pakshi

;"|pakshi jeevaashm kaal: let juraasik–aadhunik
pakshiyon mein aashcharyajanak vividhta paayi jaati hai.
;" | vaigyaanik vargeekaran

gauraiya, Bhaarat mein sarvaadhik paae jaane vaale pakshiyon mein se ek hai.^[1]

pankh vaale ya udne vaale kisi bhi jantu ko pakshi kaha jaata hai. jeevavijnyaaan mein evis shreni ke jantuon ko pakshi kehte hain.^[2] is anda dene vaale reedhdhaari praani ki lagbhag 10,000 prajaatiyaaain is saamaya is dharati par nivaas karti hain. inka aakaar 2 inch se 8 feet tak ho sakta hai tatha ye aarkatik se antaarkatik tak sarvatr pai jaati hai. pakshi ooainche pahaaro ko ud kar paar kar jaate hai. ye gahre jal me 250 meter tak dubaki laaga lete hai. inhe aise mahaasaagarau ke upar udte dekha gaya hai jahaan se tat hajaaron kilometer door hain. inka shareer pankhon se dhainka hota hai. sabhi praaniyon mein pakshiyaaain sabse adhik sundar evam aakarshak praani hain. pankh rahate hue bhi kuchh pakshiyaaain ud naheen sakti parantu adhiktar pakshiyaaain aakaash mein udti hain.

inka sampoorn shareer naukaakaar hota hai aur pankhon se dhainka hota hai. shareer sir, gardan, dhad aur pooainchh mein vibhkt rahata hai. agrapaad dainon mein roopaantarit hota hai. jabade chonch mein roopaantarit ho jaate hain jinmein daaaint naheen paaye jaate hain.

pakshiyon ka pehla vargeekaran Francis vilugabi aur John re ke dvaara san 1676 me aayatan omitholoji mein viksit kiya gaya tha. kaarolas linias ne isko sanshodhit kiya hai ki 1758 mein kaam vargeekaran pranaali vaseeyat karne ke liye vartamaan mein upayog mein pakshiyon ko jaivik shreni evis ke roop mein vargeekrut kar rahe hain. liniyn vargeekaran mein jaativruttik vargeekaran sthaanon daayanaasor kled theropoda mein evis aur evis ki ek bahan samooh, kled krodiliya, saaainp kled archosoriya ke hi rahane vaale pratinidhi hote hain. 20 veen sadi ke dauraan, evis saamaanyat: aadhunik pakshiyon aur aarkiyopteriks lithogrofiya ke sabse haal hi mein aam poorvaj ke sabhi santaan ke roop mein kiya gaya tha jaati - itihaas ke aadhaar par paribhaashit hai. haalaanki, ek vaikalpik rup se jaiks gothar aur faailokod ke liye evis paribhaashit pranaali ke anuyaayiyon sahit vaigyaaniko dvaara prastaavit paribhaasha keval aadhunik pakshi samoohon, taaj samooh mein shaamil hain. yeh sabse puraane jeevaashm se hi jaana jaata tha. kuchh samoohon ko chhodkar aur unhein bataae gaye anusaar samuh me shaamil kiya gaya tha, anishchittaaon se bachane ke liye bhaag mein pashuon ke sambandh mein aarkiyopteriks ke sthaan tripdeeya daayanaasor ke roop mein paaramparik roop ke baare mein socha. sabhi aadhunik pakshi taaj samooh niornithes bheetar hai, jo do up vibhaajanon mein hai. Palaeognathae, jo udaan (aise shuturamurg ke roop mein) retis aur udaan tinaamous kamjor aur atyant vividh Neognathae ke anya sabhi pakshiyon se yukt in do sabdivijans aksar superorder, ka raink diya jaata hai hai haalaanki livji aur jusi unhein "kaauhot" raink saunpa jo vargeekaran drushtikon par nirbhar karta hai, yahaaain prajaatiyon ki sakhya badalti rahati hai yeh sankhya lagbhag 9800 se 10,050 tak hai.

daayanaasor aur pakshiyon ki utpatti

jeevaashm aur jaivik saakshya ke aadhaar par, adhikaansh vaigyaaniko sveekaar karte hain ki pakshiyon tripdeeya daayanaasor ki ek vishesh upasamooh hai.

vaikalpik siddhaant aur vivaad

pakshiyon ki utpatti par jaldi hi kai vaijnyaaaniko ki asahamati shaamil ho gayi ki kya pakshi daayanaasor ya adhik aadim aarchoshor se viksit hai. haalaanki ornithiskiyn (pakshi mlaan) daayanaasor aadhunik pakshiyon ke hip sanrachana ka hissa hai, pakshiyon ke liye saurischian se utpann kiya hai laga rahe hain (chhipkali - mlaan) daayanaasor aur isliye unki hip sanrachana ko svatantr roop se viksit vaastav mein, ek pakshi ki tarah koolhe sanrachana theropods ki ek ajeeb samooh Therizinosauridae ke roop mein jaana jaata hai yeh inke beech teesari baar viksit hue hai.^[3]

pakshiyon ka praarambhik vikaas

aadhunik pakshiyon ka vividheekaran

aadhunik pakshi aadesh ka vargeekaran

gunasootron mein

pankh, pakshati aur tulana

pakshi ki udaan

fadfada udaan karte bechain ek pakshi

adhikaansh pakshi ud sakte hai, jo unhein lagbhag sabhi anya haddeevaala vargon se alag karte hai. udaan adhikaansh pakshi prajaatiyon ke liye harkat ki praathamik saadhan hai aur prajanan ke liye prayog kiya jaata hai, bhojan aur shikaari parihaar aur bachane ke liye pakshi udaan ke liye vibhinn roopaantaron ke ek halke kankaal, do badi udaan ki maansapeshiyon, pektrolis (jo pakshi ke kul dravyamaan ka 15% ke liye khaaton) aur suparaakoraakodas, ke roop mein achhi tarah se ek baar sanshodhit (pankh) hai ki ek pakh ke roop mein kaarya karta hai, iska aakaar aam taur par ek pakshi prajaati 'ki udaan ke prakaar ka nirdhaaran, kai pakshiyon sanchaalit gathabandhan, kam oorja ki gahan badhte udaan ke saath udaan fadfada karte hai. vartamaan ke baare mein 60 prajaatiyon ke pakshi udne mein hain, jaisa ki kai vilupt pakshi the. Flightlessness alag dveepon, shaayad seemit sansaadhanon aur shikaariyon ke abhaav ke kaaran pakshiyon mein aksar uthata hai. haalaanki, penguin isi tarah ki maansalata aur aandolanon ka upayog paani mein terane ke liye karte hai. unke bhaari shareer ke kaaran vah hava mein udaan bharne mein aksham hote hai.

aahaar aur bhojan

Feeding adaptations in beaks

pakshi vividh prakaar ke bhojan karte hain jinme Parag, fal, paudhon, beej, sada hua maans aur vibhinn chhote jaanvaron ko anya pakshiyon sahit, shaamil hain. kyonki pakshiyon ke daant naheen hote, unke paachan tantr ke ke kaaran poore nigl jaate hain. jo bina chabaae khaane vaale khaadya padaarthon ki prakriya ke liye anukoolit hai. pakshi khaadya padaarthon ki ek kism par bhojan ya feed praapt karne ke liye kai rananeetiyon ko rojagaar ke rup mein upayog karte hai, jabki doosaron ki vishisht khaadya padaarthon par samay aur prayaas dhyaan keindrit ya bhojan praapt karne ke liye ek ekal rananeeti ka hi upayog karte hai, visheshagyon ne maana jaata hai. pakshi rananeetiyon vaale prajaatiyon se bhinn hai. kai pakshi keede, akasheruki, fal, ya beej ke liye beenana. ek shaakha se achaanak hamla karke kuchh shikaar keede aadi kai maamalon mein un prajaatiyon ki keet keede ki talaash laabhakaari jaivik niyantran agent 'aur unke jaivik keet niyantran kaaryakram mein protsaahit upasthiti par vichaar kar rahe hain. jaise hummingbirds, sunbirds, lories aur doosaron ke beech lorikeets Parag bhakshan vishesh roop se jhabara jeebh anukoolit kiya hai. 'shorebirds bill vibhinn lanbaai aur paaristhitik niches ke judaai mein khila tareekon parinaam loons, daaiving batakh, penguin, akasherookeeya ke liye lambe samay ke bill jaanch ke saath sah anukoolit fool New Zealand aur shorebirds ko fit karne ke liye dijaain vidheyak aur auks apne shikaar paani ke neeche ka peechha, pranodan ke liye apne pankhon ya pairon ka upayog, sulids, Kingfisher aur apne shikaar ke baad terns dubaki dubaki ke roop mein havaai shikaariyon me karte hai jabki raajahans prion ki teen prajaatiyaan aur kuchh batakh filtar bhakshan karne mein karte hai. kuchh kalahans aur batakh dabbling mukhya roop se kar rahe hain.

jal aur peena

pravaas

sanchaar

sangathan

aaraam aur basera

prajanan

saamaajik vyavastha

ghonsale ke shikaar shaasit pradeshon aur ooshmaayan

Patrick dekhbhaal aur udne ke yogya banaana

parajeevi

aarthik mahatva

lokageet, dharm aur sanskruti

California kondor mein ek baar keval 22 pakshiyon ko gina gaya, lekin sanrakshan ke upaayon ke kaaran aaj 300 se adhik ho gaye hai.

haalaanki maanav gatividhiyon ne baarn svailo aur Europeeya staarling jaisi kuchh prajaatiyon ke vistaar ki anumati di hai, parantu kai anya prajaatiyon mein janasankhya ghat jaati hai ya vilupt hone ka kaaran hai.

• pakshivijnyaaan
• pakshiyon ka pravrajan (maaigreshan of bards)
• pakshiyon ka vargeekaran
• bhaarateeya pakshiyon ki soochi

• pakshiyon ke hindi naam