panyachatantr

panyachatantr ka vishv mein prasaar


sanskrut neetikthaaon mein panchatantr ka pehla sthaan maana jaata hai. yadyapi yeh pustak apne mool rup mein naheen rah gayi hai, fir bhi upalabdh anuvaadon ke aadhaar par iski rachana teesari shataabdi isa poorv[1] ke aas- paas nirdhaarit ki gayi hai. is granth ke rachayita pan॰ vishnu sharma hai. upalabdh pramaanon ke aadhaar par kaha ja sakta hai ki jab is granth ki rachana poori hui, tab unki umr lagbhag 80 varsh thi. panchatantr ko paaainch tantron (bhaagon) mein baaainta gaya hai:

  1. mitrabhed (mitron mein manamutaav evam alagaav)
  2. mitralaabh ya mitrasanpraapti (mitr praapti evam uske laabh)
  3. kaakolukeeyam (kauve evam ulluon ki katha)
  4. labdhapranaash (haath lagi cheej (labdh) ka haath se nikal jaana (haani))
  5. apareekshit kaarak (jisko parakha naheen gaya ho use karne se pehle saavdhaan rahein ; hadbadi mein kadam na uthaayein)

manovijnyaaan, vyavahaarikta tatha raajakaaj ke siddhaanton se parichit karaati ye kahaaniyaaain sabhi vishyon ko bade hi rochak tareeke se saamane rakhati hai tatha saath hi saath ek seekh dene ki koshish karti hai.

panchatantr ki kai kahaaniyon mein manushya-paatron ke alaava kai baar pashu-pakshiyon ko bhi katha ka paatr banaaya gaya hai tatha unase kai shikshaaprad baatein kahalavaane ki koshish ki gayi hai.

panchatantr ke san 1429 ke faarasi anuvaad se ek prusht

panchatantr ki kahaaniyaan bahut jeevant hain. iname lokavyavahaar ko bahut saral tareeke se samajhaaya gaya hai. bahut se log is pustak ko netrutv kshamata viksit karne ka ek sashakt maadhyam maanate hain. is pustak ki mahatta isi se pratipaadit hoti hati hai ki iska anuvaad vishv ki lagbhag har bhaasha mein ho chuka hai.

neetikthaaon mein panchatantr ka pehla sthaan hai. panchatantr hi hitopadesh ki rachana ka aadhaar hai. swayam Narayan pandit ji ne sveekaar kiya hai-

panyachatantraattathaaऽnyasmaad granthaadaakrushya likhyate.
-- shlok san.9, prastaavika, hitopadesh

panchatantr ka rachanaakaal

vibhinn upalabdh anuvaadon ke aadhaar par iski rachana teesari shataabdi ke aas-paas nirdhaarit ki jaati hai. panchatantr ki rachana kis kaal mein hui, yeh nishchit roop se naheen kaha ja sakta kyonki panchatantr ki mool prati abhi tak upalabdh naheen hai. kuchh vidvaanon ne panchatantr ke rachayita evam panchatantr ki bhaasha shaili keaadhar iske rachanaakaal ke vishay mein apne mat prastut kiye hai.

mahaamahopaadhyaaya pan॰ sadaashiv shaastri ke anusaar panchatantr ke rachayita vishnusharma the aur vishnusharma chaanakya ka hi doosra naam tha. at: panchatantr ki rachana chandragupt maurya ke samay mein hi hui hai aur iska rachana kaal 300 E.poo. maana ja sakta hai. par paashchaatya tatha kuchh bhaarateeya vidvaan aisa naheen maanate, unka kathan hai ki chaanakya ka doosra naam vishnugupt tha vishnusharma naheen, tatha upalabdh panchatantr ki bhaasha ki drushti se to yeh guptakaaleen rachana prateet hoti hai.

mahaamahopaadhyaaya pan॰ durgaaprasaad sharma ne vishnusharma ka samay ashtamashatak ke madhya bhaag mein maana hai kyonki panchatantr ke pratham tantr mein aathaveen shataabdi ke Damodar gupt dvaara rachit kuttineemat ki fparyaghk: svaastaranamy ityaadi aarya dekhi jaati hai, at: yadi vishnusharma panchatantr ke rachayita the to ve ashtam shatak mein hue honge. parantu keval ukt shlok ke aadhar par panchatantr ki rachana ashtam shatak mein naheen maani ja sakti, kyonki yeh shlok kisi sanskaran mein prakshipt bhi ho sakta hai.

hartel aur dau॰ keeth, iski rachana 200 E.poo. ke baad maanane ke paksh mein hai. chaanakya ke arthashaastr ka prabhaav bhi panchatantr mein dikhaai deta hai iske aadhar par bhi yeh kaha ja sakta hai ki chaanakya ka samay lagbhag chaturth shataabdi poorv ka hai at: panchatantr ki rachana teesari shataabdi ke poorv hui hogi.

is prakaar panchatantr ka rachanaakaal vishyak koi bhi mat poornataya sarvasammat naheen hai.

panchatantr ke sanskaran

indoneshiya ke kendreeya jaava ke mendut mandir mein panchatantr ki uchchaavach (relief)

sanskaran-panchatantr ke chaar sanskaran upalabdh hai-

pratham sanskaran moolagranth ka pahalavi anuvaad hai jo ab seeriyn evam arabi anuvaadon ke roop mein praapt hota hai.

dviteeya sanskaran ke roop mein panchatantr gunaadhyakrut 'bruhatkatha' mein dikhaai padta hai. 'bruhatkatha ki rachana paishaachi bhaasha mein hui thi kintu iska moolaroop nasht ho gaya hai aur kshemendrakrut 'bruhatkatha manjari' tatha somadev likhit 'kathaasaritsaagar' usi ke anuvaad hain.

truteeya sanskaran mein tantraakhyaayika evam usase sambaddh jain kathaaon ka sangrah hai. 'tantraakhyaayika' ko sarvaadhik praacheen maana jaata hai. iska mool sthaan Kashmir hai. prasiddh jarman vidvaan dau॰ hartel ne atyant shram ke saath iske praamaanik sanskaran ko khoj nikaala tha. inke anusaar 'tantraakhyaayika' ya tantraakhya hi panchatantr ka moolaroop hai. yahi aadhunik yug ka prachalit 'panyachatantr' hai.

chaturth sanskaran dakshini 'panchatantr' ka moolaroop hai tatha iska pratinidhitv nepaali 'panyachatantr' evam 'hitopadesh' karte hain.

is prakaar 'panchatantr' ek granth na hokar ek vishaal saahitya ka pratinidhi hai.

vishv-saahitya mein bhi panchatantr ka mahatvapoorn sthaan hai. iska kai videshi bhaashaaon mein anuvaad ho chuka hai. in anuvaadon mein pahalavi bhaasha ka 'karatakadamanak' naam ka anuvaad hi sabse praacheen anuvaad maana jaata hai. vintaranitj ke anusaar jarman saahitya par panchatantr ka adhik prabhaav dekha jaata hai. isi prakaar greek ki isap ki kahaaniyon ka tatha arab ki 'arebian nights' aadi kathaaon ka aadhaar panchatantr hi hai. aisa maana jaata hai ki panchatantr ka lagbhag 50 vividh bhaashaaon mein ab tak anuvaad ho chuka hai aur iske lagbhag 200 sanskaran bhi ho chuke hai. yahi iski lokapriyta ka parichaayak hai.

panchatantr ka svaroop

damanak naamak chatur shiyaar seedhe-saade sanjeevak naamak bail se baat kar raha hai. (bhaarateeya chitrakala, 1610)

panchatantr mein paanch tantr ya vibhaag hai. (panchaanaam tantraanaam samaahaar: - dvigusamaas) vibhaag ko tantr isliye kaha gaya hai kyonki inmein naitiktaapoorn shaasan ki vidhiyaaain bataayeen gayeen hain. ye tantr hain- mitrabhed, mitrasampraapti (mitralaabh), kaakolookeeyam (sandhi-vigrah), labdhapranaash evam apareekshitkaarak.

sankshep mein in tantron ki vishyavastu is prakaar hai-

mitrabhed

neetikthaaon mein ek mukhya katha hoti hai aur usako pusht karne ke liye anek gaun kathaaen hoti hain usi prakaar 'mitrabhed' naamak is pratham tantr mein angeekatha ke poorv dakshin mein mahilaaropya ke raaja amarashakti ki katha di gayi hai jismein yeh bataaya gaya hai ki ve apne moorkh putron ke liye kaaran chintit the aur isliye ve vishnusharma naamak vidvaan ko apne putron ko shikshit karne ke saunp dete hai aur vishnusharma unhein chh: maas mein hi kathaaon ke maadhyam se sushikshit karne mein safal hote hain. tatpashchaat mitrabhed naamak bhaag ki angi-katha mein, ek dusht siyaar dvaara pingalak naamak Singh ke saath sanjeevak naamak bail ki shatruta utpann karaane ka varnan hai jise Singh ne aapatti se bachaaya tha aur apne do mantriyon- karakat aur damanak ke virodh karne par bhi use apna mitr bana liya tha. is tantr mein anek prakaar ki shikshaaen di gayi hai jaise ki dhairya se vyakti kathin se kathin paristhiti ka bhi saamana kar sakta hai at: praarabdh ke bigad jaane par bhi dhairya ka tyaag naheen karna chaahiye-

tyaajyan na dhairyan vidhureऽpi kaale dhairyaatkadaachit gatimaapnuyaats: (mitrabhed, shlok 345)

mitrasampraapti

is tantr mein mitr ki praapti se kitna sukh evam aanandapraapt hota hai vah kapotaraaj chitragreev ki katha ke maadhyam se bataaya gaya hai. viptti mein mitr hi sahaayata karta hai-

sarveshaamev martyaanaan vyasane samupasthite.
vaadmaatrenaapi saahaayyanmitraadanyo na sandadhe. (mitrasampraapti shlok 12)

aisa kaha gaya hai ki mitr ka ghar mein aana svarg se bhi adhik sukh ko deta hai.

suhrudo bhavane yasya samaagachhanti nityash:.
chitte ch tasya saukhyasya na kinyachatpratiman sukham. (mitrasampraapti shlok 18)

is prakaar is tantr ka upadesh yeh hai ki upayogi mitr hi banaane chaahiye jis prakaar kauaa, kachhuaa, hiran aur chooha mitrata ke bal par hi sukhi rahe.

kaakolookeeya

ismein yuddh aur sandhi ka varnan karte hue ulluon ki guha ko kauon dvaara jala dene ki katha kahi gayi hai. ismein yeh bataaya gaya hai ki svaarthasiddhi ke liye shatru ko bhi mitr bana lena chaahiye aur baad mein dhekha dekar use nasht kar dena chaahiye. is tantr mein bhi kauaa ulloo se mitrata kar leta hai aur baad mein ulloo ke kile mein aag lagava deta hai. isliye shatruon se saavadhan rahana chaahiye kyonki jo manushya aalasya mein padkar svachhandata se badhte hue shatru aur rog ki upeksha karta hai- uske rokane ki cheshta naheen karta vah kramash: usi (shatru athva rog) se maara jaata hai-

ya upekshet shatru svan prasarastan yadruchhaya.
rog chaaऽlasyasanyukt: s shanaisten hanyate. (kaakolookeeya shlok 2)

labdhapranaash

is tantr mein vaanar aur magaramachh ki mukhya katha hai aur anya avaantar kathaaen hain. in kathaaon mein yeh bataaya gaya hai ki labdh arthaat abheesht ki praapti hote hote kaise rah gayi arthaat nasht ho gayi. ismein vaanar aur magaramachh ki katha ke maadhyam se shiksha di gayi hai ki buddhimaan apne buddhibl se jeet jaata hai aur moorkh haath mein I hui vastu se bhi vanchit rah jaata hai.

apareekshitkaarak

panchatantr ke is antim tantr arthaat bhaag mein vishesharoop se vichaar poorvak supareekshit kaarya karne ki neeti par bal diya hai kyonki achhi tarah vichaar kiye bina evam bhaleebhaanti dekhe sune bina kisi kaarya ko karne vaale vyakti ko kaarya mein safalta praapt naheen hoti apitu jeevan mein anek kathinaaiyon ka saamana karna padta hai. at: andhanukaran naheen karna chaahiye. is tantr ki mukhya katha mein bina soche samajhe andhanukaran karne vaale ek naai ki katha hai jisko manibhdr naam ke seth ka anukaran karajain-sannyaasiyon ke vadh ke dosh par nyaayaadheeshon dvaara mrutyudand diya gaya. at: bina pareeksha kiye hue naai ke samaan anuchit kaarya naheen karna chaahiye-

kudrushtan kuparijnyaaatan kushrutan kupareekshitm.
tannaren na karttavyan naapitenaatr yat krutam. (apareekshitkaarak shlok-1)

ismein yeh bhi bataaya hai ki poori jaankaari ke bina bhi koi kaarya naheen karna chaahiye kyonki baad mein pachhataana padta hai jaise ki braahman patneene bina kuchh dekhe khoon se lathapath nevale ko yeh sochakar maar diya ki is ne mere putr ko kha liya hai vastut: nevale ne to saanp se bachche ki raksha karne ke liye saanp ko maara tha jisse usaka mukh khoon se sana hua tha.

isliye kaha gaya-

apareekshya na karttvyan karttvyan supareekshitm.
pashchaat bhavati santaapo braahmanya nakule yatha. (apareekshit kaarak shlok-17)

is prakaar panchatantr ek upadeshaparak rachana hai. ismein lekhakane apni vyavahaar kushalata raajanaitikpatuta evam gyaan ka parichay diya hai. neeti-kathaaon ke maanavetar paatr praay: do prakaar ke hote hain, sajeev praani tatha achetan padaarth. panchatantr mein bhi ye do prakaar ke paatr dekhe jaate hain- pashuon mein Singh, vyaaghr, shrugaal, shashak, vrushabh, gadha, aadi, pakshiyon mein kaak, ulook, kapot, mayoor, chatak, shuk aadi tatha itar praaniyon mein sarp, nakul, pipeelika aadi. inke atirikt nadi, samudra, vruksh, parvat, guha aadi bhi achetan paatr hain, jin par ki maanaveeya vyavahaaron ka aarop kiya gaya hai. panchatantr mein maanav ko vyavahaar kushal banaane ka prayaas atyadhik saral evam rochak shaili mein kiya gaya hai. panchatantr ke uddeshya ko spasht karte hue dau॰ vaasudev sharan Agrawal ne likha hai ki-

"panchatantr ek neeti shaastr ya neeti granth hai- neeti ka arth jeevan mein buddhi poorvak vyavahaar karna hai. chaturata aur dhoortata naheen, naitik jeevan vah jeevan hai jismein manushya ki samast shaktiyon aur sambhaavanaaon kaavikaas ho arthaat ek aise jeevan ki praapti ho jismein aatmaraksha, dhan-samruddhi, satkarm, mitrata evam vidya ki praapti ho sake aur inka is prakaar samanvaya kiya gaya ho ki jisse aanand ki praapti ho sake, isi prakaar ke jeevan ki praapti ke liye, panchatantr mein chatur evam buddhimaan pashu-pakshiyon ke kaarya vyaapaaron se sambaddh kahaaniyaan grathit ki gayi hain. panchatantr ki parampara ke anusaar bhi iski rachana ek raaja ke unmaargagaami putron ki shiksha ke liye ki gayi hai aur lekhak ismein poorn safal raha hai."

inhein bhi dekhein

  1. neetiktha
  2. aakhyaan
  3. kathaasaahitya (sanskrut)
  4. hitopadesh
  5. sinhaasan batteesi
  6. betaal pachcheesi
  7. kathaasaritsaagar

sandarbh

  1. ↑ Jacobs 1888, Introduction, page xv; Ryder 1925, anuvaadak apni prastaavana mein, hartel ko uddhrut karte hue: "that the original work was composed in Kashmir, about 200 B.C. At this date, however, many of the individual stories were already ancient."

baahari kadiyaaain

vikimeediya kaumans par panyachatantr se sambandhit media hai.

anya kahaaniyaaain

  1. panchatantr (vikisrot) (hindi mein)
  2. panyachatantram (vikisrot) (sanskrut mein)
  3. hitopadesham (vikisrot) (sanskrut mein)
  4. kathaasaritsaagar (vikisrot) (sanskrut mein)
  5. vetaalapanyachavinshati (vikisrot) (sanskrut mein)
  6. betaal pachcheesi (vikisrot) (hindi mein)
  7. sinhaasanadvaatrinshati (vikisrot) (sanskrut mein)
  8. sinhaasan batteesi (vikisrot) (hindi mein)
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