pashu chikitsa vigyaan

pashu-chikitsa-vigyaan (Veterinary medicine) mein manushyetar jeevon ki shareerarachana (anatomy), shareerakriya (physiology), vikrutivijnyaaan (pathology), bheshaj (medicine) tatha shalyakarm (surgery) ka adhyayan hota hai. pashupaalan shabd se saadhaaranataya svasth pashuon ke vaigyaanik dhang se aahaar, poshan, prajanan, evam prabandh ka bodh hota hai. paashchaatya deshon mein pashupaalan evam pashuchikitsa donon bhinn-bhinn maane gaye hain par Bhaarat mein ye donon ek doosare ke soochak samajhe jaate hain.

praacheen nagar vaishaali mein ashok stambh, jis par maanavon ke saath-saath pashuon ke liye bhi chikitsaalaya banavaane ka ullekh hai.

shaalihotr ki paandulipi ke panne

Bhaarat ke praacheen granthon se pata lagta hai ki pashupaalan vaidik aaryon ke jeevan aur jeevika se poornataya hil mil gaya tha. puraanon mein bhi pashuon ke prati bhaaratavaasiyon ke agaadh sneh ka pata lagta hai. anek pashu devi devataaon ke vaahan maane gaye hain. isse bhi pashuon ke mahatva ka pata lagta hai. praacheen kaavyagranthon mein bhi pashuvyavasaaya ka varnan milta hai. bade bade raaje mahaaraaje tak pashuon ko charaate aur unka vyavasaaya kiya karte the. aisa kaha jaata hai ki paandav bandhuon mein nakul ne ashvachikitsa aur sahadev ne goshaastr naamak pustakein likhi theen. aitihaasik yug mein aane par ashok dvaara sthaapit pashuchikitsaalaya ka spasht pata lagta hai. kautilya ne apne arthashaastr mein ashvon evam haathiyon ke rogon ki chikitsa ke liye sena mein pashuchikitsakon ki niyukti ka ullekh kiya hai. ashv, haathi evam gaur jaati ke rogon par vishisht pustakein likhi gayi theen, jaise jayadatt ki ashvavidya tatha paalakanya ki hastyaayurved. par pashuchikitsa ke prashikshan ke liye vidyaalayon ke sabandh mein koi soochana naheen milti.

videshon mein bhi pashuon ka mahatva bahut praacheen kaal mein samajh liya gaya tha. isa se 1900-1800 varsh poorv ke granthon mein pashurogon par prayukt honevaale nusakhe paae gaye hain. yoonaan mein bhi isa se 500 se 300 varsh poorv ke hippokretis, jenofen, arastoo aadi ne pashurogon ki chikitsa par vichaar kiya tha. isa ke baad gelen naamak chikitsak ne pashuon ke shareeravijnyaaan ke sambandh mein likha hai. bijaitin yug mein (isa se 5,508 varsh poorv se) pashuchikitsakon ka varnan milta hai. 18veen aur 19veen shati mein Europe mein sankraamak raagon ke kaaran pashuon ki jo bhayaanak kshati hui usase Europe bhar mein pashuchikitsaavidyaalaya khole jaane lage. pashuchikitsa ka sabse pehla vidyaalaya France ke leeon mein 1762 E. mein khula tha.

Bhaarat mein pehle pahal 1827 E. mein poona mein sainik pashuchikitsaavidyaalaya sthaapit hua tha. fir 1882 E. mein Ajmer mein aisa hi doosra vidyaalaya sthaapit hua. pashurogon ke nidaan ke liye sarvapratham prayogashaala 1890 E. mein poona mein sthaapit hui thi, jo peechhe mukteshvar mein sthaanaantarit kar di gayi. aaj bhi yeh bhaarateeya pashuchikitsaashaala ke naam se kaarya kar rahi hai aur aaj pashuchikitsa sambandhi anek khojein vahaaain ho rahi hain. fir dheere dheere anek nagaron mein pashuchikitsaavidyaalaya khule. ye vidyaalaya Mumbai, Calcutta, Madras, Patna, Hyderabad, Mathura, hissaar, gohaati, jabalapur, tirupati, Bikaner, maoo, bhuvaneshvar, trichoor, bangalaur, Nagpur, rudrapur aur raaainchi mein hain. videshon mein praaya: sab deshon mein ek ya ek se adhik pashuchikitsaalaya hain.

Bhaarat mein sabhi pashuchikitsa mahaavidyaalaya vishvavidyaalaya se sambaddh hain, jahaaain shikshaarthiyo ko upaadhiyaaain di jaati hain. kuchh vidyaalayon mein snaatakottar upaadhiyaaain bhi di jaati hain.

pashuchikitsa vidyaalayon mein pashuchikitsak taiyaar hote hain. inhein vibhinn vargon ke jeevon ke svaasthya aur rogon ki dekhbhaal karni padti hai. in jeevon ki shareerarachana, paachanatantr, jananeindriya, ityaadi ka tatha inke vishesh prakaar ke rogon aur aushadhopachaar ka adhyayan karna padta hai. pehle keval ghodon par dhyaan diya jaata tha. peechhe kheti ke pashuon par dhyaan diya jaane laga. fir khaane ke kaam mein aanevaale, athva doodh denevaale pashuon par, vishesh dhyaan diya jaane laga hai. aise pashuon mein gaaya, bail, bhais, sooar, bhed, bakari, kutte, billiyaaain aur kukkut hain. maanav svaasthya ki drushti se maans aur doodh denevaale pashuon aur pakshiyon ki chikitsa par vishesh dhyaan diya ja raha hai aur yeh avashya bhi hai, kyonki rogi pashuon ke maans aur doodh ke sevan se manushyon ke bhi rogagrast hone ka bhaya rahata hai. praaniudyaan tatha pashu paakon mein rakhe ghareloo ya jangali pashuon, pashushaalaaon, goshaalaaon aur kukkutashaalaaon ke pashuon ki bhi dekhbhaal vikitsakon ko karni padti hai.

pashu-chikitsa-mahaavidyaalayon ki intarameediyet utteern chhaatron ke liye paathyaavadhi Bhaarat mein chaar varshon ki hai, jabki anya deshon mein maitrik utteen chhaatron ke liye paaainch se saat varshon ki rakhi gayi hai. paathya vishyon ko saadhaaranataya do vargon mein vibhkt kiya gaya hai. ek poorvanaidaanik (pre-clinical) paathayakram aur doosra naidaanik (clinical) paathyakram.

poorvanaidaanik paathyakram mein jo vishay padhaae jaate hain, ve nimnalikhit hain :

• 1. ghareloo jaanvaron ki saamaanya shareerarachana, ootiki (histology).
• 2. shareer ke angon evam avayavon ka kriyaavijnyaaan (physiology)
• 3. aushadh-prabhaav-vigyaan (Pharmacology)
• 4. sookshmajeevavijnyaaan (Microbiology)
• 5. parajeevi vigyaan (Parasitology)
• 6. shareer-vikruti-vigyaan (Pathology)
• 7. poshan (Nutrition) aur
• 8. aanuvanshiki (Genetics)

naidaanik vishyon me hain :

• (1) bheshaj vigyaan, jismein naidaanik aur nivaarak sabhi prakaar ki aushadhiyaaain sanmilit hain aur inka kshetr paryaapt vistrut hain;

• (2) shalya kaarya, jismein prasootividya, maada-rog-vigyaan, ghaavon ke upachaar, asthibhang ke upachaar, shareeraavayavon ke uchhedan, ex kiran aadi aate hain (krutrim prajanan bhi isi ke antargat aata hai) tatha

• (3) prasaar jismein prasaar ke siddhaant aur tareeke, vyaavahaarik samaajavijnyaaan, arthashaastr, pashuchikitsa sambandhi vividh vishyon ki jaankaari di jaati hai.

ghareloo jaanvaron ke sahi sahi aaainkade praapt karna sarvatha kathin hai. Bhaarat mein pashudhan aur kukkuton ki prati varsh ganana ki jaati hai. san 1961 ki ganana ke anusaar pashuon ki kul sankhya 22.68 karod hai, jismein 17.56 karod gojaateeya aur 5.12 karod bhains jaateeya hai. sansaar ke samast gojaateeya pashuon ka lagbhag chhatha hissa aur bhains jaatiyon ka lagbhag aadha hissa Bhaarat mein hai. bakariyon ki sankhya chhah karod, bhedon ki sankhya chaar karod, murgi evam batakhon ki sankhya 12 karod aur ghoda, gadaha, khachchar, ooaint evam sooar, kul milaakar ek karod hain. Bhaarat mein doodh ka kul utpaadan 50 karod man, ghi ka ek karod man aur ande ka 140 karod hai.

haddi, baal, khaal ya chamada, maans tatha ant: straavi utpaadon ka aarthik moolya karodon rupae ka ho jaata hai. yadi ham ismein pashuon ke shramadaan ka moolya bhi jod lein, ta unka moolya arabon tak pahuainch jaayaga.

pashu rogon se honevaali kshati ke sahi aaainkade praapt karna sambhav naheen hai. parimit aakalan ke aadhaar par Bhaarat mein is kshati ko pashudhan ke kul moolya ka 25ऽ maan lein to vah bahut badi rakam hogi. sanyukt raajya, amareeka, jaise pragatisheel deshon mein 10 pratishat ke aadhaar par iska aakalan kiya gaya hai.

rogon se pashudhan ki kshati ka pradhaan kaaran parajeeviyon ka sanchaar hai, jisse unamein urvara shakti ka hraas, doodh ev maans ke utpaadan mein kami tatha nikrusht koti ke oon ka utpaadan hota hai. pashurogon mein sabse bhayankar pashupleg (rinderpest), galaaghontoo (strangles), ainthraiks (anthrax) tatha jaharabaad (black quarter) hain. khur evam muainh paka rog Europeeya pashuon ke liye bhanyakar rog hain, par Bhaarat mein namak dvaara upachaar se pashu praaya: rogamukt ho jaate hain. jutaai ke samay is rog ke failane se kaam thapp ho jaate hain. bruselosis (brucellosis) yakshma ya kshaya rog, jeens dijeej, stanakop ya thaneja (mastitis), naabhi rog (navel diseases), kuchh aise jeevaanu rog hain, jo pashupaalakon evam pashuchikitsakon ke liye chinta ke kaaran ban jaate hain. paropajeevi rogon mein faishiyolisis (fasciolisis), shistosomiyesis (schistosomiasis), bevesiyesis tatha kauksidiosis (coccidiosis) hain.

upachaar na hone par sarra (surra) rog se grasit pashu mar jaate hain. afreeki ashvarog ka prasaar Bhaarat mein anya deshon se hua hai. yeh bahut hi ghaatak beemaari hain. ashvagranthi (glanders) rog ka Bhaarat se lagbhag unmoolan ho chuka hai. damaghotoo saamaanyat: nae kukkuton ki beemaari hai. yeh rog saadhaaranat: achha ho jaata hai lekin kabhi kabhi is rog se mukt ho jaane par kukkut nikmma ho jaata hai.

bhedon ki mrutyu saamaanyat: goti aur braiksi (braxy) rogon se hua karti hai. bhed tatha anaya maveshiyon ke liye ubhayachoosh rog chintaajanak beemaari hai. goti, haija evam kauksidiosis ke kaaran kukkut paalan udyog ko gahari kshati pahuainchati hai. kukkuton ke selamonelosis (salmonelosis) se manushyon ko bhi khatra hai. shookar jvar ya vishoochika (swine fever) tatha erisipelais (erysipelas) sooaron ke pramukh rog hain. kutte, billiyon ke rogon mein pillon mein bhayaanak sanyatata, kutton mein raibeej, ankush krumi, pattakrumi, raktajeevarog, leptospirosis (leptospirosis) aadi pramukh rog hain.

rogon ke niyantran ke liye svachhata ke niyamon ka kathor paalan, rogagrast pashuon ka pruthakkaran tatha aayaat kiye hue pashuon ka sangarodhan (quarantine) aavashyak hai. rog evam parajeeviyon se bachaav ke liye adhik se adhik pushtaahaar tatha teeka env lasi chikitsa dvaara pashuon ki praakrutik tatha krutrim pratikaar shakti mein vruddhi hoti hai. khur evam muainhapaka rog, maata rog, kshaya rog aadi ke anmoolan ke liye amareeka Australia, great Britain tatha Europe ke katipya anya deshon mein rogapeedit pashuon ka vadh karne ki neeti apnaai gayi hai. katipya rogon ke liye pratijaivik padaarth (antibiotic) tatha rasaayanachikitsa (chemotherapy) bahut prabhaavakaari siddh hui hai.

katipya pashurogon ke liye rogaanunaashak aushadhiyon ko milaakar khilaane se sooar tatha kukkut ki un rogon se honevaali kshati bahut hi kam ho gayi hai.

kuchh rog pashuon se manushyon ko ho jaate hain, aise rogon mein glaindars, yakshma, bruselosis, ainthraiks, pleg, selamonelosis, raibeej (jalabheeti), sitekosis, aisparagilosis (aspergillosis), maasik rog, kyoofi varagoti (pox), atisaar, leptospirosis, aadi saamaanya roop se paae jaanevaale rog hain. dooshit maans khaane se maans ke ailkaalaayad vish ka kuprabhaav ho jaata hai. upabhoktaaon ke svaasthya ki raksha ke liye pashuon se praapt honevaale khaadya padaarthon ka pashuchikitsakon dvaara satat nireekshan sarvatha aavashyak hai.

• pashupaalan
• pashujanyarog
• bhaarateeya pashuchikitsa anusandhaan sansthaan
• bhaarateeya pashu chikit‍aasa parishad

• veterinri science aatmasantushti aur ujjval bhavishya (jaagaran)
• pashupaalan - pashu prajanan, pashu poshan, pashu prabandh, pashu chikitsa evam anya
• paaramparik pashu chikitsa paddhatiyaaain
• pashupaalan (Bhaarat vikaas dwaar)
• pashupaalakon ke liye (gau pashuon mein sankraamak rog evam unki rokathaam, gau pashuon mein teekaakaran, gau pashuon ki praathamik chikitsa, rebeej rog : kaaran va bachaav)
• vrushakalpadrum (pashuchikitsa)
• Bhaarat ke pashuchikitsa mahaavidyaalayon ki soochi
• pashurog (uttara krushi prabha)
• pashuon mein baanjhapan - kaaran aur upachaar (Bhaarat vikaasadvaar)
• gvaala ke saath, munaafe ki baat
• garbhadhaaran ke baad pashu ki dekhbhaal
• pashuon ke saamaanya rogon ke ghareloo-deshi upachaar

• Consultant Online computer-assisted veterinary diagnosis
• VetExplorer, collaborative veterinary portal with online services for veterinarians.
• Ask Now , website for locating Human Medical and Health and Veterinary Information
• International Veterinary Clinic Directory, website directory of veterinary clinic all over the whole world
• VetSeek, A search engine focussing on veterinary science and related topics
• KashVet, A Veterinary Medical Resources portal from Kashmir, India providing free resources for Veterinarians, Veterinary Students, Researchers, Livestock Farmers and Pet Owners
• Vety How Tos Wikia by and for veterinarians around the globe to share some uncommon but useful tips practiced in the field.