panadubbi
panadubbi(angreji:sabamaireen) ek prakaar ka jalayaan (vautarakraaft) hai jo paani ke andar rahakar kaam kar sakta hai. yeh ek bahut bada, maanav-sahit, aatmanirbhar dibba hota hai. panadubbiyon ke upayog ne vishv ka raajanaitik maanachitr badalne mein bahut badi bhoomika nibhaai hai. panadubbiyon ka sarvaadhik upayog sena mein kiya jaata raha hai aur ye kisi bhi desh ki nausena ka vishisht hathiyaar ban gayi hain. yadyapi panadubbiyaaain pehle bhi banaayi gayeen theen, kintu ye unneesaveen shataabdi mein lokapriya huin tatha sabse pehle pratham vishv yuddh mein inka jamkar prayog hua. vishv ki pehli panadubbi ek dach vaigyaanik dvaara san 1602 mein aur pehli sainik panadubbi tartal 1775 mein banaai gayi. yeh paani ke bheetar rahate hue samast sainik kaarya karne mein saksham thi aur isliye iske banane ke 1 varsh baad hi ise ameriki kraanti mein prayog mein laaya gaya tha. san 1620 se lekar ab tak panadubbiyon ki takaneek aur nirmaan mein aamoolachool badlaav aaya. 1950 mein parmaanu shakti se chalne waali panadubbiyon ne deejl chalit panadubbiyon ka sthaan le liya. iske baad samudri jal se aakseejan grahan karne waali panadubbiyon ka bhi nirmaan kar liya gaya. in do mahatvapoorn aavishkaaron se panadubbi nirmaan kshetr mein kraanti si aa gayi. aadhunik panadubbiyaaain kai saptaah ya mahinon tak paani ke bheetar rahane mein saksham ho gayi hai.
dviteeya vishv yuddh ke samay bhi panadubbiyon ka upayog parivhan ke liye saamaan ko ek sthaan se doosare sthaan tak le jaane ke liye kiya jaata tha. aajkal inka prayog paryatan ke liye bhi kiya jaane laga hai. kaalapanik saahitya sansaar aur fantaasi chalachitron ke liye panadubbiyon ka kachche maal ke rup me prayog kiya gaya hai. panadubbiyon par kai lekhakon ne pustakein bhi likhi hain. in par kai upanyaas bhi likhe ja chuke hain. panadubbiyon ki duniya ko chhote parade par kai dhaaraavaahiko mein dikhaaya gaya hai. Hollywood ke kuchh chalachitron jaise aaktopas 1, aaktopas 2, the kor mein samudri duniya ke mithkon ko dikhaane ke liye bhi panadubbiyo ko dikhaaya gaya hai.
anukram
aakaar
panadubbi ke bheetar krutrim rup se jeevan yogya suvidhaaon ki vyastha ki jaati hai. aadhunik panadubbiyaaain apne chaalak dal ke liye praanavaayu okseejan samudri jal ke vightan ki prakriya se praapt karti hai. panadubbiyon mein kaarban daaioksaaid ko avashoshit karne ki bhi vyastha hoti hai taaki panadubbi ke bheetar kaarban daaioksaaid na bhar jaae. okseejan ki paryaapt upalabdhata ke liye panadubbi mein ek okseejan tanki bhi hoti hai. aag lagne par bachaav ke liye bhi vyastha ki jaati hai. aag lagne ki sthiti mein jis bhaag mein aag lagi hoti hai, use shesh panadubbi se vishesh rup se bane paradon ki sahaayata se alag kar diya jaata hai taaki vishaili gaisein baaki panadubbi mein na faile.
bhaarateeya nausena mein
vishv ki sabhi pramukh nausenaaon ke samaan hi bhaarateeya nausena ne bhi apne bede mein panadubbiyon ko sammilit kiya hai. bhaarateeya nausena ke bede mein vartamaan mein 16 deejl chalit panadubbiyaaain hain. ye sabhi panadubbiyaaain mukhya rup se rus ya Germany mein bani huin hain. varsh 2010-11 mein is bede me 6 aur panadubbiyaaain sammilit kar li jaaegeen. bhaarateeya nausena pot (I N S) arihant (ari: shatru hant: maarana arthaat shatru ko maarane wala) parmaanu shakti chaalit Bhaarat ki pratham panadubbi hai.[1][2] is 6000 tan ke pot ka nirmaan unnat praudyogiki pot (ATV) pariyojana ke antargat pot nirmaan kendra vishaakhaapattanam mein 2.9 arab dollar ki laagat se kiya gaya hai. isko banaane ke baad Bhaarat vah chhatha desh ban gaya jinke paas is prakaar ki panadubbiyaan hai.
kuchh rahasyamayi panadubbiyaaain
- 22 May 1968 ko, jab viytanaam yuddh apne charam par tha tab America ki you S S skaurpiyn naamak panadubbi uttari atalaantik mahaasaagar mein kaheen kho gayi. bade khoj abhiyaan svarup, durghatana ke chhah maheene baad November 1968 mein Ireland ke ejora se 725 kimi door dakshin pashchim mein yeh panadubbi khoj li gayi. yeh yahaaain par teen tukadon mein pai gayi. yeh ek parmaanu panadubbi thi jispar 99 log savaar the aur sabhi maare gaye the. iska pichhla bhaag is prakaar ukhada hua paaya gaya jaise kisi aantarik visfot se udaaya gaya ho. durghatana ke kaaran aaj bhi rahasya bane hue hain.
- 1943 mein you S S trigrafish naamak panadubbi shatruon ke jahaajon dvaara nasht kar di gayi. iska koi chinh naheen mila. 50 varshon baad san deego samudra tat par yeh fir se pai gayi. iske chaalak dal ka koi suraag naheen mila. pachaas varshon tak yeh panadubbi puri tarah agyaat rahi.
- Scotland mein November 2006 mein aarkane ke samudra tat ke paas 70 feet ki gaharaai mein do rahasyamayi panadubbiyon ke avashesh paae gaye. naveenatam triaayaami sonaar takaneek se in tukado ke chitr bhi liye gaye, lekin in panadubbiyon ki raashtreeyata naheen pahachaani ja saki. inke chaalak dalon ka bhi koi chinh naheen mila. anumaan lagaae ja rahein hai ki ye Germany ki you bot hain jo dviteeya vishv yuddh ke dauraan nasht hui hongi.
sandarbh
- ↑ 4519112,00.html "nausena ko saunpi gayi aaienaes arihant". daayache (Deutsche) Germany ki prasaaran seva. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0, 4519112,00.html. abhigman tithi: 2009.
- ↑ kaise bani pehli bhaarateeya parmaanu panadubbi?. josh 18
baahari kadiyaaain
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vikimeediya kaumans par panadubbi se sambandhit media hai. |
- John haulaind - panadubbi ke aavishkaarak.
- pratham panadubbi aur feniyn raim - John haulaind ki pratham panadubbi ke photo aur unki doosari panadubbi, feniyn raim.
- aadhunik panadubbiyon ki bhumika.
- panadubbi ka aavishkaar.
- gaaji panadubbi ka doobana.