur aahat raktavaahaniyon se raktastraav hota hai.

pleg ka udbhavakaal 1 se 12 din hai. jaada dekar bukhaar aata hai aur aniyamit dhang se ghatata-badhta hai. michli, vaman, hrudayadaurbalya tatha avasannata, tilli badhna aur raktastraavi daane niklana, jisse shareer kaala pad jaata hai aur rog ka kaali maut naam saarthak hota hai.

is rog ke nau roop gyaat hain : (1) gilteevaala pleg (taaoon, byoobonik pleg), jismein angapeeda, sahasa aakraman, teevr jvar tatha tvarit naadi hoti hai, do teen din mein gilti niklati hai aur do saptaah mein pak jaati hai;

(2) raktapootit pleg ghaatak prakaar hai, jismein rakt mein jeevaanu vartamaan hote hain;

(3) nyoomonik pleg, jismein rog ka aakramanakeindr fefada hota hai. yeh atyant ghaatak prakaar hai aur teen chaar din mein praan har leta hai;

(4) aantrik pleg;

(5) pramastishkeeya pleg;

(6) koshika tvacheeya pleg, jismein tvacha par kaarabankal se fode nikal aate hain;

(7) sfotakeeya pleg, jismein shareer mein daane nikalte hain;

(8) gutika pleg, jismein rog kanth mein hota hai tatha

(9) avardhit pleg tatha jo pleg ka halka aakraman hai aur jismein keval gilti niklati hai.

nai aushadhiyon ke aagaman se poorv pleg ka upachaar tha, choohon ka vinaash aur choohe girne par sthaan chhod dena. aaj rokathaam ke liye pleg ka teeka saksham hai. pleg ki savaari jeevaanu, pissoo aur choohe ke trikon par baithakar chalti hai aur jeevaavasaadak se jeevaanu, keetanaashak (10ऽ di.di.ti.) se pissoo aur chooha vinaashak upaayon se choohon ko maarkar pleg ka unmoolan sambhav hai. jeevaavasaadakon mein streptomaaisin tatha salfa aushadhiyon mein salfaadaajeen aur salfaameraajeen inke viruddh kaaragar hai. aadhunik chikitsa ne pleg ki ghaatakata nashtapraaya kar di hai.

• kya hai pleg?