paali bhaasha ka saahitya

paali saahitya mein mukhyat: bauddh dharm ke sansthaapak bhagavaan buddh ke upadeshon ka sangrah hai. kintu iska koi bhaag buddh ke jeevanakaal mein vyavasthit ya likhit roop dhaaran kar chuka tha, yeh kehna kathin hai.

anukram

paali saahitya ki vikaasayaatra

yadyapi tripitk mein hi kuchh aise ullekh milte hain jinse buddh ke jeevanakaal mein hi dharm ke kuchh prakaranon ke vyavasthit paath kiye jaane ka pata chalta hai. udaaharanaarth, udaan mein varnan hai ki ek baar seen naamak bhikshu se swayam Bhagwan ne poochha ki tumane dharm ko kaise samjha? iske uttar mein us bhikshu ne 16 ashtak vargon ko poore svar ke saath gaakar suna diya. iski Bhagwan ne prashansa bhi ki. vinyapitk aadi granthon mein bahushrut, dharmadhar, vinyadhar, maatrukaadhar tatha panchanekaayik, bhaanak, suttantik jaise visheshanon ka prayog milta hai, jinse spasht hai ki buddh ke upadeshon ke dhaaran, paaran ki parampara unke jeevanakaal se hi chal padi thi. is parampara ke aadhaar par buddh ke upadeshon ko suvyavasthit saahityik roop dene ke liye teen baar sangeetiyaaain ki jaane ke ullekh chullavagg, deepavansh, mahaavansh aadi granthon mein milte hain. pratham sangeeti buddhanirvaan ke chaar maas pashchaat hi raajagruh mein hui jinmein 500 bhikshuon ne bhaag liya, jiske karan vah panchashatika naam se bhi prasiddh hai. iski adhyakshata mahaakaashyap ne ki aur unhonne buddh ke saakshaat shishya bhikshu upaali se vinaya sambandhi tatha sthavir aanand se sutt sambandhi prashn poochh-poochhakar anya bhikshuon ke anumodan se ukt vishyon ka sangrah kiya. isi prakaar ki doosari sangeeti buddh nirvaan ke 100 varsh pashchaat vaishaali mein hui jismein 700 bhikshu sammilit hue aur iseeliye vah saptashatika ke naam se vikhyaat hui. ismein vaishaali ke bhikshuon ke aacharan mein anek dosh dikhaakar unhein vinaya ke viruddh thaharaaya gaya aur anumaanat: vinyapitk mein vishesh vyavastha laai gayi. buddhaghosh ke mataanusaar to isi sangeeti dvaara buddh vachanon ka tripitk, paaainch nikaaya, nau ang tatha chauraasi hajaar dharmaskandhon mein vargeekaran kiya gaya. teesari sangeeti buddhanirvaan ke 226 varsh pashchaat samraat ashok ke raajyakaal mein paataliputr mein hui. iski adhyakshata moggaliputt tiss ne ki. yeh sammelan nau maas tak chala aur usamein buddhavachanon ko antim svaroop diya gaya. isi beech moggaliputt tiss ne kathaavatyu ki rachana ki jismein 18 mithyaadrushti bauddh sanshdaayon ki maanyataaon ka niraakaran kiya. is rachana ko bhi abhidhmmapitk mein sammilit kar liya gaya. is sangeeti ka ullekh chullavagg mein naheen hai aur na tibbati ya cheeni mahaayaan sanpradaaya ke sahitya mein. ashok ke bhaabroo ke lekh, jismein saat prakaranon ke naam bhi uddhrut hain, usamein, athva anya dharmalipiyon mein aisi kisi sangeeti ka kaheen koi ullekh naheen kiya gaya. is kaaran iski aitihaasikta mein keeth, vailesar aadi vidvaanon ko sandeh hai. kintu reejdevids, vintaranitj tatha gaaigar aadi vidvaanon ne iski aitihaasikta sveekaar ki hai. jis sangeeti ki aitihaasikta ke vishay mein praacheen ullekh evam aadhuni vidvaan ekamat hai, vah hai vaishaali ki dviteeya sangeeti. in sangeetiyon tatha anya prayatnon ke falasvaroop paali tripitk ka jo svaroop praapt hua evam jis roop mein vah hamein aaj upalabdh hai, vah nimn prakaar hai :

vargeekaran

mool paali saahitya ya pitk

mukhya lekh : tripitk

mool paali saahitya teen bhaagon mein vibhkt hai, jinhein pitk kaha gaya hai - "vinyapitk", "suttapitk" aur "abhidhmmapitk". inmein se pratyek pitk ke bheetar apne apne vishay se sambandh rakhanevaali anek chhoti badi rachanaaon ka samaavesh hai.

paali ke in teen pitkon mein E. poorv chhathi shati mein hue Bhagwan buddh ke vichaaron aur upadeshon ka ek vishesh shaili mein sankalan kiya gaya hai. teenon pitkon mein paraspar taaratamya hai. vishay ka moolaadhaar suttapitk hai jismein Bhagwan ke upadeshon ko shrotaaon ko hrudayangam karaane ke liye saral se saral, rochak kathaatmak shaili ka aalanban liya gaya hai. yahaaain vastu ko sankshep mein kehne ka prayatn naheen kiya gaya. uddeshya hai nai-nai baaton ko saamaanya shrotaaon ke grahan yogya banaana aur iseeliye yahaaain upadesh ke mukhya bhaag ki baar-baar punaraavrutti ki gayi hai. prasangavash in sutton mein tatkaaleen dhaarmik, saamaajik evam raajaneetik paristhitiyon ka chitran bhi aa gaya hai jo praacheen itihaas ki drushti se bada mahatvapoorn hai. udaaharanaarth, deegh nikaaya ke samanyanyaafal sutt, brahmajaal sutt evam mahaaparinibbaan sutt mein buddh ke samasaamayik dharmapravartakon jaise mankhaligosaal, pakudhakachchaayan, ajit case kanbali, sanjaya balatthiputt niganthanaataputt, aadi ke aachaar-vichaaron tatha unke dvaara pravartit dharm sanpradaayon ki bauddh drushti se aalochna pai jaati hai aur saath hi un-un vishyon par bauddh maanyata ka pratipaadan bhi paaya jaata hai. saamaajik chitran suttapitk mein bikhra pada hai, tathaapi khuddak nikaaya ke antargat jaatakon mein iski prachur saamagri upalabdh hai. sutton mein sthaan-sthaan par buddhakaaleen magadh, videh, koshal, kaashi aadi 16 janapadon ke raajaaon unke paraspar sambandhon evam ladaai-jhagadon aur daaainv-peinchon ke ullekh bhare pade hain. sutton ke upadeshon mein jis bauddh aachaar ke sanket paae jaate hain, unheen ki bhikshuon ke yogya sadaachaar ke niyamon ke roop mein vidhi-nishedh-pranaali se vyavastha vinaya pitk mein bhi ki gayi hai. isi prakaar sutton mein jis tatvachintan ke beej sannihit hain, unka daarshanik shabdaavali mein saiddhaantik roop se pratipaadan aur vivechan abhidhmm pitk mein kiya gaya hai. is paraspar aanushangikta ke kaaran bauddhadharm ka poora saangopaang evam suvyavasthit parijnyaaan bina tripitk ke avlokan ke naheen ho sakta. yeh paali tripitk vishay ki drushti se swayam buddh Bhagwan ke upadeshon par aadhaarit hai. upalabdh granth rachana ki drushti se E. poorv truteeya shataabdi se pashchaat ka siddh naheen hota. bauddh paranparaanusaar ashok samraat ke kaal mein hi unke putr Mahendra swayam bauddh bhikshu bankar is saahitya ko lanka le gaye aur vahaaain pratham shati E. mein raaja battagaamani ke raajyakaal mein use vah likhit roop praapt hua jismein vah aaj hamein milta hai. tathaapi usamein aisi koi baat hamein naheen milti jo beech ki do teen shataabdiyon ke kaal mein lanka ki paristhitiyon ke prabhaav ke kaaran usamein I kaheen ja sake.

vinyapitk

apne naamaanusaar vinyapitk ka vishay bhikshuon ke paalne yogya sadaachaar ke niyam upasthit karna hai. iske teen avaantar vibhaag hain - suttavibhang, khandhak aur parivaar. suttavibhang ke pun: do upavibhaag hain - mahaavagg aur chullavagg. is prakaar apne in upavibhaagon ki apeksha vinyapitk paaainch bhaagon mein vibhkt hai.

suttapitk

suttapitk apne vishay, vistaar tatha rachana ki drushti se tripitk ka sabse mahatvapoorn bhaag hai. ismein aise sutton ka sangrah kiya gaya hai jo paranparaanusaar ya to swayam Bhagwan buddh ke kahe hue hain ya unke saakshaat shishya dvaara upadisht hain aur jinka anumodan swayam Bhagwan buddh ne kiya hai. sutt ka sanskrut roopaantar sootr kiya jaata hai. kintu prastut sutton mein sootr ke ve lakshan drushtigochar naheen hote jo sanskrut ki praacheen sootrarachanaaon, jaise vaidik saahitya ke shraut sootr, gruhm evam dharmasootr aadi mein paae jaate hain. sootr ka vishesh lakshan hai ati sankshep mein kam se kam shabdon mein adhik se adhik arth vyakt karna. usamein punarukti ka sarvatha abhaav avidyamaan hai. kintu yahaaain sankshipt shaili ke vipreet suvistrut vyaakhyaan tatha mukhya baaton ki baar-baar punaraavrutti ki shaili apnaai gayi hai. is kaaran sutt ka sootr roopaantar uchit prateet naheen hota. vichaar karne se anumaan hota hai ki sutt ka abhipraaya moolat: sookt se raha hai. vedon ke ek ek prakaran ko bhi sookt hi kaha gaya hai. kisi ek baat ke pratipaadan ko sookt kehna sarvatha uchit prateet hota hai.

suttapitk ke paaainch bhaag hain jinhein nikaaya kaha gaya hain - deeghanikaaya, majjhimnikaaya, sanyuktanikaaya, anguttaranikaaya aur khuddakanikaaya. deerghanikaaya teen vargon mein vibhaajit hai. pratham seelakkhandhavagg mein 13 sutt hain, doosare mahaavagg mein 10 tatha teesare paatikvagg mein 11. is prakaar deerghanikaaya mein 34 sutt hain. ye sutt anya nikaayon mein sangruheet sutton ki apeksha vistaar mein adhik lambe hai aur yahi is nikaaya ke naam ki saarthakata hai.

majjhimnikaaya mein madhyamavistaar ke 152 sutt hai jo 15 vargon mein vibhkt hain -

(1) moolapariyaaya (2) seehanaad (3) opamm (4) mahaayamak (5) choolayamak
(6) gahapati (7) bhikkhoo (8) parivvaajak (9) raaj (10) braahman
(11) devadah (12) anupad (13) sunyanyaata (14) vibhang aur (15) shadaayatan.

inmein se 14vein varg vibhang mein 12 sutt hain aur shesh sab mein das-das.

sanyuttanikaaya mein chhote bade sabhi prakaar ke sutton ka sangrah hai aur yahi is nikaaya ke naam ki saarthakata hai. ismein kul 56 sutt ya sanyutt hain jo in paaainch vargon mein vibhaajit hain -

(1) sagaath (2) nidaan (3) khandh (4) shadaayatan aur (5) mahaavagg.

anguttar nikaaya ki apni ek visheshata hai. ismein sutton ka sangrah ek vyavastha ke anusaar kiya gaya hai. aadi mein aise sutt hain jinmein buddh Bhagwan ke ek sankhyaatmak padaartho vishyak upadeshon ka sangrah hai, tatpashchaat do padaarthon vishyak sutton ka aur fir teen, chaar aadi. isi kram se is nikaaya ke bheetar ekakanipaat, dukanipaat evam tik, chatuvak, panchak, chhakk, sattak, atthak, navak, dasak aur ekaadasak in naamon ke gyaarah nipaaton ka sankalan hai. ye nipaat pun: vargon mein vibhaajit hain, jinki sankhya nipaat kram se 21, 16, 16, 26, 12, 9, 9, 9, 22 aur 3 hai. is prakaar 11 nipaaton mein kul vargon ki sankhya 169 hai. pratyek varg ke bheetar anek sutt hain jinki sankhya ek varg mein kam se kam 7 aur adhik se adhik 262 hai. is prakaar anguttar nikaaya se sutton ki sankhya 2308 hai.

khuddak nikaaya mein vishay tatha rachana ki drushti se praaya: sarvatha svatantr 15 rachanaaon ka samaavesh hai, jinke naam hain -

(1) khuddak paath (2) dhammapad (3) udaan (4) itivuttak (5) suttanipaat
(6) vimaanavatthu (7) petavatthu (8) theragaatha (9) thereegaatha (10) jaatak
(11) niddes (12) patisanbhidaamagg (13) apaadaan (14) buddhavans aur (15) chariyaapitk.

abhidhmmapitk

paali tripitk ke teesare bhaag abhidhmmapitk mein Bhagwan buddh ke darshanaatmak vichaaron ka vishleshan aur vargeekaran kiya gaya hai tatha taatvik drushti se unki soochiyaaain aur paribhaashaaeain upasthit ki gayi hain. is pitk mein nimn saat granthon ka samaavesh hai-

(1) dhammsangani (2) vibhang (3) kathaavatthu (4) puggalapanyanyaatti (5) dhaatukatha (6) yamak aur (7) paththaan.

dhammasangani usaki maatika (vishyasoochi) ke anusaar do bhaagon mein vibhkt hai. pratham bhaag mein 22 tik hain jinmein se pratyek mein teen teen vishyon ka vivechan kiya gaya hain. doosare vibhaag mein 100 duk hain aur pratyek duk mein vidhaan or nishedh roop se do do vishyon ka praroopan kiya gaya hai. ye duk 12 vargon mein vibhaajit hain jinke naam hain -

(1) hetu (2) pratyayaadi (3) aashrav (4) sanyojan (5) granth (6) odh
(7) yog (8) neevaran (9) paraamarsh (10) vistrut madhyam duk (11) upaadaan aur (12) klesh.

is prakaar dhammasangani ke tikon aur dukon ki sankhya 122 hai. inmein se pratham tik kushal, akushal tatha avyaakrut dharmavishyak hai, jo sabse mahatvapoorn hai aur uske vishay ka praroopan (1) chittupapaad (2) roop (3) nikkshep aur (4) atthuddhaar in chaar kaandon mein kiya gaya hai.

vibhang ki vishyavastu 18 vibhaagon mein vibhaajit hai.

kathaavatthu mein 23 adhyaayon ke bheetar 216 prashnottar hain jinmein virodhi sanpradaayon ke siddhaanton ka khandan kiya gaya hai.

puggalapannatti mein 10 adhyaaya hain jinmein kramash: ek ek prakaar ke, do do prakaar ke aadi badhte kram mein dasvein adhyaaya mein 10, 10 prakaar ke pudgalon arthaat vyaktiyon ka nirdesh kiya gaya hai. vyaktiyon ka vibhaajan pruthagjan, samyak sanbuddh, pratyek buddh, shaikshya, ashaikshya, aarya, anaarya aadi roop se kiya gaya hai.

dhaatukatha ki rachana ka moolaadhaar vibhang hai, kyonki usi ke pratham teen arthaat skandh, aayatan aur dhaatu vibhangon ka hi yahaaain adhik sookshm vivechan kiya gaya hai. isi kaaran is granth ka doosra naam khanb-aayatan-dhaatukatha bhi paaya jaata hai. granth mein inheen teen ka sambandh dharmon ke saath baithaakar bataaya gaya hai. maatikaanusaar in dharmon ki sankhya 125 hai jo is prakaar hain -

5 skandh, 12 aayatan, 18 dhaatueain, 4 satya, 22 indriyaaain, 12 prateetyasamutpaad, 4 smrutiprasthaan, 4 samyak pradhaan, 4 riddhipaad, 4 dhyaan, 4 aparimaan, 5 indriyaaain, 5 bal, 7 bodhyang, 8 aaryamaarg ke ang tatha sparsh, vedana, sanjnyaa, chetna, chitt aur adhimoksh.

inka paraspar sanbadh prashnottar ki shaili se 14 adhyaayon mein kiya gaya hai.

yamak mein dharmon ka sambandh vishesh vishyon ke saath paraspar vipreet roop mein prashnottar shaili se samajhaaya gaya hai aur isi yugal prashnaatmak reeti ke kaaran is rachana ka yamak naam saarthak hai. jaise (1) kya sabhi kushaladharm kushalamool hain? kya sabhi kushalamool kushaladharm hain? ityaadi. isi paddhati se yamak mein abhidhmmapitk mein prayukt paaribhaashik shabdon ki sunishchit vyaakhya dene ka prayatn kiya gaya hai. yeh rachana in 10 yamakon mein vibhkt hai -

(1) mool (2) khangh (3) aayatan (4) dhaatu, (5) sachch (6) sansaar (7) anusaya (8) chitt (9) dhamm aur (10) indriya.

patthaan mein bauddh tatvachintan ke aadhaarbhoot prateetya-samutpaad-siddhaant ka ek vishesh shaili mein bade vistaarapoorvak vivechan kiya gaya hai. granth ke mukhya chaar bhaag hain -

(1) anulom patthaan (pratyaya sthaan), (2) pachchaniya patthaan
(3) anulom-pachchaniya-patthaan aur (4) pachchaniya-anulom-patthaan.

in chaaron bhaagon mein dhammasangani mein nirdisht 22 tikon aur 100 dukon ka 24 pratyayon se sambandh nimn chhah patthaanon dvaara samajhaaya gaya hai :(1) tik pan॰ (2) duk pan॰ (3) duk-tik pan॰ (4) tik-duk pan॰ (5) tik-dik pan॰ aur (6) duk-duk pa॰. in chhah patthaanon ka poorvavat chaar vibhaagon mein praroopan hone se sampoorn granth 24 patthaanon mein vibhkt ho jaata hai.

anupaali ya anupitk

mukhya lekh : anupitk

uparyukt tripitk saahitya ka sankalan praaya: E.poo. teesari shati mein poorn ho gaya tha, kintu paali saahitya ka srujan iske pashchaat bhi chalta raha. yadyapi yeh anupaali saahitya vishay ki drushti se praaya: poornat: tripitk ke antargat gyaan ka hi anukaran karta hai, tathaapi apan svaroop evam shaili mein samay ki gati ke anusaar usamein vikaas dikhaai deta hai. E.poo. pratham shati ke lagbhag nettprikran naamak granth likha gaya jismein abhidhmmapitk ke vishay ka hi kuchh adhik sookshmata se vivechan kiya gaya hai. ismein 16 haar, 5 naya aur 18 mool padon ke dvaara bauddh darshan ki paribhaashaaon ko samajhaane ka prayatn kiya gaya hai. iske karta ka naam kachchaan hai. isi prakaar ki ek doosari rachana isi kaal ke lagbhag ki petakopadesh hai jismein nettiprakaran ki hi vishyavastu ko kuchh doosari reeti se upasthit kiya gaya hai, jismein pradhaanata un chaar aarya satyon ki hai jo buddh ke upadeshon ke moolaadhaar hain. praaya: isi kaal ki teesari rachana hai - milind-panyahon jo paali saahitya mein apni visheshata rakhati hai va aitihaasik drushti se bhi badi mahatvapoorn hai. ismein saakal (siyaalakot, Punjab) ke naresh milind aur bhikshu naagasen se beech hua vaartaalaap varnit hai. milind us yavan naresh minaadar ke naam ka hi roopaantar maana gaya hai jisne E. poo. dviteeya shati ke madhya mein Bhaarat par aakraman kiya tatha Punjab pradesh mein apna raajya jamaaya tha. prastut granth ke anusaar yeh raaja bada vidvaan aur daarshanik vishyon mein ruchi rakhanevaala tha. usane bhikshu naagasen se bade paine daarshanik prashn kiye, jiske uttar bhi naagasen ne badi chaturaai se sundar drushtaanton dvaara unki pushti karte hue diye hain. granth mein saat adhyaaya hain -

(1) baahir katha (2) lakkhanapanyaho (3) vimtichhedan-panyaho (3) meindakapanyaho
(5) anumaanapanyaho (6) dyutang katha aur (7) opamm-katha-panyaho.

inmein se pratham teen adhyaaya hi granth ka mool bhaag maana jaata hai. shesh chaar adhyaaya peechhe jode gaye prateet hote hain. iske anek kaaran hain- ek to teesare adhyaaya mein granth ke pun: praarambh ki soochana hai; doosare, buddhaghosh ke avataran praaya: teen hi adhyaayon se liye gaye hain aur teesare is granth ka jo cheeni anuvaad 400 E. ke lagbhag kiya gaya tha, usamein keval ye teen hi adhyaaya paae jaate hain. yeh rachana shaili mein badi rochak tatha bauddh siddhaant ke gyaan ke liye apne dhang ki adviteeya hai.

attakathaaeain

mukhya lekh : attakatha

in rachanaaon ke pashchaat atthakathaaon ka yug praarambh hota hai. shrut paranparaanusaar jab Mahendra aur sanghamitra dvaara paali tripitk lanka mein pahuaincha aur bauddhadharm ka prachar badha, un mool granthon par sinhali bhaasha mein teeka roop atthakathaaeain likhi gayi. ye atthakathaaeain ab upalabdh naheen hai. anumaanat: iska kaaran un atthakathaaon ki rachana ho jaane se kramash: un mool atthakathaaon ka adhyayan adhyaapan chhoot jaana hi hai. in nai paali atthakathaaon ke karta aachaarya buddhaghosh ka naam paali saahitya mein bahut prasiddh hai. unhonne jin sinhali atthakathaaon ka ullekh kiya hai tatha jinke avataran apni atthakathaaon mein liye hain, unamein mukhya hain-

(1) mahaaatthakatha (suttapitk par), (2) mahaapachchari (abhidhmm par), (3) kurundi (vinyapitk par),
(4) andhatthakatha, (5) sankshep-atthakatha aur (6) samaanatthakatha.

antim chaar atthakathaaeain nikaayon athva unke kinheen vishyon ke vishesh vyaakhyaan ke roop mein prateet hote hain. in mool atthakathaaon ke abhaav mein yeh kehna to kathin hai ki kitne ansh mein buddhaghosh ne unka anukaran kiya aur kitna maulik roop se kiya, tathaapi unki rachanaaon ko dekhne se spasht prateet hota hai ki unhonne mool atthakathaaon ko apne tripitk ke vishaal gyaan dvaara bahut hi pallavit kiya hoga. unki atthakathaaeain vinyapitk, suttapitk evam abhidhmmapitk ke adhikaansh bhaagon par milti hain, jinki sankhya 16 hai. in atthakathaaon ke atirikt buddhaghosh ki ek vishisht rachana hai visuddhimgg, jise bauddh darshan ka jnyaaanakosh kaha ja sakta hai. atthakathaaon mein swayam buddhaghosh ke kathanaanusaar unhonne visuddhimgg mein deegh, majjhim, sanyutt aur anguttar in chaaron nikaayon ka saar bhar diya hai. shrut paranparaanusaar unhonne visuddhimgg ko apni atthakathaaon se poorv unki rachana ko apni yogyata siddh karne ke liye hi likha tha. is granth mein kul 23 parichhed hain. pratham do parichhedon ka vishay hai "samaadhi" aur shesh parichhedon mein "prajnyaa" ka vyaakhyaan kiya gaya hai.

buddhaghosh ke pashchaat atthakathaaon ki parampara ko unke praaya: samasaamayik do aachaaryon buddhadatt aur dhammapaal ne paripusht kiya. buddhadatt ne buddhaghosh krut samantapaasaadika naamak vinyapitk ki atthakatha ka saar apni uttaravinishchaya aur vinyavinishchaya naamak do padyaatmak rachanaaon mein upasthit kiya tatha buddhaghosh ki abhidhmm ki atthakathaaon ke aadhaar par abhidhmmaavataar naamak gadya-padya-mishrit granth ki rachana ki. ismein maulikta yeh hai ki jahaaain buddhaghosh ne roop, vedanaadi paaainch skandhon ke dvaara dharmon ka vivechan kiya hai, vahaaain buddhadatt ne chittar, chetasik, roop aur nirvaan is chaar prakaar ke vargeekaran ko apnaaya hai. isi vargeekaran ko unhonne apni roopaaroop vibhaag naamak rachana mein rakha hai. buddhadatt ki ek aur rachana hai madhuratth vilaasini, jo buddhavans ki atthakatha hai. dhammapaal ne saat atthakathaaeain likhi hai. khuddakanikaaya ke antargat jin udaan, itishuttak, vimaanavatthu, petavatthu, theragaatha, thereegaatha ev chariyaapitk naamak granthon par buddhaghosh ne atthakathaaeain naheen likheen, unapar dhammapaal ne paramatthadeepani naamak atthakatha likhi hai. isi prakaar nettiprakaran par atthasanvannana aur usi par leenatthavannana naamak teeka, visuddhimgg par paramatthamanjoosha, buddhaghosh ki chaar nikaayon ki atthakathaaon par leenatthapakaasini naamak teeka, jaatakatthakatha ki teeka tatha buddhadatt krut madhuratthavilaasini ki teeka likhi. in sab rachanaaon mein sabse adhik prasiddh hai unki visuddhimgg ki teeka. shesh rachanaaon mein koi vaishishtya naheen hai. yadyapi ukt tripitk va unki atthakathaaon ki rachana ke pashchaat naheen hai. yadyapi ukt tripitk va unki atthakathaaon ki rachana ke pashchaat buddhavachan ke sambandh mein adhik kuchh kehna shesh naheen raha, tathaapi is atthakatha naamak teeka saahitya ki rachana buddhaghosh yug (E. 400 se 1100 tak) mein baraabar hoti rahi. inmein se kuchh rachanaaeain is prakaar hain :

aanandakrut abhidhmm mool teeka, chulladhammapaal krut 'sachch sankshep' (satya sankshep), upasen krut saddhammappajotik (niddes ki teeka) mahaanaam krut sadshammappakaasini (patisanbhidaamagg ki teeka), kassap krut maahavichhedani aur vimtichhedani, vajrabuddhi krut sanmatavapaasaadika ki teeka, kshem krut khemappakaran, aniruddh krut abhidhmmatthasangaho paramatthavinishchaya aur naamaroopaparichhed, dharmashri krut khuddakasikkha (vilay sambandhi atthakatha) aur mahaasvaami krut moolasikkha.

12veen shati se atthakathaaon par maagadhi (paali) bhaasha mein hi teekaaon ki rachana praarambh hui. is kaarya ki suvyavastha ke liye lanka naresh paraakramabaahu pratham (E. 1153-86) ke kaal mein sinhali sthavir mahaakassap dvaara ek sangeeti ki gayi, jiske falasvaroop samantapaasaadika aadi atthakathaaon par deepaani, manjoosa, pakaasini aadi naamon se aath teekaaeain likhi gain, jinmein se ab keval vinyapitk ki samantapaasaadika atthakatha par likhi gayi saaratthadeepani teeka maatr milti hai. iske karta saariputt ki teen anya teekaaeain bhi milti hain-

  • (1) leenatthapakaasini- majjhimnikaaya ki atthakatha par,
  • (2) vinyasangrah aur
  • (3) saaratthamanjoosa- anguttaranikaaya ki atthakatha par.

sumangal, saddhammajotipaal, dhammakeerti, buddharavikht aur meghankar - in sabhi ne bhinn-bhinn atthakathaaon par teekaaeain likhi hai. inmein akele vaachissar ther ke mool sikkha teeka aadi das teeka granth milte hain. 13veen shati mein sthavir videh, buddhapriya aur dharmakeerti dvaara samantakootavannana aadi anek granthon ki rachana hui. 14veen shati ki rachanaaon mein chaar kaavya granth prasiddh hain-

(1) medhankar krut laakappadeepasaar (2) panchagatideepan (3) saddhammopaayan aur (4) telakataah gaatha.

baad ki teen rachanaaon ke kartaaon ke naam agyaat hain.

14veen shati ke pashchaat paali-saahitya-srujan ka kshetr lanka se uthakar brahmadesh mein pahuainch gaya. yahaaain ke saahityakaaron ne abhidhmm ko vishesh roop se adhyayan ka vishay banaaya. 15veen shati ki kuchh rachanaaeain hain-

  • ariyvans krut manisaaramanjoosa,
  • manideep aur jaatak vibodhan,
  • saddhammasiri krut nettibhaavani,
  • seelavans krut buddhaalankaar tatha
  • ratthasaarakrut jaatakon ke kaavyaatmak roopaantar.

16veen shati mein saddhammaalankaar ne patthaan prakaran par patthaanadeepani naamak teeka likhi tatha mahaanaam se aanandakrut abhidhmm-mool-teeka par madhusaaratya deepani naamak anuteeka likhi. 17veen shati mein tripitkaalankaar ne atthasaalini par ki bees gaathaaon mein veesativnnana, saariputtakrut vinyasangrah par vinyaalankaar naamak teeka tatha yasavaddhanavatthu in teen granthon ki rachana ki. trilokaguru ne chaar granth rache-

  • (1) dhaatukatha-teeka-vannana
  • (2) dhaatukatha-ananteeka-vannana
  • (3) yamakavannana aur
  • (4) patthaanavannana.

saaradassi krut dhaatukathaayojana aur mahaakassap krut abhidhmmatthaganthipd (abhidhrm ke kathin shabdon ki vyaakhya) is shati ki anya do rachanaaeain hain.

18veen shati ki jnyaaanaamivanshanaamak brahmades ke sangharaaj ki teen rachanaaeain prasiddh hain-

  • (1) petakaalankaar-netti-prakaran ki teeka,
  • (2) saadhuvilaasini deerghanikaaya ki kuchh vyaakhya aur
  • (3) raaj-dhiraajavilaasini naamak kaavya.

19veen shati ki brahmadesh ki kuchh rachanaaeain hain- nalaatadhaatu vans, sandes katha seemaavivaadavinishchaya aadi. is shati ke chhakesadhaatuvans, gandhavans aur saasanavans naamak rachanaaon ka parichay vans saahitya ke antargat diya gaya hai. is shati ki anya ullekhaneeya rachana hai bhikshu ledisdaav krut abhidhmmasangrah ki parapatthadeepani teeka tatha yamak sambandhi paali nibandh jo unhonne shreemati Rice devidj ki kuchh shankaaon ke samaadhaan ke liye likha tha.

paali-saahitya-rachana ki avichhinn dhaara ke pramaanasvaroop 20veen shati ki do rachanaaon ka ullekh karna anuchit na hoga. ye hain bhaaratavarsh mein bhandat dharmaanand kosaanbi dvaara rachit visuddhimggadeepika aur abhidhmmatthasangrah ki navaneet teeka. is parichay ke aadhaar se kaha ja sakta hai ki paalisaahitya-nirmaan ki dhaara dhaai hajaar varsh ke pashchaat bhi abhi tak vichhinn naheen hui.

vans saahitya

deepavansh

lanka mein jis samay tripitk par atthakathaaon ki rachana ki ja rahi thi, usi samay doosari or kuchh granthakaaron mein aitihaasik ruchi jaagrat hui jiske parinaamasvaroop deepavansh ki rachana ki gayi. in granthon mein lanka ka itihaas, praacheenatam kaal se lekar raaja mahaasen ke raajyakaal (E. 325-352) tak, varnan kiya gaya hai. is rachana ka upayog buddhaghosh ne apni atthakathaaon mein prachurata se kiya hai aur kaheen-kaheen uske avataran bhi diye hain. is prakaar deepavans ka rachanaakaal E. chauthi paaainchaveen shati ke beech siddh hota hai. sinhal ke raajaaon ke saath-saath yahaaain buddh ke jeevan, unke shishyon ki parampara evam teenon sangeetiyon aadi ka vivran kuchh badha chadhaakar kiya gaya hai. anumaanat: iske vishay ka aadhaar uparyukt sinhali atthakathaaeain rahi hain. yeh rachana paali-gadya-mishrit hai, shaili bahut kuchh shithil hai, punaruktiyaaain bhi bahut hai aur rachana bhaasha, chhand aadi ke doshon se mukt naheen hai. ye lakshan usaki praacheenata ke dyotak hain aur is baat ke pramaan hain ki usamein vishyavastu anek sroton se sankalit ki gayi hai tatha usamein sampaadkeeya vyavastha laane ka koi vishesh prayatn naheen kiya gaya. kintu aitihaasik drushti se lanka mein aadi se hi iska bada aadar raha hai. kaha jaata hai ki E. 5veen shati mein hi sinhal raaja dhaatusen ne ek vaarshikotsav ke avsar par raashtreeya gaurav ke saath iska paath karaaya. bhaarateeya aitihaasik rachanaao mein deepavans ni:sadeh ek pracheenatam rachana hai.

mahaavansh

deepavansh ki rachana se kuchh kaal pashchaat mahaanaam ke dvaara mahaavansh ki rachana hui. iska moolaadhaar bhi ve hi sinhal ki atthakathaaeain tatha deepavansh hai. yahaaain vishay ka pratipaadan deepavansh ki apeksha adhik vishd aur vyavasthit hai. bhaasha bhi apekshaakrut adhik parimaarjit aur shaili to kaheen kaheen mahaakaavyon ki paddhati ka smaran karaati hai. mahaavansh ka mool bhaag 37 parichhedon ka hai aur vah deepavansh ke samaan mahaasen ke shaasanakaal par samaapt hota hai. praarambh ke parichhedon mein, jo lanka mein bauddhadharm ke aagaman se poorv desh ki dhaarmik paristhitiyon ke ullekh aae hain, ve aitihaasik drushti se bade mahatvapoorn hain. udaaharanaarth, paanddakaamaya naresh ka raajyakaal Mahendra dvaara lanka mein bauddhadharm ke pravesh se 60 varsh poorv tak raha kaha gaya hai. is raaja ne 70 varsh raajya kiya tatha raajya ke 10vein varsh mein hi anuraadhaapur nagar ki sthaapana ki. isse aage is rachana mein samay-samay par parivrdhan kiya gaya hai. 37vein parichhed ki 50veen gaatha se aage 79vein parichhed tak ki rachana sthavir dharmakeerti krut hai aur usamein mahaasen ke kaal se lekar paraakramabaahu pratham (E. 1240-75) tak 78 raajaaon ki vanshaparanpara di gayi hai. mahaavansh ka yeh tatha isse aage ke parichhed choolavansh kahalaata hai. choolavansh 80 se 90 tak ke 11 parichhedon ke rachayita buddharakshit bhikshu ne aagaami 23 raajaaon ka varnan kiya jo paraakramabaahu chaturth tak aaya. 91 se 100 tak ke 10 parichhed sumangal ther dvaara rache gaye aur unamein bhuvanekabaahu truteeya se lekar keertishri raajasinh ke kaal (lag. E. 1785) tak ke 24 raajaaon ka varnan kiya. yahaaain lanka mein isaai dharm ke prachaar ki bhi soochana milti hai. agala 101vaaain parichhed sumangalaachaarya tatha devarakshit dvaara racha gaya. tatpashchaat vahaaain ka raajya angrejon ke haath mein chale jaane ki bhi soochana hai. mahaavansh ka antim parivdharn bhikshu prajnyaaanand naayak dvaara 1936 mein prakaashit hua aur ismein 1815 se 1935 E. tak ka lanka ka itihaas samaavisht kiya gaya hai. is prakaar mahaavansh ki rachana mein chhah granthakaaron ka haath hai jinke dvaara ismein Bhagwan buddh se lekar lagbhag dhaai hajaar varshon ka lanka ka itihaas avichhinn roop se ankit kiya gaya hai. yeh granth is baat ka bhi prateek hai ki ukt deergh kaal tak lanka mein paali bhaasha ko kis prakaar jeevit rakha gaya aur usamein saahityik rachana ki dhaara ko kabhi sookhane naheen diya gaya.

anya vansh granth

deepavansh aur mahaavansh rachanaaon ne teevr aitihaasik vrutti jaagrat ki. parinaamat: anek anya vansh naamak granth rache gaye. ismein aitihaasik tathya to praaya: ukt donon granthon se hi liye gaye hain, kintu unamein jo naana vishyon ki shrutipranpara ko ekatr kar diya gaya hai, vah mahatvapoorn hai. inmein vishay ko mahatva dene ke liye bahut kuchh atishyoktiyon aur kalpanaaon ka bhi aashray liya gaya hai, jiske kaaran kaheen kaheen itihaasajnya ko udveg ya ashraddha utpann hone lagti hai. is prakaar ki mukhya rachanaaeain ye hain -

  • (1) mahaabodhivans bhikshu upatiss dvaara gadya mein 11veen shati mein likha gaya; ismein bodhivruksh ka itihaas diya gaya hai aur uske saath buddhadharm evam usaki sangeetiyon, Mahendra ke lankaagaman aur vahaaain chaityanirmaan aadi ka bhi vivran hai.
  • (2) 13veen shati mein bhikshu saariputt ke shishya vaachissar ne gadya mein thoopavans ki rachana ki, jismein buddh ki dhaatuon par nirmit stoopon ka itihaas diya gaya hai. granthakaar ke mataanusaar tathaagat, pratyek buddh, tathaagat ke shishya evam chakravarti raajaaon ke avashesh jin chaityon mein rakhe jaate hain, ve stoop kahalaate hain. buddh ke avashesh aadi raajagruh, vaishaali aadi aath sthaanon mein rakhe gaye. kintu magadharaaj ajaatashatru ne un sabko ekatr kar raajagruh ke mahaastoop mein hi rakha. ashok ne inka pun: vibhaajan kar bhinn-bhinn sthaanon par 84 hajaar stoop banavaae. lanka mein devaanaapiya tiss ke bauddh dharm sveekaar kar lene tatha unki bhateeji anulaadevi ki pravrajya sanghamitra ke haathon sampann ho jaane par sampoorn lanka dweep mein ek ek yojan ke antar par stoop banavaae gaye, ityaadi.
  • (3) daathaavans 13veen shati mein saariputt ke shishya mahaasthavir dharmakeerti dvaara padya mein racha gaya. yeh rachana paandityapoorn hai. ismein vishay ka vistaar praaya: thoopavansh ke hi samaan hai, keval yahaaain bauddh dharm ka itihaas Bhagwan buddh ke daaaint ke saath gooaintha gaya hai.
  • (4) hatthavanagall vihaaravans bhi 13veen shati ki gadyapadyaatmak rachana hai, jiske 11 adhyaayon mein se pratham aath mein lanka naresh shri sanbodhi ka varnan hai evam antim teen adhyaayon mein unke dvaara nirmaapit vihaaron ka jinmein se ek ati suprasiddh attanagalu vihaar ya hatthavanagalu vihaar bhi tha.
  • (5) 14veen shati mein mahaamangal bhikshu dvaara buddhadhosuppatti ke naam se buddhaghosh ka jeevanacharit likha gaya. iska tathyaatmak ansh utana hi hai jitna mahaavansh aadi mein paaya jaata hai. buddhaghosh ke janm, baalyakaal, shiksha, deeksha aadi vishyak varnan praaya: kalpit hain.
  • (6) 14veen shati ki ek anya rachana saddhammasangah hai, jiske karta mahaasvaami dharmakeerti hain. ismein aadi se lekar 13veen shati tak ke bauddhadharm evam bhikshusangh ka itihaas dene ka prayatn kiya gaya hai. karta ne tripitk ke granthon ke ullekh bhi diye hain. kab, kin desh pradesh mein dharmaprachaar ke liye bhikshu bheje gaye iska yahaaain vistrut varnan paaya jaata hai. granth mein kul 40 gadyapadyaatmak adhyaaya hain. nauvein adhyaaya mein bahut se granthon aur granthakaaron ke bhi ullekh aae hain. 14veen shati ke pashchaat lanka mein is prakaar ki koi vishesh grantharachana naheen pai jaati. kintu is pranaali ke teen granth 19veen shati mein brahmadesh mein likhe gaye milte hain. kisi ek bhikshu ne gadya-padya-mishrit saral shaili mein Bhagwan buddh ke chhah keshon ke oopar nirmaan karaae gaye stoopon ka varnan chhakes dhaatuvans naamak granth mein kiya hai. is shati ki vishesh mahatvapoorn rachana hai
  • (7) gandhavans (granthavansh), jismein mahaakachchaan se lekar naagitaachaarya tak ke 56 granthakaaron tatha unki rachanaaon ka parichay diya gaya hai. inke atirikt koi 30 granth aise bhi ullakhit hain jinke kartaaon ke naam naheen diye gaye. yeh granth badi saavadhaani se likha gaya prateet hota hai. 19veen shati ki ek aur rachana hai
  • (8) shaasanavansh, jise karta bhikshu prajnyaaasvaami hain. yahaaain buddhakaal se lekar 19veen shati tak ke sthavirvaadi bauddhadharm ka itihaas 10 adhyaayon mein diya gaya hai, jo vishesh mahatvapoorn hai.

ukt granthon mein adhikaansh bhaag praacheen tripitk, unki atthakathaaon tatha mahaavansh ke antargat vaarta ki sakshep ya vistaar se punaraavrutti maatr hai. kintu fir bhi unamein apne apne vishay ki kuchh maulikta bhi hai jiske aadhaar se hamein ukt vishyon ka kuchh itihaas buddhakaal se lagaakar ab tak ka avichhinn roop mein praapt hota hai. yeh paali saahitya ki apni visheshata hai jo sanskrut praakrut mein naheen pai jaati.

paali ke shaastreeya granth

paali mein samay-samay par shaastreeya granth bhi rache gaye hain. vyaakaran ke kshetr mein kachchaan aur moggallaan krut, vyaakaran evam unki teekaaeain prasiddh hain. san 1154 E. mein brahmadesh ke bhikshu aggavans krut saddaneeti, kachchaan ke vyaakaran par aadhaarit paali bhaasha ka vyaakaran hai. iske teen bhaag hain- padamaala, dhaatumaala aur suttamaala. isi par aadhaarit jinratn bhikshu krut dhaatvarthadeepani naamak padyabaddh dhaatusoochi hai. paali vyaakaran vishyak anya kuchh rachanaaeain hain- saddhammaguru krut saddabutti, mangalakrut gandhatthi aur saamaner dhammadassi krut vachchavaachak (14veen shati), ariyvansh krut gandhaabharan (15veen shati), brahmadesh ke narash kyachcha ki putri krut vibhktyarthaprakaran (15veen shati), janboodhvaj krut sanvannanaanaya-deepana aur niruttisangah (17veen shati), raajaguru krut kaarakapupfamanjari (18veen shati).

paali ke "abhidhaanappadeepika" aur "ekakkhar kosh" ye kosh granth suprasiddh hain.

paali chhand:shaastr par bhi anek rachanaaeain hain, jaise vruttodaya, chhandovichiti aur kavibhaaraprakaran aadi. inmein thar sangharavikht krut (12veen shati) vruttodaya hi sabse adhik prasiddh hai. ispar vachanatvajotika naamak teeka bhi likhi gayi. inheen sangharavikht krut paali kaavyashaastr par bhi ekamaatr rachana hai- subodhaalankaar.

yeh bhi dekhiye

baahari kadiyaaain

shabdakosh :

granth :

paali adhyayan :

charcha samooh :

paali saaftaveyar evam upakaran :

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