pashto bhaasha
pashto | ||||
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saaaincha:Nastaliq pashto | ||||
![]() pashto ka naam jo pashto lipi mein likha gaya hai |
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uchchaaran: | uchchaaran: [ˈaapəaaʂaat̪aaoː], [ˈaapəaaçaat̪aaoː], [ˈaapʊaaxt̪aaoː] | |||
bolne ka sthaan: | afgaanistaan, Pakistan | |||
suruvaat: | 2009 | |||
samudaaya: | pashtoon log | |||
maatrubhaashaaprayogakarta: | 4–6 karod | |||
bhaasha parivaar: |
hind-Europeeya
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Standard forms |
Central Pashto (Ghilzai)
yisufjya (northan)
kandahaari (Southern)
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shaakha bhaasha: | 17 dialects | |||
lipi | arabi lipi | |||
raajabhaasha maanyata | ||||
aupachaarik maanyata: |
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Recognised minority language in |
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niyntrak sanstha: |
Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan Pashto Academy (Pakistan)[2] |
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bhaasha code: | ||||
aaiesao 639-1 | ps | |||
aaiesao 639-2 | pus | |||
aaiesao 639-3 |
pus – Macrolanguage individual codes: pst – [[Central Pashto]] pbu – Northern Pashto pbt – Southern Pashto wne – [[Waneci]] |
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bhaashaavedhashaala | 58-ABD-a | |||
![]() Map of Pashto-speaking regions (orange)
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pashto (پaaښaaتaaو), jise pakhto ya afgaani bhi kaha jaata hai, afgaanistaan aur Pakistan mein rahane vaale pathaan samudaaya ki mukhya bhaasha hai. yeh kendreeya aur dakshini afgaanistaan aur uttar-pashchimi Pakistan ke khaibar-pakhtoonakhva praant ke vaasi hain. bhaugolik drushti se yeh aamoo dariya se dakshin aur sindhu nadi se pashchim ke kshetron mein rahate hain. pashto hind-Irani bhaasha-parivaar ki Irani upashaakha ki sadasya hai aur Irani bhaashaaoain mein ise ek poorvi Irani bhaasha maana jaata hai.[4] anumaan kiya jaata hai ki vishv-bhar mein kreeb 5-6 karod log pashto apni maatrubhaasha ke roop mein bolte hain.[5] afgaanistaan ke samvidhaan ne dari (faarasi) ke saath-saath pashto ko bhi ek raajabhaasha hone ka darja diya hai.[1]
anukram
likhaai
pashto bhi urdoo aur sindhi ki tarah arabi-faarasi lipi ka prayog karti hai, lekin usamein kuchh badlaav laae gaye hain taaki 't' jaisi prachalit dhvaniyaaain (jo bhaarateeya upamahaadveep mein to pai jaati hain lekin Iran mein naheen) likhi ja sakein. dhyaan rahe ki urdoo ke liye bhi aise badlaav kiye gaye hain, lekin urdoo mein alag tarah se parivrtikran hua jis se pashto aur urdoo lipiyon mein kuchh antar hai.
pashto akshar | ا | ب | پ | ت | ټ | ث | ج | ځ | چ | څ | ح | خ | د | ډ | ﺫ | ﺭ | ړ | ﺯ | ژ | ږ | س | ش | ښ | ص | ض | |
naagari akshar | a | b | p | t | t | s | j | dj | ch | ts | h | kh1 | the | d | za | r | d | za | jh2 | jh/ya3, g | s | sh | kh, sh, ts | s | za | |
a॰adha॰ava॰ | ɑ, ə | b | p | t̪ | ʈ | s | d͡aaʒ | d͡aaz | t͡aaʃ | t͡aas | h | x | d̪ | ɖ | z | r | ɻ | z | ʒ | ʐ, ʝ, ɡ | s | ʃ | x, ʂ, ç | s | z |
pashto akshar | ط | ظ | ع | غ | ف | ق | ك, ک | ګ | ل | م | ن | ڼ | و | ه | ۀ | ي | ى | ۍ | ئ | |
naagari akshar | t | za | a | g4 | f | k5 | k | g | l | m | na | n | va, oo, O, au | h, a, aa | a | ya, E | ya, aai | ai | ai | |
a॰adha॰ava॰ | t̪ | z | ɑ, ə, ʔ | ɣ | f | q | k | g | l | m | n | ɳ | w, u, o | h, a, ə | ə | j, i | j, ai | əaai | əaai |
- 1. krupaya 'kh' ke uchchaaran par dhyaan dein - yeh 'kh' se bhinn hai
- 2. krupaya 'jh' ke uchchaaran par dhyaan dein - yeh 'jh' aur 'za' donon se bhinn hai
- 3. yeh punjabi se milta-julata hai jiski kuchh upabhaashaaoain mein jh aur ya ki aapasi sahasvaaniki hoti hai
- 4. krupaya 'g' ke uchchaaran par dhyaan dein - yeh 'g' se bhinn hai
- 5. krupaya 'k' ke uchchaaran par dhyaan dein - yeh 'k' se thodi bhinn hai
upabhaashaaeain
pashto ki do mukhya upabhaashaaeain hain: uttari aur dakshini. uttari pashto bolne vaale apni bhaasha ko "pakhto" bolte hain (ismein 'kh' ke uchchaaran par dhyaan dein) aur dakshini pashto bolne vaale apni bhaasha ko 'pashto' bolte hain. iske mukhya vibhaajan ke alaava bhi alag-alag sthaanon par shabdon ko alag lahajon mein bola jaata hai. alag-alag sthaanon ki upabhaashaaon mein kuchh chune hue shabd is prakaar hain:
kandhaar | Quetta | haranaai | bannoo | vaana | khost | tiraah | gjni | Kabul | pishaavar | hindi anuvaad |
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pashto | pashto | pashto | paashte | paashte | paakhte | paakhto | pakhto | pakhto | pukhto | pashto |
var | var | var | taamba | taamba, vaar | daada, vaar | taamba, vaar | var | var | var | dwaar (daravaaja) |
psha | psha | shpa, yadai | psha | psha | pkha | pkha | pkha | pkha | khpa | paaooain |
lmaar | lmaar | mer | myera starga | yorama, myera starga | myera starga | myer, myera starga | nmaar | nmaar | nvaar | sooraj |
haalak | haalak | chora | vedka | vedkai | vedkai | vodkai | haalak | haalak | haalak | ladka (chhora) |
nyaili | nyaili | chuvaara | vedkye | jalkiye | jalkiye | vodkye, jalkiye | nyaili | jilkai | jine | ladki |
yaaao | yaaao | yo | ye | yo | ye | yo | yaaao | yaaao | yaaao | ek |
tsalor | tsalor | chalor | saaler | tsaalaver | tsaaler | tsaalavor | tsalor | tsalor | salor | chaar |
pindja | pindja | pinjha, pindja | pinja | pinja | pindja | pinja | pindja | pinja | pinja | paaainch |
shpaajh | shpaajh | shpojh | shpejh | shpejh | shpejh | shpejh | shpag | shpag | shpag | chhah |
tsok | tsok | chok | sek | tsek | tsek | tsok | tsok | tsok | sok | kaun |
mujh | mujh | mush | mijh | mijh | mig | mujho | mug | mung | mung | ham |
jma | jma | jma | emo | emo | emo | emo | jma | jma | jma | mera |
sta | sta | sta | eto | eto | eto | eto | sta | sta | sta | tumhaara |
der, jyaat | der, jyaat | tsaat | pira, jyot | pira, jyot | der, jyot | der, jyot | der, jyaat | der, jyaat | der, jyaat | bahut, zyaada, dher saara |
lajh | lajh | lajh | lashki | lashki | lag | lag | lag | lag | lag | kam, chhota (sanskrut: laghu) |
chshal | chashal | yavatal | chashal | chashal | tsakhl | tsakhl | tsakhl | tskal, chikhl | skal | peena |
ho | ho | ho | eya | eya | eya | eya | ho | ho | ao | haaain |
yam | yam | yam | ya | ya | ya | yam | yam | yam | yam | main hooain |
jam | jam | jhm, drumam | drima, s | drima, ch | drima, ch | cham, drumam | jam | jm | jm | jaata hooain |
jhba | jhba | jba | jhba | jhba | jhba | jhba | jhba | jhba | jhba | jihva, jbaan, bhaasha |
kor | kor | kor | ker | ker | ker | kola | kor | kor | kor | ghar |
bega | bega | bega | vega | vega | vega | vega | bega | bega | bega | shaam (sanskrut: vaikaal) |
sta | sta | sta | shta | shta | shta | shta | sta | shta | shta | hai |
yijh | yijh | yirj | yijh | yijh | yig | yig | yig | yig | yig | bhaaloo |
plaar | plaar | pyaar | plor | plor | plor | plor | plaar | plaar | plaar | pita |
kndaahaar | kvetta | haranai | bannoo | vaana | khost | tiraah | gjni | Kabul | peshaavar | hindi anuvaad |
jaisa ki dekha ja sakta hai pashto ke bahut se shabd sanskrut ya hindi se milte-julate hain. is vajah se bahut se bhaashaavaijnyaaanikon ko pehle bhram ho gaya ki shaayad pashto bhi ek hind-aarya bhaasha hai, lekin vyaakaran jaaainchane se pata laga ki yeh ek Irani bhaasha hai jispar hind-aarya bhaashaaoain ka gahra prabhaav pada hai. vaise bhi Irani bhaashaaoain aur hind-aarya bhaashaaoain mein bahut se sajaateeya shabd hain jo roop aur arth mein milte hain.
pashto aur hindi ki samaanataaeain
pashto bhaasha aur hindi mein kaafi samaanataaeain pai jaati hai. aadhunik hindi aur urdoo par bhi pashto ka prabhaav hai. donon hindi aur pashto mein "n" paaya jaata hai haalaanki urdoo mein ye maujood nahi hai.
inhein bhi dekhein
baahari kadiyaaain
sandarbh
- ↑ a aa Constitution of Afghanistan - Chapter 1 The State, Article 16 (Languages) and Article 20 (Anthem)
- ↑ Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1976). Current Trends in Linguistics: Index. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 705.
- ↑ "Population by Mother Tongue". Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. http://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm. abhigman tithi: 28 December 2011.
- ↑ Nicholas Sims-Williams, Eastern Iranian languages, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, 2010. "The Modern Eastern Iranian languages are even more numerous and varied. Most of them are classified as North-Eastern: Ossetic; Yaghnobi (which derives from a dialect closely related to Sogdian); the Shughni group (Shughni, Roshani, Khufi, Bartangi, Roshorvi, Sarikoli), with which Yaz-1ghulami (Sokolova 1967) and the now extinct Wanji (J. Payne in Schmitt, p. 420) are closely linked; Ishkashmi, Sanglichi, and Zebaki; Wakhi; Munji and Yidgha; and Pashto."
- ↑ Paul M. Lewis, san (2009). "Pashto, Northern". SIL International. Dallas, Texas: Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbu. "Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries."