parmaanu bam

san 1945 mein Japan ke naagaasaaki par giraaye bam se utpann kukuramuta ke sadrush baadal - ye baadal bam ke girne ke sthaan se lagbhag 18 kimi upar tak uthe the.

naabhikeeya astr ya parmaanu bam ek visfotak yukti hai jiski vidhvansak shakti ka aadhaar naabhikeeya abhikriya hoti hai. yeh naabhikeeya sanlayan (Nuclear fusion) ya naabhikeeya vikhndan (nuclear fission) ya in dono prakaar ki naabhikeeya abhikriyon ke sammiln se banaaye ja sakte hain. dono hi prakaar ki abhikriya ke parinaamasvaroop thode hi saamagri se bhaari maatra mein oorja utpann hoti hai. aaj ka ek hajaar kilo se thoda bada naabhikeeya hathiyaar itni oorja utpann kar sakta hai jitni kai arab kilo ke paramparaagat visfotakon se hi utpann ho sakti hai. naabhikeeya hathiyaar mahaavinaashakaari hathiyaar (weapons of mass destruction) kahe jaate hain.

dviteeya vishvayuddh mein sabse adhik shaktishaali visfotak, jo prayukt hua tha, usaka naam 'blockbuster' (blockbuster) tha. iske nirmaan mein tab tak gyaat prabalatam visfotak traainaaitrotoluin (TNT) ka 11 tan prayukt hua tha. is visfotak se 2000 guna adhik shaktishaali pratham parmaanu bam tha jiska visfot ti. N. ti. ke 22,000 tan ke visfot ke baraabar tha. ab to pratham parmaanu bam se bahut adhik shaktishaali parmaanu bam bane hain.

parmaanu bam mein visfutit hone wala padaarth Uranium ya plutoniym hota hai. Uranium ya plutoniym ke parmaanu vikhandan (Fission) se hi shaakti praapt hoti hai. iske liye parmaanu ke keindrak (nucleus) mein nyootraun (neutron) se prahaar kiya jaata hai. is prahaar se hi bahut badi maatra mein oorja praapt hoti hai. is prakram ko bhautik vigyaani naabhikeeya vikhandan (nuclear fission) kehte hain. parmaanu ke naabhik ke abhyantar mein jo nyootraun hote hain unheen se nyootraan mukt hote hain. ye nyootraun anya paramaanuon par prahaar karte hain aur unase fir vikhandan hota hai. ye fir anya paramaanuon ka vikhandan karte hain. is prakaar shrunkhala kriyaaeain aarambh hoti hain. parmaanu bam ki aniyantrit shrunkhala kriyaaon ke falasvaroop bheeshan prachandata ke saath parmaanu ka visfot hota hai.

Uranium ke kai samasthaanik gyaat hain. saamaanya Uranium mein 99.3 pratishat you-238 (U-238) aur 0.7 pratishat you-235 (U-235) rahate hain. you-238 ka vikhandan utani saralata se naheen hota jitni saralata se you-235 ka vikhandan hota hai. you-235 mein you-238 ki apeksha teen nyootraun kam rahate hain. nyootraun ki is kami ke kaaran hi you-235 ka vikhandan saralata se hota hai.

anya vikhandaneeya padaarth jo parmaanu bam mein kaam aate hain ve you-233 aur plutoniym-239 hain. parmaanu visfot ke liye vikhandaneeya padaarth ki kraantik sanhati (critical mass) aavashyak hoti hai. shrunkhala kriya ke chaaloo karne ke liye kraantik sanhati nyoonatam maatra hai. yadi vikhandaneeya padaarth ki maatra kraantik sanhati se kam hai to nyootraun keval dhurradhurr karta rahega. maatra ke dheere dheere badhaane se ek samay aisi avastha aaegi jab kam se kam ek unmukt nyootraun ek nae parmaanu par prahaar kar usaka vikhandan kar dega. aisi sthiti pahuainchane par vikhandan kriya svat: chalne lagti hai. kraantik sanhati ki maatra gopaneeya hai. jo raashtra parmaanu bam banaate hai ve hi jaante hain aur doosaron ko batalaate naheen.

yadi you-235 ki kraantik sanhati 20 pound hai to das das pound do jagah lene se shrunkhala kriya chaaloo naheen hogi. 20 pound ko ek saath lene se hi shrunkhalaakriya chaaloo hogi. shrunkhalaakriya mein nyootraun ki sankhya badi sheeghrata se badhti hai.

parmaanu bam mein vikhandan se Uranium aur use niktavarti anya padaarthon ka taap badi sheeghrata se oopar uthata hai. dhaatvik Uranium badi ooainchi daab aur taap par taapadeept gas mein parint ho jaata hai. visfotak pind ka taap 10,00,00,000° se. tak uth jaata hai. itne ooainche taap par Uranium ki thaapi (tamper) hat jaati hai. tab saara pind badi prachandata se visfutit hota hai. parmaanu bam ke visfutit hone par aadhaat tarangein (Shock waves) utpann hoti hain jo dhvani ki gati se bhi adhik gati se chaaron or failati hai. jab parmaanu bam ko pruthveetal ke oopar visfutit kiya jaata hai to tarangein pruthveetal se takaraakar oopar uthati hain aur naya aaghaat utpann karti hain jo oopar aur neeche teevrata se failata hai. bam sfot (Bomb blast) ka kendra tatkaal tapt hokar nirvaat utpann karta hai. nirvaat bharne ke liye aaspaas ki thandi havaaeain daudti hai. is prakaar parmaanu bam se gharon par aaghaat padne se ve toot jaate hain.

visfoti Uranium anya tatvon mein badal jaata hai, usase radio aiktivedhi kirnein nikalkar jeevit koshikaaon ko aakraant kar unhein nasht kar deti hain. bam ka vinaasheekaari kaarya (1) aaghaat tarangon, (2) vedhi kirnon tatha (3) atyadhik ooshma utpaadan ke kaaran hota hai.

haaidrojan bam paramaanubam ka ek kism hai. haaidrojan bam ya H-bam (H-Bomb) adhik shaktishaali parmaanu bam hota hai. ismein haaidrojan ke samasthaanik dyoo teeriym (deuterium) aur traaitiriym ki aavashyakta padti hai. paramaanuon ke sanlayan karne (fuse) se bam ka visfot hota hai. is sanlayan ke liye bade ooainche, taap, lagbhag 500,00,000° sein. ki aavashyakta padti hai. yeh taap soorya ke ooshnatam bhaag ke taap se bahut ooaincha hai. parmaanu bam dvaara hi itna ooaincha taap praapt kiya ja sakta hai.

jab parmaanu bam aavashyak taap utpann karta hai tabhi haaidrojan parmaanu sanlayit (fuse) hote hain. is sanlayan (fusion) se ooshma aur shaktishaali kirnein utpann hoti hain jo haaidrojan ko heeliym mein badal deti hain. 1922 E. mein pehle pahal pata laga tha ki haaidrojan parmaanu ke visfot se bahut adhik oorja utpann ho sakti hai.

1932 mein dyooteeriym naamak bhaari haaidrojan ka aur 1934 E. mein traaitiriym (trishiym) naamak bhaari haaidrojan ka aavishkaar hua. 1950 E. mein sanyukt raajya amareeka ke raashtrapati tru main ne haaidrojan bam taiyaar karne ka aadesh diya. iske liye 1951 E. mein south kairolina mein ek bade kaarkhaane ki sthaapana hui. 1953 E. mein raashtrapati aaijenahaabar ne ghoshana ki thi ki TNT ke laakhon tan ke baraabar haaidrojan bam taiyaar ho gaya hai. 1955 E. mein soviyt sangh ne haaidrojan bam ka pareekshan kiya. cheen aur France ne bhi haaidrojan bam ke visfot kiye hain.

• mainahattan pariyojana (Manhattan Project)
• naabhikeeya pareekshan (Nuclear testing)
• naabhikeeya bhautiki (Nuclear physics)
• naabhikeeya vikhndan (Nuclear fission)
• naabhikeeya sanlayan (Nuclear fusion)
• naabhikeeya bhatthi (Nuclear reactor)

saamaanya

• parmaanu bam - doosare vishvayuddh ka nirnaayak hathiyaar
• Nuclear Weapon Archive from Carey Sublette is a reliable source of information and has links to other sources and an informative FAQ.
• The Federation of American Scientists provide solid information on weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons and their effects
• Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues – contains many resources related to nuclear weapons, including a historical and technical overview and searchable bibliography of web and print resources.
• Everything you wanted to know about nuclear technology – Provided by New Scientist.
• Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Nuclear weapons
• Video archive of US, Soviet, UK, Chinese and French Nuclear Weapon Testing at sonicbomb.com

aitihaasik

• The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb at AtomicArchive.com
• Los Alamos National Laboratory – History (U.S. nuclear history)
• Race for the Superbomb, PBS website on the history of the H-bomb
• U.S. nuclear test photographs from the DOE Nevada Site Office
• U.S. nuclear test film clips from the DOE Nevada Site Office
• Recordings of recollections of the victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

prabhaav

• Hans Bethe talking about his shock of seeing the after effects of Hiroshima on Peoples Archive.
• Nuclear weapon simulator for several major US cities, from Federation of American Scientists
• HYDESim: High-Yield Detonatonation Effects Simulator Another Nuclear weapon simulator with a few more features based on the "The Effects of Nuclear Weapons", 3rd Edition, by Samuel Glasstone and Philip J. Dolan.
• Fallout Calculator for various regions, from Federation of American Scientists
• Example scenarios – Two scenarios of a nuclear explosion on two United States cities, from AtomicArchive.com
• Effects of Nuclear weapons These tables describe the effects of various nuclear blast sizes. All figures are for 15 meal/ghanta (24 kimi/ghanta) winds. Thermal burns represent injuries to an unprotected person. The legend describes the data.
• Effects of nuclear weapons from AtomicArchive.com
• The Effects of Nuclear Weapons by Samuel Glasstone and Philip J. Dolan (1977 edn.) – an official text of the US government on weapons effects which is generally considered definitive

mudde

• "The Nuclear Weapons Debate" - OneWorld.net's Perspectives Magazine, May 2005
• "Nuclear Power and Nuclear Weapons: Making the Connections" – an article about the connections between nuclear power and nuclear weapons development by an anti-nuclear group.
• Nuclear War Survival Skills is a public domain text about civil defense.
• IPPNW: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War – Nobel Peace Prize-winning organization with information about the medical consequences of nuclear weapons, war and militarization.
• Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists – Magazine founded in 1945 by Manhattan Project scientists. Covers nuclear weapons proliferation and many other global security issues. See this page for comprehensive data on nuclear weapons worldwide.
• 50 Facts About U.S. Nuclear Weapons – Largest, smallest, number, cost, etc.
• Nuclear Files.org covers the history of nuclear weapons and explores the political, legal and ethical challenges of the Nuclear Age.
• Union of Concerned Scientists – Nuclear Policy, weapons, testing, technical issues, and arms control.
• Nuclear Ambitions - The World's Deadly Arsenal - Independent news on issues relating to nuclear weapons and disarmament by the news agency Inter Press Service