paryaavaran

praakrutik paryaavaran - Jammu-Kashmir ke Laddakh kshetr mein nubra ghaati ka ek drushya
maanav nirmit paryaavaran - kolorodo kshetr mein maanav aavaas ka ek drushya
paryaavaran pradooshan - kaarkhaanon dvaara dhueain ka utsarjan

paryaavaran un sabhi bhautik, raasaayanik evam jaivik kaarakon ki samashtigt ikaai hai jo kisi jeevadhaari athva paaritantreeya aabaadi ko prabhaavit karte hain tatha unke roop, jeevan aur jeevita ko tay karte hain.[1]saamaanya arthon mein yeh hamaare jeevan ko prabhaavit karne vaale sabhi jaivik aur ajaivik tatvon, tathyon, prakriyaaon aur ghatnaaon ke samuchchaya se nirmit ikaai hai.[2] yeh hamaare chaaron or vyaapt hai aur hamaare jeevan ki pratyek ghatna isi ke andar sampaadit hoti hai tatha ham manushya apni samast kriyaaon se is paryaavaran ko bhi prabhaavit karte hain. is prakaar ek jeevadhaari aur uske paryaavaran ke beech anyonyaashraya ka sambandh bhi hota hai.[3] [4]

paryaavaran ke jaivik sanghatakon mein sookshm jeevaanu se lekar keede-makode, sabhi jeev-jantu aur ped-paudhe aa jaate hain aur iske saath hi unase judi saari jaiv kriyaaeain aur prakriyaaeain bhi. ajaivik sanghatakon mein jeevanarahit tatv aur unase judi prakriyaaeain aati hain, jaise: chattaanein, parvat, nadi, hava aur jalavaayu ke tatv ityaadi.[5]

anukram

parichay

saamaanyat: paryaavaran ko manushya ke sandarbh mein paribhaashit kiya jaata hai aur manushya ko ek alag ikaai aur uske chaaron or vyaapt anya samast cheejon ko usaka paryaavaran ghoshit kar diya jaata hai. kintu yahaaain yeh bhi dhyaatav hai ki abhi bhi is dharati par bahut si maanav sabhyataaeain hain jo apne ko paryaavaran se alag naheen maanateen aur unki nazar mein samast prakruti ek hi ikaai hai jiska manushya bhi ek hissa hai.[6] vastut: manushya ko paryaavaran se alag maanane vaale ve hain jo takaneeki roop se viksit hain aur vigyaan aur takaneek ke vyaapak prayog se apni praakrutik dashaaon mein kaafi badlaav laane mein samarth hain.

maanav hastakshep ke aadhaar par paryaavaran ko do prakhandon mein vibhaajit kiya jaata hai - praakrutik ya naisargik paryaavaran aur maanav nirmit paryaavaran.[7] haalaaainki poorn roop se praakrutik paryaavaran (jismein maanav hastakshep bilkul na hua ho) ya poorn roopen maanav nirmit paryaavaran (jismein sab kuchh manushya nirmit ho), kaheen naheen paae jaate. yeh vibhaajan praakrutik prakriyaaon aur dashaaon mein maanav hastakshep ki maatra ki adhikta aur nyoonata ka dyotak maatr hai. paaristhitiki aur paryaavaran bhoogol mein praakrutik paryaavaran shabd ka prayog paryaavaas (habitat) ke liye bhi hota hai.

takaneeki maanav dvaara aarthik uddeshya aur jeevan mein vilaasita ke lakshyon ki praapti hetu prakruti ke saath vyaapak chhedchhaad ke kriyaakalaapon ne praakrutik paryaavaran ka santulan nasht kiya hai, jisse praakrutik vyavastha ya pranaali ke astitv par hi sankat utpann ho gaya hai. is tarah ki samasyaaeain paryaavaraneeya avanayan kahalaati hain.

paryaavaraneeya samasyaaeain jaise pradooshan, jalavaayu parivartan ityaadi manushya ko apni jeevanashaili ke baare mein punarvichaar ke liye prerit kar rahi hain aur ab paryaavaran sanrakshan aur paryaavaran prabandhan ki charcha hai.[8] manushya vaigyaanik aur takaneeki roop se apne dvaara kiye gaye parivrtanon se nuksaan ko kitna kam karne mein saksham hai, aarthik aur raajanaitik hiton ki takaraahat mein paryaavaran par kitna dhyaan diya ja raha hai aur manushyata apne paryaavaran ke prati kitni jaagruk hai, yeh aaj ke jvalant prashn hain.[9] [10]

naamotpatti

paryaavaran shabd sanskrut bhaasha ke 'pari' upasarg (chaaron or) aur 'aavaran' se milkar bana hai jiska arth hai aisi cheejon ka samuchchaya jo kisi vyakti ya jeevadhaari ko chaaron or se aavrutt kiye hue hain. paaristhitiki aur bhoogol mein yeh shabd angreji ke environment ke paryaaya ke roop mein istemaal hota hai.

angreji shabd environment swayam uparokt paaristhitikeeya arth mein kaafi baad mein prayukt hua aur yeh shurooaati daur mein aaspaas ki saamaanya dashaaon ke liye prayukt hota tha. yeh fraanseesi bhaasha se udbhoot hai[11] jahaaain yeh "state of being environed" (see environ + -ment) ke arth mein prayukt hota tha aur iska pehla gyaat prayog kaarlaail dvaara jarman shabd Umgebung ke arth ko fraanseesi mein vyakt karne ke liye hua.[12]

paryaavaran ka gyaan

aaj paryaavaran ek jaroori savaal balki jvalant mudya bana hua hai lekin aaj logon mein ise lekar koi jaagrukta naheen hai. graameen samaaj ko chhod de to bhi mahaanagareeya jeevan mein iske prati khaas utsukata naheen pai jaati. parinaamasvaroop paryaavaran suraksha mahaj ek sarkaari ejenda hi ban kar rah gaya hai. jabki yeh poore samaaj se bahut hi ghanishth sambandh rakhane wala savaal hai. jab tak iske prati logon mein ek svaabhaavik lagaav paida naheen hota paryaavaran sanrakshan ek door ka sapana hi bana rahega.

paryaavaran ka seedha sambandh prakruti se hai. apne parivesh mein ham tarah-tarah ke jeev-jantu, ped-paudhe tatha anya sajeev-nirjeev vastueain paate hain. ye sab milkar paryaavaran ki rachana karte hain. vigyaan ki vibhinn shaakhaaon jaise-bhautik vigyaan, rasaayan vigyaan tatha jeev vigyaan, aadi mein vishay ke maulik siddhaanton tatha unase sambandh praayogik vishyon ka adhyayan kiya jaata hai. parantu aaj ki aavashyakta yeh hai ki paryaavaran ke vistrut adhyayan ke saath-saath isse sambandhit vyaavahaarik gyaan par bal diya jaae. aadhunik samaaj ko paryaavaran se sambandhit samasyaaon ki shiksha vyaapak star par di jaani chaahiye . saath hi isse nipatne ke bachaavakaari upaayon ki jaankaari bhi aavashyak hai. aaj ke masheeni yug mein ham aisi sthiti se gujar rahe hain. pradooshan ek abhishaap ke roop mein sampoorn paryaavaran ko nasht karne ke liye hamaare saamane khada hai. sampoorn vishv ek gambheer chunauti ke daur se gujar raha hai. yadyapi hamaare paas paryaavaran sambandhi paathya-saamagri ki kami hai tathaapi sandarbh saamagri ki kami naheen hai. vaastav mein aaj paryaavaran se sambaddh upalabdh gyaan ko vyaavahaarik banaane ki aavashyakta hai taaki samasya ko janamaanas sahaj roop se samajh sake. aisi visham paristhiti mein samaaj ko uske karttavya tatha daayitv ka ehsaas hona aavashyak hai. is prakaar samaaj mein paryaavaran ke prati jaagrukta paida ki ja sakti hai. vaastav mein sajeev tatha nirjeev do sanghatak milkar prakruti ka nirmaan karte hain. vaayu, jal tatha bhoomi nirjeev ghatakon mein aate hain jabki jantu-jagat tatha paadap-jagat se milkar sajeevon ka nirmaan hota hai. in sanghatakon ke madhya ek mahatvapoorn rishta yeh hai ki apne jeevan-nirvaah ke liye paraspar nirbhar rahate hain. jeev-jagat mein yadyapi maanav sabse adhik sachetan evam samvedansheel praani hai tathaapi apni aavashyakataaon ki poorti hetu vah anya jeev-jantuon, paadap, vaayu, jal tatha bhoomi par nirbhar rahata hai. maanav ke parivesh mein paae jaane vaale jeev-jantu paadap, vaayu, jal tatha bhoomi paryaavaran ki sanrachana karte hai.

shiksha ke maadhyam se paryaavaran ka gyaan shiksha maanav-jeevan ke bahumukhi vikaas ka ek prabal saadhan hai. iska mukhya udyeshya vyakti ke andar shaareerik, maanasik, saamaajik, sanskrutik tatha aadhyaatmik buddh evam paripkvata laana hai. shiksha ke udyeshyon ki poorti hetu praakrutik vaataavaran ka gyaan ati aavashyak hai. praakrutik vaataavaran ke baare mein jnyaaanaarjan ki parampara bhaarateeya sanskruti mein aarambh se hi rahi hai. parantu aaj ke bhautikvaadi yug mein paristhitiyaun bhinn hoti ja rahi hain. ek or jahaan vigyaan evam takaneeki ke vibhinn kshetron mein nae-nae aavishkaar ho rahe hain. to doosari or maanav parivesh bhi usi gati se prabhaavit ho raha hai. aane vaale peedhi ko paryaavaran mein ho rahe parivrtanon ka gyaan shiksha ke maadhyam se hona aavashyak hain. paryaavaran tatha shiksha ke antars mbandhon ka gyaan haasil karke ko E bhi vyakti is disha mein anek mahatvapoorn kaarya kar sakta hai . paryaavaran ka vigyaan se gahra sambandh hai, kintu usaki shiksha mein kisi prakaar ki vaigyaanik pecheedagiya naheen hain. shikshaarthiyon ko prakruti tatha paaristhitik gyaan seedhi tatha saral bhaasha mein samajhi jaani chaahiye. shuroo-shuroo mein yeh gyaan satahi taur par maatr parichyaatmak dhang se hona chaahiye. aage chalakar iske takaneeki pahaluon ko vichaar kiya jaana chaahiye. shiksha ke kshetr mein paryaavaran ka gyaan maanaveeya suraksha ke liye aavashyak hai.

paryaavaran aur paaritantr

mukhya lekh : paaristhitik tantr
ghaas ka maidaan rupi paaritantr, gorongoro sanrakshan kshetr, tanjaaniya mein

paryaavaran apni sampoornata mein ek ikaai hai jismein ajaivik aur jaivik sanghatak aapas mein vibhinn antarkriyaaon dvaara sambaddh aur antargumfit hote hain. iski yeh visheshata ise ek paaritantr ka roop pradaan karti hai kyonki paaristhitik tantr ya paaritantr pruthvi ke kisi kshetr mein samast jaivik aur ajaivik tatvon ke antarsambandhit samuchchaya ko kehte hain. at: paryaavaran bhi ek paaritantr hai.[13]

pruthvi par paimaane (scale) ke hisaab se sabse vruhattam paaritantr jaivamandal ko maana jaata hai. jaivamandal pruthvi ka vah bhaag hai jismein jeevadhaari paae jaate hain aur yeh sthalamandal, jalamandal tatha vaayumandal mein vyaapt hai. poore paarthiv paryaavaran ki rachana bhi inheen ikaaiyon se hui hai, at: in arthon mein vaishvik paryaavaran, jaivamandal aur paarthiv paaritantr ek doosare ke samaanaarthi ho jaate hain.

maana jaata hai ki pruthvi ke vaayumandal ka vartamaan sanghatan aur ismein okseejan ki vartamaan maatra pruthvi par jeevan hone ka kaaran hi naheen apitu parinaam bhi hai. prakaash-sanshleshan, jo ek jaivik (ya paaristhitikeeya athva jaivamandaleeya) prakriya hai, pruthvi ke vaayumandal ke gathan ko prabhaavit karne waali mahatvapoorn prakriya rahi hai. is prakaar ke chintan se judi vichaaradhaara poori pruthvi ko ek ikaai gaaya[14] ya sajeev pruthvi (living earth) ke roop mein dekhti hai.[15]

isi prakaar manushya ke oopar paryavaaran ke prabhaav aur manushya dvaara paryaavaran par daale gaye prabhaavon ka adhyayan maanav paaristhitiki aur maanav bhoogol ka pramukh adhyayan bindu hai.[16][17][18]

paryaavaraneeya samasyaaeain

mukhya lekh : paryaavaraneeya avanayan

* yeh bhi dekhein: pradooshan aur jalavaayu parivartan

jyaadaatar paryaavaraneeya samasyaaeain paryaavaraneeya avanayan aur maanav janasankhya aur maanav dvaara sansaadhanon ke upabhog mein vruddhi se judi hain. paryaavaraneeya avanayan ke antargat paryaavaran mein hone vaale ve saare parivartan aate hain jo avaanchhaneeya hain[19] aur kisi kshetr vishesh mein ya poori pruthvi par jeevan aur sandhaaraneeyata ko khatra utpann karte hain. at: iske antargat pradooshan, jalavaayu parivartan, jaiv vividhta ka ksharan aur anya praakrutik aapadaaen ityaadi shaamil ki jaati hain. paryaavaraneeya avanayan ke saath milkar janasankhya mein charaghaataanki dar se ho rahi vruddhi tatha maanav dvaara upabhog ke badalate pratiroop lagbhag saari paryaavaraneeya samasyaaon ke mool kaaran hain.

sansaadhan nyooneekaran

sansaadhan nyooneekaran ka arth hai praakrutik sansaadhanon ka manushya dvaara apne aarthik laabh hetu itni teji se dohan ki unka praakrutik prakriyaaon dvaara punarbharan (replenishment) na ho paae. vartamaan pariprekshya mein sansaadhan ksharan ke liye janasankhya ke dabaav, tej vruddhi dar aur logon ke upabhog pratiroop ka bhi prabhaav jimmevaar maana ja raha hai.[20][21]

sansaadhanon ko do vargon mein vibhkt kiya jaata hai - naveekaraneeya sansaadhan aur anaveekaraneeya sansaadhan. iske aalaava kuchh sansaadhan itni paryaapt maatra mein upalabdh hain ki unka kshaya naheen ho sakta unhein Akshay sansaadhan kehte hain jaise saur oorja.

anaveekaraneeya sansaadhanon ka teji se dohan unke bhandaar ko samaapt kar maanav jeevan ke liye kathin paristhitiyaan paida kar sakta hai. koyala, petrolium, ya dhatvitk khanijon ke bhandaaron ka nirmaan ek deergh avadhi ki ghatna hai aur jis teji se manushya in ka dohan kar raha hai ye ek na ek din samaapt ho jaayeinge. vaheen doosari or kuchh naveekaraneeya sansaadhan bhi manushya dvaara itni teji se prayog mein laaye ja rahe hain ki unka praakrutik prakriyaaon dvaara punarbharan utani teji se sambhav naheen aur is prakaar ve bhi anaveekaraneeya sansaadhan ki shreni mein aa jaayeinge.

pradooshan

pradooshan athva paryaavaraneeya pradooshan paryaavaran mein kisi padaarth (thos, drav ya gas) athva oorja (ooshma, dhvani, rediyodharmita ityaadi) ke pravesh ko kehte hain yadi iski gati itni tej ho ki saamaanya aur praakrutik prakriyaaon dvaara iska parikshepan, mandan, viyojan, punarchakran athva ahaanikaarak roop mein sanrakshan na ho sake.[22] is prakaar pradooshan ke do spasht soochak hain, kisi padaarth ya oorja ka paryaavaran mein pravesh aur usaka praakrutik paryaavaran ke prati haanikaarak ya avaanchhit hona. is tarah ke avaanchhit tatv ko pradooshak ya dooshak kehte hain.

pradooshan ka vargeekaran pradooshak ke prakaar, srot athva paaritantr ke jis hisse mein usaka pravesh hota hai, ke aadhaar par kiya jaata hai. udaaharan ke taur par vaayu pradooshan, jal pradooshan, mruda pradooshan, ityaadi prakaar is aadhaar par nishchit kiye jaate hain ki paaritantr ke is hisse mein dooshak tatv ka pravesh hota hai. vaheen doosari or rediyodharmi pradooshan, prakaash pradooshan, dhvani ya rav pradooshan ityaadi prakaar pradooshak ke khud ke prakaar par aadhaarit vargeekaran hain.

jalavaayu parivartan

jaivavividhta hraas

praakrutik aapadaaeain

inmein chakravaat, tej toofaan, atyadhik baarish, sookha aadi shaamil hai.

paryaavaran sanrakshan

mukhya lekh : paryaavaran sanrakshan

paryaavaran prabandhan

mukhya lekh : paryaavaran prabandhan

paryaavaran prabandhan ka taatparya paryaavaran ke prabandhan se naheen hai, balki aadhunik maanav samaaj ke paryaavaran ke saath sampark tatha us par padne vaale prabhaav ke prabandhan se hai. prabandhakon ko prabhaavit karne vaale teen pramukh mudde hain raajaneeti (networking), kaaryakram (pariyojanaayein) aur sansaadhan (dhan, suvidhaaeain, aadi). paryaavaran prabandhan ki aavashyakta ko kai drushtikonon se dekha ja sakta hai.

bhaarateeya sanskruti mein paryaavaran chintan

bhaarateeya sanskruti mein paryaavaran ko vishesh mahattv diya gaya hai. praacheen kaal se hi bhaarateeya sanskruti mein paryaavaran ke anek ghatakon jaise vrukshon ko poojya maankar unhein pooja jaata hai. peepal ke vruksh ko pavitra maana jaata hai. vat ke vruksh ki bhi pooja hoti hai. jal, vaayu, agni ko bhi Dave maankar unki pooja ki jaati hai. samudra, nadi ko bhi poojan karne yogya maana gaya hai. ganga, sindhu, sarasvati, yamuna, godaavari, narmada jaisi nadeeyon ko pavitra maankar pooja ki jaati hai. dharati ko bhi maata ka darajja deeya gaya hai. praacheen kaal se hi Bhaarat mein paryaavaran ke vividh svarupo ki pooja hoti hai.[23][24][25]

paryaavaran vigyaan

mukhya lekh : paryaavaran vigyaan
Fairytale waring.png yeh anubhaag khaali hai, arthaat paryaapt roop se vistrut naheen hai ya adhoora hai. aapki sahaayata ka svaagat hai!


paryaavaran vidhi

mukhya lekh : paryaavaran vidhi

Bhaarat mein

paryaavaraneeya vidhi athva paryaavaran vidhi samekit roop se un sabhi antarraashtreeya, raashtreeya athva kshetreeya sandhiyon, samjhauton aur samvaidhaanik vidhiyon ko kaha jaata hai jo praakrutik paryaavaran par maanav prabhaav ko kam karne aur paryaavaran ki sandhaaraneeyata banaaye rakhane hetu hain.

Bhaarat mein paryaavaran kaanoon paryaavaran (raksha) adhiniyam 1986 se niyamit hota hai jo ek v‍aayaapak vidhaan hai. iski roop rekha ken‍aadreeya sarkaar ke vibhin‍aan ken‍aadreeya aur raaj‍aaya praadhikranon ke kriyaakalaapon ke saman‍aavayan ke liye taiyaar kiya gaya hai jinki s‍aathaapana pichhle kaanoonon ke tahat ki gayi hai jaisa ki jal adhiniyam aur vaayu adhiniyam.

anya vidhiyon mein bhaarateeya van adhiniyam, 1927 aur vanyajeev sanrakshan adhiniyam, 1972 pramukh hain.

ek raashtreeya harit praadhikran ka bhi gathan kiya gaya hai.[26]

antarraashtreeya

Fairytale waring.png yeh anubhaag khaali hai, arthaat paryaapt roop se vistrut naheen hai ya adhoora hai. aapki sahaayata ka svaagat hai!


inhein bhi dekhein

sandarbh

  1. ↑ environment (biology), Encyclopedia Brittanica; "environment, the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival."
  2. ↑ suresh laal shreevaastav pratiyogita darpan, March, 2009 prushth 1423
  3. ↑ Damodar sharma aadhunik jeevan aur paryaavaran
  4. ↑ madhu asthaanaparyaavaran ek sankshipt adhyayan
  5. ↑ baasak, anindita - paryaavaraneeya adhyayan, Google pustak, (abhigman tithi 04-08-2014
  6. ↑ Jamieson, Dale. (2007). The Heart of Environmentalism. In R. Sandler & P. C. Pezzullo. Environmental Justice and Environmentalism. (pp. 85-101). Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
  7. ↑ baasak, anindita - paryaavaraneeya adhyayan, Google pustak, (abhigman tithi 04-08-2014
  8. ↑ suresh laal shreevaastav pratiyogita darpan, March, 2009
  9. ↑ suresh laal shreevaastav pratiyogita darpan, March, 2009
  10. ↑ madhu asthaanaparyaavaran ek sankshipt adhyayan
  11. ↑ angreji vikshanari
  12. ↑ Online etymology dictionary
  13. ↑ savindr Singh, jaiv bhoogol, prayaag pustak bhavan
  14. ↑ gaaya parikalpana, Oxford dikshanari par (abhigman tithi 05-08-2014)
  15. ↑ Lovelock, J.E. (1 August 1972). "Gaia as seen through the atmosphere". Atmospheric Environment (1967) (Elsevier) 6 (8): 579–580.
  16. ↑ Richards, Ellen H. (1907 (2012 reprint))Sanitation in Daily Life, Forgotten Books. pp. v.
  17. ↑ aara॰ dee॰ Dixit, bhaugolik chintan ka vikaas prushth san॰ 253, Google pustak (abhigman tithi 25-07-2014)
  18. ↑ haarlen echa॰ bairoj, (1923), Geography as Human Ecology, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 13(1):1-14
  19. ↑ Johnson, D.L., S.H. Ambrose, T.J. Bassett, M.L. Bowen, D.E. Crummey, J.S. Isaacson, D.N. Johnson, P. Lamb, M. Saul, and A.E. Winter-Nelson. 1997. Meanings of environmental terms. Journal of Environmental Quality 26: 581–589.
  20. ↑ Richard Anderson, Resource depletion: Opportunity or looming catastrophe?, BBC News par, (abhigman tithi 05-08-2014)
  21. ↑ Fred Magdoff, Global Resource Depletion: Is Population the Problem?, Monthly Review, 2013, Volume 64, Issue 08 (January), (abhigman tithi 05-08-2014)
  22. ↑ pollution (environment), Encyclopedia Brittanica; "pollution, also called environmental pollution, the addition of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or any form of energy (such as heat, sound, or radioactivity) to the environment at a rate faster than it can be dispersed, diluted, decomposed, recycled, or stored in some harmless form."
  23. ↑ http://hindi.speakingtree.in/spiritual-articles/science-of-spirituality/content-246889
  24. ↑ http://hi.vikaspedia.in/rural-energy/policy-support/92d93e930924-915940-92a93094d92f93e935930923-92894092493f
  25. ↑ http://m.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-11365556.html
  26. ↑ raashtreeya harit praadhikran

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