parivaar

san 1880 ka ek maraatha parivaar

parivaar (family) saadhaaranataya pati, patni aur bachchon ke samooh ko kehte hain, kintu duniya ke adhikaansh bhaagon mein vah sammilit vaasavaale rakt sanbandhiyon ka samooh hai jismein vivaah aur dattak pratha dvaara sveekrut vyakti bhi sammilit hain.

sabhi samaajon mein bachchon ka janm aur paalan poshan parivaar mein hota hai. bachchon ka sanskaar karne aur samaaj ke aachaar vyavahaar mein unhein Dixit karne ka kaam mukhya roop se parivaar mein hota hai. iske dvaara samaaj ki saanskrutik viraasat ek se doosari peedhi ko hastaantarit hoti hai. vyakti ki saamaajik maryaada bahut kuchh parivaar se hi nirdhaarit hoti hai. nar-naari ke yaun sambandh mukhyat: parivaar ke daayare mein nibddh hote hain. audyogik sabhyata se utpann janasankul samaajon aur nagaron ko yadi chhod diya jaae to vyakti ka parichay mukhyat: uske parivaar aur kul ke aadhaar par hota hai. sansaar ke vibhinn pradeshon aur vibhinn kaalon mein yadyapi rachana, aakaar, sambandh aur kaarya ki drushti se parivaar ke anek bhed hain kintu uske yeh uparyukt kaarya saarvadeshik aur saarvakaalik hain. usamein desh, kaal, paristhiti aur pratha aadi ke bhed s ek ya anek peedhiyon ka aur ek ya anek danpatiyon athva pati-patniyon ke samoohon ka hona sambhav hai, uske sadasya ek paarivaarik anushaasan vyavastha ke atirikt pati aur patni, bhaai aur bahan, pitaamah aur pautr, chaacha aur bhateeje, saas aur putravadhoo jaise sambandhon tatha kartavyon evam adhikaaron se paraspar aabaddh, anya saamaajik samoohon ke sandarbh mein ek ghanishtatam antarang samooh ke roop mein rahate hain. parivaar ke daayare mein stri aur purush ke beech kaaryavibhaajan bhi saarvatrik aur saarvakaalik hai. striyon ka adhikaansh samay ghar mein vyateet hota hai. bhojan banaana, bachchon ki dekh rekh aur ghar ki safaai karna aur kapadon ki silaai aadi aise kaam hain jo stri ke hisse mein aate hain. purush baahari tatha adhik shram ke kaarya karta hai, jaise kheti, vyaapaar, udyog, pashuchaaran, shikaar aur ladaai aadi. tab bhi yeh kaaryavibhaajan sab samaajon mein ek sa naheen hai, koi badi saamaanya soochi bhi banaana kathin hai kyonki kai samaajon mein striyaaain bhi kheti aur shikaar jaise kaamon mein hissa leti hain. yo

vivaah ke roopon se parivaar ke roopon ka ghanisht sambandh hai. levis maargan aadi vikaasavaadiyon ka mat hai ki maanav samaaj ki praarambhik avastha mein vivaah pratha naheen thi aur poorn kaamaachaar prachalit tha. iske baad saamaajik vikaasakram mein yooth vivaah (kai purushon aur kai striyon ka saamoohik roop se pati patni hona), bahupatitv, bahupatneetv aur ekapatneetv ya ekapatitv ki avastha I. vastut: bahuvivaah aur ekapatneetv ki pratha asabhya aur sabhya sabhi samaajon mein pai jaati hai. at: yeh mat saakshyasanmat naheen prateet hota. maanav shishu ke paalan poshan ke liye lambi avadhi apekshit hai aur pehle bachchein ki baalyaavastha mein hi anya chhote bachche utpann hote rahate hain. garbhaavastha aur prasootikaal mein maata ki dekh-rekh aavashyak hai. fir, pashuon ki bhaaainti manushya mein rati ki koi vishesh ritu naheen hai. at: sambhavat: maanav samaaj ke praarambh mein ya to poora samudaaya ya fir pati patni tatha bachchon ka samooh hi parivaar tha.

maanav vaigyaaniko ko koi aisa samaaj naheen mila jahaaain vivaah sambandh parivaar ke andar hi hote hon, at: pitrusthaaneeya parivaar mein patni ko aur maatrusthaaneeya parivaar mein pati ko atirikt sadasyata pradaan ki jaati hai. yugal parivaar mein pati aur patni milkar apni pruthak gruhasthi sthaapit karte hain. kintu adhikaansh samaajon mein yeh parivaar bruhattar kautunbik samooh ka ang maana jaata hai aur jeevan ke anek prasangon mein parivaar par bruhattar kautubik samooh ka, ghanisht sanbadh ke atirikt, niyantran hota hai. amareeka jaise udyogapradhaan deshon mein kutunbiyon ke sammilit parivaar ke sthaan par yugal parivaar ki bahulata ho gayi hai. yadyapi vahaaain ka samaaj pitruvansheeya hai, fir bhi yugal parivaar vahaaain kisi ek bruhattar kutunb ka ang naheen maana jaata. yugal parivaar mein pati patni aur, paida hone par, unke avivaahit bachche hote hain. sammilit parivaaron mein inke atirikt vivaahit bachche aur unki santaan, vivaahit bhaai athva bahan aur unke bachche saath rah sakte hain. sammilit parivaar mein rakt sanbandhiyon ki paridhi bhinn bhinn samaajon mein bhinn bhinn hai. Bhaarat jaise desh mein ek sammilit parivaar mein saadhaaranat: 10-12 sadasya hote hain, kintu kuchh parivaaron mein sadasyon ki sankhya 50-60 ya 100 tak hoti hai.

vivaah, vanshaavali, svaamitv aur shaasanaadhikaar ke vibhinn roopon ke aadhaar par parivaaron ke vibhinn roop aur prakaar ho jaate hain. maatrusthaaneeya parivaar mein pati apni patni ke ghar ka sthaayi ya asthaayi sadasya banta hai, jabki pitrusthaaneeya parivaar mein patni pati ke ghar jaakar rahati hai. maatrusthaaneeya parivaar saadhaaranat: maatruvansheeya aur pitrusthaaneeya parivaar pitruvansheeya hote hain. bahudha parivaar ki sampatti ka svaamitv pitrusthaaneeya parivaar mein purush ko aur maatrusthaaneeya parivaar mein naari ko praapt hai. praaya: sampatti ka uttaraadhikaari jyeshth santaan hoti hai. kintu yeh aavashyak naheen hai. Bhaarat ki gaaro jaisi janajaati mein sabse chhaati ladki hi paarivaarik sampatti ki svaamini hoti hai. anek samaajon mein parivaar ke sabhi stri ya purush sadasyon mein svamitv nihit hota hai aur kuchh mein purush tatha stri donon ko sampatti ka uttaraadhikaar praapt hai. parivaar ka shaasan adhikaansh samaajon mein purushon ke haath hota hai. antar itna hai ki pitruvansheeya parivaaron mein saadhaaranat: pita athva ghar ka sabse bada purush aur maatruvansheeya parivaaron mein maama ya maata ka anya sabse bada raktasanbandhi (purush) ghar ka mukhiya hota hai. at: sansaar ke adhikaansh bhaagon mein aur samaajon mein purush ki pradhaanata pai jaati hai.

sansaar mein daanpatya jeevan mein praaya: ekapatneetv hi sabse adhik prachalit hai, yadyapi anek samaajon mein purushon ko ek se adhik patniyaaain rakhane ki bhi chhoot hai. iske vipreet toda aur khas janajaatiyon mein aur Tibet ke kuchh pradeshon mein bahupati pratha tatha ek prakaar ke yooth vivaah ki pratha hai. isi prakaar Bhaarat mein khaasi, gaaro aur amareeka mein hopi, haidiya jaisi janajaatiyaaain bhi hain jo maatrusthaaneeya aur maatruvansheeya hain. vivaah ke in roopon mein parivaar ki rachana aur svaroop mein antar pad jaata hai.

aadhunik audyogik kraanti ke falasvaroop parivaar ki rachana aur kaaryon mein gambhir parivartan parilkshit hue hain. pehle sabhi samaajon mein parivaar samaaj ki sabse mahatvapoorn aur maulik sanstha thi. jeevan ka adhikaansh vyaapaar parivaar ke maadhyam se sampann hota tha. in audyogik samaajon mein parivaar ab utpaadan ki ikaai naheen hai. bachchon ke shikshan ka kaarya shikshan sansthaaon ne liya hai. rasoi ka kaarya vyaavasaayik bhojanaalayon tatha jalapaanagruhon mein chala gaya hai. manoranjan ke liye pruthak sangathan sthaapit ho gaye hain. saamaajik suraksha ka uttaradaayitv raajya ke paas chala gaya aur dharm ke ghatate hue prabhaav ke kaaran dhaarmik krutyon ka sthaan gaun ko gaya hai. pati aur patni ka adhikaansh samay ghar ke baahar vyateet hota hai. fir bhi parivaar bana hua hai aur uske dvaara kuchh mahatvapoorn kaarya sampann hote hain, jinhein parivaar ka sthaayi ya avashisht kaarya kaha jaata hai.

janajaatiyon mein, jo saamaajik vikaasakram mein aadim avastha ke adhik nikat hain, vivaah aur parivaar ke praaya: sabhi prakaar milte hain. in vibhinn prakaaron mein vikaasakram ki drushti se poorvaapar kram nirdhaarit karna sambhav naheen hai. kand mool aur shikaar par basar karanevaale andamaani aadimvaasiyon mein ekapatneetv ka niyam hai aur ve pitruvansheeya tatha pitrusthaaneeya hain. uttari amareeka ke khetihr hopi kabeele mein ekapatneetv ya ekapatitv ki pratha hai kintu va maatruvansheeya aur maatrusthaaneeya hai. adhikaansh janajaateeyon mein parivaar ka sanyukt roop hai, kintu jahaaain pati patni alag ghar mein rahate hain, ve bhi ek bruhattar parivaar ke ang hote hain aur yeh parivaar sammilit sampatti, aarthik kriyaaon, dhaarmik krutyon tatha anek parivaarik adhikaaron evam kartavyon aadi se grathit ek pruthak ikaai hota hai. vanshaavali ke do prakaaron mein se koi kabeela ya to pitruvansheeya hota hai ya maatruvansheeya. jo kabeele maatruvansheeya hain ve praaya: maatrusthaaneeya bhi hain, jahaaain pati parivaar ka sthaayi ya asthaayi sadasya hota hai. gaaro kabeele mein to vah aagantuk maatr hai, jo raat bhar ka mehmaan hota hai. kintu maatruvansheeya aur maatrusthaaneeya kabeele bahut kam hain. bahupatitv kabeele to aur bhi kam hain. pitruvansheeya kabeelon mein hi bahupati pratha pai gayi hai aur inmein naari ka varja purush ki apeksha heen hai. pitrusthaaneeya kabeelon mein purush ko ek se adhik patni rakhane ki praaya: chhoot hai, kintu aisa bahut kam hota hai ki vishisht tatha shaktishaali log hi aisa kar paate hain. aisi avastha mein patniyaaain ek ghar mein bhi rahati hain aur paas paas bane alag alag gharon mein bhi. yooth vivaah apne shuddh roop mein kisi bhi kabeele mein naheen milta. jaunasaar baabar mein bhraatuk bahupati pratha hai. vahaaain sage bhaai kabhi kabhi ek se adhik patniyaaain rakh lete hain aur ve sab bhaaiyon ki saamoohik patniyaaain hoti hain, jo ek gruhasthi tatha parivaar ka ang hoti hain.

maatruvansheeya aur maatrusthaaneeya kabeelon mein bhi shaasak varg purush hai, kintu naari ke adhikaaron tatha pratishtha ki drushti se pitruvansheeya aur pitrusthaaneeya kabeelon ki apeksha inki sthiti praaya: achhi hai. kai pitruvansheeya kabeelon mein bhi nar aur naari ka darja lagbhag samaan hai, tathaapi adhikaansh kabeelon mein purush ki apeksha usaka darja heen hai. kabeelon mein vivaahavichhed aur punarvivaah ka niyam hai aur is sambandh se stri aur purush ko praaya: samaan adhikaar hain. vaastav mein adhikaansh kabeele pitruvansheeya hain aur naari ko vivaah ke baad purush ke parivaar, kutunb aur basti mein jaana padta hai, jahaaain pati ke maata, pita, bhaai tatha anya rakt sambandhi aur mitr hote hain. vahaaain use pati ke kutuban ka ang hokar use bade logon ke anushaasan mein rahana hota hai aur pati ke kulaachaar ka paalan karna hota hai. vivaahavichhed ki avastha mein naari ko apne maata pita ko sharan leni padti hai. maatrusthaaneeya kabeelon mein parivaar adhik sthaayi dikhaai padta hai. yeh raktasanbandhiyon ka naisargik samooh maaloom padta hai. bahut kam kabeele aise hain jahaaain ladke ya ladkiyon ko vivaah ke pehle brahmacharya paalan ka niyam ho. kuchh kabeelon mein vivaah ke poorv pareekshan kaal ki vyavastha hoti hai. jaunasaar baabar ke khason mein abhyaagaton ke svaagat mein parivaar ki avivaahit ladkiyon ka sanbhog ke liye prastut karne ki pratha hai. isse yeh spasht ho jaata hai ki parivaar ka astitv nar naari ki vaasanaatrupti ke liye naheen hai, balki parivaar dvaara use maryaadit kiya jaata hai.

Bhaarat mukhyat: krushipradhaan desh hai aur yahaaain ki paarivaarik rachana praaya: krushi ki aavashyakataaon se prabhaavit hai. iske atirikt bhaarateeya parivaar ki maryaadaaeain aur aadarsh paramparaagat hai. kisi anya samaaj mein gruhasth jeevan ki itni pavitrata tatha pita, putr bhaai bhaai aur pati patni ke itne sthaayi sambandhon ka udaaharan naheen milta. yadyapi vibhinn kshetron, dharmon aur jatiyon mein saanpattik adhikaar, vivaah tatha vivaahavichhed aadi ki pratha ki drushti se anek bhed paae jaate hain tathaapi sanyukt parivaar ka aadarsh sarvamaanya hai. sanyukt parivaar mein sanbandhiyon ka daayara pati, patni tatha unki avivaahit santaanon se bhi adhik vyaapak hota hai. bahudha usamein teen peedhiyon aur kabhi kabhi isse bhi adhik peedhiyon ke vyakti ek ghar mein ek hi anushaasan mein aur ek rasoighar se sambandh rakhate hue sammilit sampatti ka upabhog karte hain aur parivaar ke dhaarmik krutyon tatha sanskaaron mein bhaag lete hain. yadyapi musalmaanon aur isaaiyon mein sampatti ke niyam bhinn hain, tathaapi sanyukt parivaar ke aadarsh, paranparaaeain aur pratishtha ke kaaran in saanpattik adhikaaron ka vyaavahaarik paksh parivaar ke sanyukt roop ke anukool hi rahata hai. sanyukt parivaar ka mool Bhaarat ki krushipradhaan arthavyavastha ke atirikt praacheen paranparaaon tatha aadarsh mein hai. raamaayan aur mahaabhaarat ki gaathaaon dvaara yeh aadarsh jan jan tak pahuainchate hain. krushi ne sarvatr hi paarivaarik jeevan ki sthirta pradaan ki hai. at: bhaarateeya samaaj mein parampara se utpaadan kaarya, upabhog aur suraksha ki buniyaadi ikaai parivaar hai.

apavaadon ko chhodkar bhaarateeya samaaj pitruvansheeya, pitrusthaaneeya aur pitrubhakt hai. yahaaain purush ki apeksha naari ka darja heen maana jaata hai. sampatti par naari ka bahut seemit adhikaar maana gaya hai. fir bhi, gruhasthi ke anek maamalon mein usaki mahatta sveekrut hai. saadhaaranat: ek vivaah ki maanyata hai. kintu purush ko ekaadhik vivaah karne ka adhikaar hai. paramparaagat aadarsh ke anusaar vidhva vivaah ka nishedh hai, kintu vidhur vivaah kar sakta hai. pativrata dharm ki bahut mahima hai. pitr pooja ka bhi bhaari mahatva hai. uchch jaatiyon ko chhodkar anya sabhi jaatiyon mein praaya: vivaah vichhed aur vidhva vivaah prachalit hai. parantu jab koi jaati apni maryaada ko ooaincha karna chaahati hai to in donon prathaaon ka nishedh kar deti hai. ghar ka sabse adhik vayovruddh purush, yadi vah kaaryanivrutt na ho gaya ho to sanyukt parivaar ka karta athva mukhiya hota hai. kaheen kaheen use maalik (svaami) bhi kehte hain. yeh karta anya vayovruddh ya vayask sadasyon ki salaah se ya uske bina hi parampara ke aadhaar par parivaar mein kaaryavibhaajan, utpaadan, upabhog aadi ki vyavastha karta hai aur parivaar tatha uske sadasyon se sanbadhit saamaajik mahatva ke prashnon ka nirnaya karta hai. ghar ki sabse vayovruddh naari parivaar ke mahila varg ki mukhiya hoti hai aur jo kaarya mahilaaon ke supurd hai unki dekharekh tatha vyavastha karti hai. bhojan taiyaar karna bachchon ka paalan poshan karna tatha kataai aadi mahilaaon ke mukhya kaam hain. yon ve kheti ke ya vyavasaaya ke kuchh maamooli kaaryon mein bhi haath baintaati hain. sanyukt parivaar mein chaacha, taaoo ki vivaahit santaan aur uske vivaahit putr, pautr aadi bhi ho sakte hain. saadhaaranataya pita ke jeevan mein uske putr parivaar se alag hokar svatantr gruhasthi naheen basaate, kintu yeh abhedya parampara naheen hai. aisa samay aata hai jab raktasanbandhon ki niktata ke aadhaar par ek sanyukt parivaar do ya anek sanyukt athva asanyukt parivaaron mein vibhkt ho jaata hai. asanyukt parivaar bhi kaalakram mein sanyukt roop le leta hai aur sanyukt parivaar ka kram bana rahata hai.

sanyukt parivaarapranaali yadyapi bahut praacheen hai, tathaapi iske aantarik svaroop mein bahirvivaah, uttaraadhikaar tatha saanpattik adhikaar ke niyamon mein, kaalakram mein parivartan hota raha hai. audyogik kraanti ne paashchaatya deshon mein paramparaagat sanyukt parivaar bhang kar diya hai jiska kaaran badhte hue yantreekaran ke falasvaroop vyakti ko parivaar se baahar mili aajeevika suraksha aur unnati ki suvidhaaon ko bataaya jaata hai. Bhaarat mein bhi audyogik kraanti ke falasvaroop nai arthavyavastha aur nae audyogik tatha aarthik sangathanon ka aarambh ho chuka hai. yaataayaat tatha sanchaar ke nae saadhan upalabdh ho rahe hain aur nagareekaran teevrata se ho raha hai. paashchaatya vichaaradhaara aur paashchaatya dhang ki shiksha deeksha tatha aadarshon ka prabhaav bhi kam naheen hai. visheshakar svaadheenata ke baad vivaah, uttaraadhikaar, dattakagrahan aur saanpattik adhikaar ke sambandh mein ja kaanoon laagoo kiye gaye hain unhein parivaar ki sanyukt pranaali ke liye haanikaarak samjha jaata hai. isi prakaar aayakar ke niyam bhi iske pratikool padte hain. vayask mataadhikaar raajaneetik lokatantr bhi sanyukt parivaar ke ekasattaatmak tatha vyashtiprak astitv par prahaar kar rahe hain. aisi avastha mein jab arthavyavastha aur utpaadan ke saadhanon mein bhi buniyaadi parivartan ho raha hai, parivaar ke shaasan, rachana aur kaaryon mein herafer hona avashyambhaavi hai aur vah parilkshit bhi ho raha hai. kintu abhi yeh kehna kathin hai ki parivaar ka sanyukt roop samaapt ho rah hai. nagaron aur graamon mein sanyukt parivaar pehle se kam ho gaye hain, iska koi pramaan naheen hai. parivartan ke sambandh mein vidvaanon mein mukhyat: do prakaar ka vichaar hai. ek vichaar ke anusaar paristhiti ke prabhaavasvaroop parivaar mein katipya parivartan hone par bhi usaka sanyukt roop nasht naheen ho raha hai. doosare vichaar ke anusar audyogik sabhyata Bhaarat mein bhi sanyukt parivaar ko bahut kuchh usi yugal parivaar ke roop mein upasthit karegi jo amareeka tatha Europe mein praadurbhoot hua hai. vartamaan paarivaarik vightan env parivrtanon ko is prakram ki aaranbhik avastha bataaya jaata hai.

Bhaarat ke maalaavaar pradesh mein Nair aur tiya jaati mein maatru sthaaneeya tatha maatruvanshi parivaar haal tak raha hai. aise parivaaron mein pati apne bachchon ke ghar mein ek asthaayi aagantuk hota hai. uske bachchon ki dekhbhaal usaka maama karta hai aur uske bachche apni maaain ke parivaar ka naam grahan karte hain. parivaar ka roop sanyukt hai, jismein maaain ki aur usaki putri athva pautriyon ki santaan hoti hai. in parivaaron mein ghar ka mukhiya maatrupaksheeya purush hota hai. asam raajya ke gaaro aur khaasi janajaatiyon mein bhi maatruvansheeya aur maatrusthaaneeya parivaar ki pratha hai. uttar pradesh ke jaunasaar baabar mein khas naam ki janajaati mein aur aas paas ke kuchh kshetron mein bahupati pratha hai. parivaar mein sab bhaaiyon ki ek patni aur kabhi-kabhi ekaadhik saamoohik patniyaaain heti hain. neelagiri ki toda janajaati mein bhi bahupati pratha hai, kintu yahaaain ek stri ke patiyon mein bhaaiyon ke atirikt anya vyakti bhi ho sakte hain. gair janajaateeya samaaj mein kaheen bhi bahupati pratha naheen milti.

• naana : maaain ka pita
• naani :maaain ki maaain
• maama : maaain ka bhaai
• maami :maama ki patni
• mausi : maaain ki bahan
• mausa : mausi ka pati
• daada : pita ka pita
• daadi : pita ki maaain
• taaoo : pita ka bada bhaai
• taai :taaoo ki patni
• chaacha : pita ka chhota bhaai
• chaachi :chaacha ki patni
• buaa : pita ki bahan
• foofa : buaa ka pati
• jeth : pati ka bada bhaai
• jethaani :jeth ki patni
• devar :pati ka chhota bhaai
• devaraani :devar ki patni
• nand :pati ki bahan
• nandoi : nand ka pati
• saala : patni ka bhaai
• salaj : saale ki patni
• saali :patni ki bahan
• saadoo : saali ka pati
• bhaabhi :bhaai ki patni
• jeeja :bahan ka pati
• pota :bete ka beta
• poti : bete ki beti
• naati :beti ka beta
• naatin : beti ki beti
• bhateeja :bhaai ka beta
• bhateeji : bhaai ki beti
• bhaanji :bahan ki beti
• bhaanja :bahan ka beta

• 

  Karnataka ka ek sanyukt parivaar

• 

  ek vishishth tamil parivaar ka chitr

• 

  poora parivaar motorcycle par

• 

  raaja janak va dasharath ka parivaar

• Family Research Laboratory
• Family evolution and contemporary social transformations [1] (A page of Estacióan de Economíaa Políatica)
• Family Facts: Social Science Research on Family, Society & Religion (a Heritage Foundation site)
• One Plus One
• Families Australia - independent peak not-for-profit organisation
• United Families International International organisation
• UN - Families and Development
• Family, marriage and "de facto" unions - vatican.va