parmaanu

heeliym parmaanu
Helium atom ground state.
hiliym parmaanu ka ek udaaharan, naabhik (gulaabi) aur parmaanu kaksheeya ka vitran (kaala) ka chitran. kaali patti ek karvimaan hai (10−10 meter ya 100 pikomeetar).
vargeekaran
ek raasaayanik tatv ka sabse chhota maanyata praapt vibhaajan
gun
parmaanu bhaar: 1.67 × 10−27 se 4.52 × 10−25 ki.gra. tak
vidyut aavesh: shoonya (tatasth), ya aayan aavesh
vyaas shreni: 62 pikomeetar (He) se 520 pikomeetar (Cs)
bhaag: ilektraun aur nyootraun aur protaun ki ek sugathit naabhik

ek parmaanu kisi bhi saadhaaran se padaarth ki sabse chhoti ghatak ikaai hai jisme ek raasaayanik tatv ke gun hote hain.[1] har thos, taral, gas, aur plaajma tatasth ya aayanan paramaanuon se bana hai. paramaanuon bahut chhote hain; vishisht aakaar lagbhag 100 pm (ek meter ka ek das arabavein) hain.[2] haalaanki, paramaanuon mein achhi tarah paribhaashit seema naheen hote hai, aur unke aakaar ko paribhaashit karne ke liye alag alag tareeke hote hain joki alag lekin kaafi kareeb moolya dete hain.

paramaanuon itne chhote hai ki shaastreeya bhautiki iska kaafi galat parinaam dete hain.

har parmaanu naabhik se bana hai aur naabhik ek ya ek se adhik ilektrauns se seemit hai. naabhik aam taur par ek ya ek se adhik nyootraun aur protaun ki ek samaan sankhya se bana hai. protaan aur nyootraan nyooklion kahalaata hai. parmaanu ke dravyamaan ka 99.94% se adhik bhaag naabhik mein hota hai. protaun par sakaaraatmak vidyut aavesh hota hai, ilektrauns par nakaaraatmak vidyut aavesh hota hai aur nyootraan par koi bhi vidyut aavesh naheen hota hai.

ek parmaanu ke ilektrauns is vidyut chumbakeeya bal dvaara ek parmaanu ke naabhik mein protaun ki or aakarshit hota hai. naabhik mein protaun aur nyootraun ek alag bal, yaani parmaanu bal ke dvaara ek doosare ko aakarshit karte hai, joki vidyut chumbakeeya bal jisme sakaaraatmak aaveshit protaun ek doosare se peechhe hat rahe hai, ki tulana mein aam taur par shaktishaali hai.

parmaanu ke kendra mein naabhik (nyooklias) hota hai jiska ghanatv bahut adhik hota hai. naabhik ke chaaro or rinaatmak aavesh vaale elektraan chakkar lagaate rahate hain jisko elektraan ghan (elektraan klaaud) kehte hain. naabhik, dhanaatmak aavesh vaale protaanon evam anaaveshit (nyootral) nyootraanon se bana hota hai. jab kisi parmaanu mein elektraanon ki sankhya uske naabhik mein sthit protaanon ki sankhya ke samaan hoti hai tab parmaanu vaidyukeeya drushti se anaaveshit hota hai; anyatha parmaanu dhanaaveshit ya rinaaveshit oyan ke roop mein hota hai.

aadhunik rasaayanashaastr mein shataadhik mool bhoot maane gaye hain, jinmein se kuchh to dhaatueain hain jaise taaainba, sona, loha, seesa, chaaaindi, raaainga, jasta; kuchh aur khanij hain, jaise, gandhak, faasafaras, potaasiym, anjan, paara, hadtaal, tatha kuchh gas hain, jaise, aakseejan, naaitrojan, gaaidrojan aadi. inheen mool bhooton ke anusaar parmaanu aadhunik rasaayan mein maane jaate hain. pehle samjha jaata tha ki ye avibhaajya hain. ab inke bhi tukade kar diye gaye hain.

naabhik mein protaun ki sankhya kisi raasaayanik tatv ko paribhaashit karta hai: jaise sabhi taanba ke parmaanu mein 29 protaun hote hain. nyootraun ki sankhya tatv ke samasthaanik ko paribhaashit karta hai.[3] ilektraunon ki sankhya ek parmaanu ke chunbakeeya gun ko prabhaavit karta hai. parmaanu anu ke roop mein raasaayanik yaugik banaane ke liye raasaayanik aabandh dvaara ek ya adhik anya paramaanuon ko sanlagn kar sakte hain. parmaanu ki sanghatit aur asanghatit karne ki kshamata prakruti mein hue bahut se bhautik parivartan ke liye jimmedaar hai, aur rasaayan shaastr ke anushaasan ka vishay hai.

anukram

sanrachana

aparamaanavik kan

shabd parmaanu ka mool arth hai ki ek kan jise chhote kanon mein na baata ya vibhaajit kiya ja sake, lekin aadhunik vaigyaanik prayog mein parmaanu vibhinn aparamaanavik kanon se bana hai. ilektraun, protaun aur nyootraun ek parmaanu ke sanghatak kan hai; sabhi teen farmion hain. haalaanki, haaidrojan-1 ke paramaanuon mein koi nyootraun naheen hai.

ilektraun ek rinaatmak vidyut aavesh aur bahut chhote aakaar ke saath 9.11 × 10−31 ki. gra. ke bhaar par in kanon se bahut halka ya kam bhaari hai.[4] ilektraan ki khoj 19vi sadi se ant mein hui, jiska adhiktar shreya J. J. thaumasan ko jaata hain.

protaun par sakaaraatmak aavesh hota hai aur 1.6726 × 10-27 ki.gra. ke bhaar par ilektraan ke bhaar ke 1,836 guna jyaada hai. ek parmaanu mein protaunon ki sankhya parmaanu sankhya kahalaata hai. jiski khoj arnest radaraford dvaara 1919 mein kiya gaya tha.

nyootraun par koi vidyut aavesh naheen hota hai 1.6929 × 10-27 ki.gra. ke bhaar par ilektraan ke bhaar ke 1,839 guna jyaada hai.[5] nyootraun aur protaun ka bhaar lagbhag ek saamaan hota hai. nyootraun ki khoj angreji bhautik vigyaani James chaidavik ke dvaara 1932 mein kiya gaya tha.

naabhik

ek parmaanu mein sabhi protaun aur nyootraun milkar ek chhota parmaanu naabhik banaate hai, aur saamoohik roop se nyooklion kahalaate hai. ek naabhik ki trijya lagbhag, 1.07 3√aA femtomeetar (en:Femtometre) ke baraabar hai, jahaan A nyukliyon ki kul sankhya hai.[6] yeh parmaanu ki trijya tulana mein kaafi chhota hai, jo 105 femtomeetar ke kram par hai.

ilektraun baadal

inhein bhi dekhein

sandarbh

  1. ↑ "Atom". Compendium of Chemical Terminology (IUPAC Gold Book) (2nd). IUPAC. abhigman tithi: 2015-04-25
  2. ↑ Ghosh, D. C.; Biswas, R. (2002). "Theoretical calculation of Absolute Radii of Atoms and Ions. Part 1. The Atomic Radii". Int. J. Mol. Sci. 3: 87–113. doi:10.3390/i3020087.
  3. ↑ Leigh, G. J., san (1990). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Commission on the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry – Recommendations 1990. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. pa॰ 35. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-08-022369-9. "An atom is the smallest unit quantity of an element that is capable of existence whether alone or in chemical combination with other atoms of the same or other elements."
  4. ↑ Demtröader, Wolfgang (2002). Atoms, Molecules and Photons: An Introduction to Atomic- Molecular- and Quantum Physics (1st san॰). Springer. pp. 39–42. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 3-540-20631-0. OCLC 181435713.
  5. ↑ Woan, Graham (2000). The Cambridge Handbook of Physics. Cambridge University Press. pa॰ 8. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-521-57507-9. OCLC 224032426.
  6. ↑ Jevremovic, Tatjana (2005). Nuclear Principles in Engineering. Springer. pa॰ 63. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-387-23284-2. OCLC 228384008.

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