paali bhaasha

girnaar ke ashok ka abhilekh ki pratilipi : iski lipi braahmi tatha bhaasha paali hai.

paali praacheen uttar Bhaarat ke logo ki bhaasha thi. jo poorv mein Bihar se pashchim mein Haryana-Rajasthan tak aur uttar mein Nepal-uttarapradesh se dakshin mein Madhya Pradesh tak boli jaati thi. Bhagwan buddh bhi inhi pradesho mein vihran karte hue logo ko dharm samajhaate rahe. aaj inhi pradesho mein hindi boli jaati hai. isliye, paali praacheen hindi hai. yeh hind-Europeeya bhaasha-parivaar mein ki ek boli ya praakrut hai. isko bauddh tripitk ki bhaasha ke roop mein bhi jaana jaata hai. paali, braahmi parivaar ki lipiyon mein likhi jaati thi.

paali shabd ki vyutpatti ke sambandh mein vidvaanon ke naana mat paae jaate hain. kisi ne ise paath shabd se tatha kisi ne paayad (praakrut) se utpann karne ka prayatn kiya hai. ek jarman vidvaan maiks vailesar ne paali ko 'paatali' ka sankshipt roop bataakar yeh mat vyakt kiya hai ki usaka arth paataliputr ki praacheen bhaasha se hai. in vyutpattiyon ki apeksha jin do maton ki or vidvaanon ka adhik jhukaav hai, unamein se ek to hai pan॰ vidhushekhar Bhattacharya ka mat, jiske anusaar paali, pankti shabd se vyutpann hua hai. is mat ka prabal samarthan ek praacheen paali kosh abhidhaanappadeepika (12veen shati E.) se hota hai, kyonki usamein tanti (tantr), buddhavachan, panti (pankti) aur paali in shabdon me bhi spasht hi paali ka arth pankti hi hai. poorvokt do arthon mein paali ke jo prayog milte hain, unki bhi is arth se saarthakata siddh ho jaati hai. buddhavachanon ki pankti ya paath ki pankti ka arth buddhaghosh ke prayogon mein baith jaata hai. tathaapi dhvanivijnyaaan ke anusaar pankti shabd se paali ki vyutpatti naheen baithaai ja sakti. usaki apeksha pankti ke arth mein prachalit deshi shabd paali, paathth, paadoo se hi is shabd ka sabandh jodna adhik upayukt prateet hota hai. paali shabd peechhe sanskrut mein bhi prachalit hua paaya jaata hai. abhidhaanappadeepika mein jo paali ki vyutpatti "paaleti rakkhateeti paali", is prakaar batalaai gayi hai usase bhi is mat ka samarthan hota hai. kintu "paali mahaavyaakaran" ke karta bhikshu jagadeesh kashyap ne paali ko pankti ke arth mein lene ke vishay mein kuchh aapattiyaaain uthaai hain aur use mool tripitk granthon mein anek sthaanon par prayukt 'pareeyaaya' (paryaaya) shabd se vyutpann batalaane ka prayatn kiya hai. samraat ashok ke bhaabroo shilaalekh mein tripitk ke 'dhammapariyaaya' shabd sthaan par maagadhi pravrutti ke anusaar 'dhamm paliyaaya' shabd ka prayog paaya jaata hai, jiska arth buddh-upadesh ya vachan hota hai. kashyap ji ke anusaar isi paliyaaya sharan se paali ki vyutpatti hui.

mool tripitk mein bhaasha ka kaheen koi naam naheen milta. kintu buddhaghosh aadi aachaaryon ne buddh ke upadeshon ki bhaasha ko maagadhi kaha hai. visuddhimgg evam mahaavans mein is maagadhi ko sab praaniyon ki moolabhaasha kaha gaya hai. uske sthaan par paali shabd ka prayog praaya: 14veen shati E. ke poorv naheen paaya jaata. haaain, buddhaghosh ne apni atthakathaaon mein paali shabd ka prayog kiya hai, kintu yeh bhaasha ke arth mein naheen, buddhavachan athva moolatripitk ke paath ke arth mein kiya hai aur vah bhi praaya: us paath ko atthakatha se bhinn dikhlaane ke liye. is prakaar kaheen unhonne kaha hai ki iski paali is prakaar hai, kintu atthakatha mein aisa hai, athva yeh baat na paali mein hai aur na atthakatha mein I hai. buddhaghosh ke samay se kuchh poorv likhe gaye deepavans mein tatha unke pashchaatkaaleen mahaavans aadi rachanaaon mein bhi paali shabd ka inheen do arthon mein prayog kiya gaya paaya jaata hai. isi arthaprayog se kramash: paali shabd us saahitya tatha usaki bhaasha ke liye bhi kiya jaane laga.

bhaasha ki drushti se paali us madhyayugeen bhaarateeya aaryabhaasha ka ek roop hai jiska vikaas lagbhag E.poo. chhathi shati se maana jaata hai. usase poorv ki aadiyugeen bhaarateeya aaryabhaasha ka svaroop vedon tatha braahmanon, upanishdon evam raamaayan, mahaabhaarat aadi granthon mein praapt hota hai, jinhein 'vaidik bhaasha' evam 'sanskrut bhaasha' kehte hain. vaidik bhaasha evam sanskrut ki apeksha madhyakaaleen bhaashaaon ka bhed pramukhata se nimn baaton mein paaya jaata hai :

• dhvaniyon mein ri, l, ai aur in svaron ka abhaav,

• A aur O ki hrasv dhvaniyon ka vikaas,

• sh, sh, s in teenon ooshmon ke sthaan par kisi ekamaatr ka tatha saamaanyat: s ka prayog,

• visrg ka sarvatha abhaav tatha asavarnasanyukt vyanjanon ko asanyukt banaane athva savarn sanyog mein parivrtit karne ki pravrutti.

vyaakaran ki drushti se

• sanjnyaa evam kriya ke roopon mein dvivchan ka abhaav

• pulling aur napunsak ling mein abhed aur vyatyaya;

• kaarakon evam kriyaaroopon mein sankoch,

• halant roopon ka abhaav;

• kiyaaon mein parasmaipad, aatmanepad tatha bhavaadi, adaadi ganon ke bhed ka lop.

ye visheshataaeain madhyayugeen bhaarateeya aaryabhaasha ke saamaanya lakshan hain aur desh ki un lokabhaashaaon mein paae jaate hain jinka suprachaar ukt avadhi se koi do hajaar varsh tak raha aur jinka bahut-sa saahitya bhi upalabdh hai.

kaal ke aadhaar par praakrut bhaashaaon ke bhed

ukt saamaanya lakshanon ke atirikt in bhaashaaon mein apne-apne desh aur kaal ki apeksha naana bhed paae jaate hain. kaal ki drushti se unke teen star maane gaye hain -

• praakmadhyakaaleen (E.poo. 600 se E. san 100 tak),
• antar madhyakaaleen (E. san 100 se 600 tak) tatha
• uttar madhyakaaleen (E.san 600 se 1000 tak).

in sab yugon ki bhaashaaon ko ek saamaanya naam praakrut diya gaya hai. iske pratham star ko bhaashaaon ka svaroop ashok ki prashastiyon tatha paali saahitya mein praapt hota hai. dviteeya star ki bhaashaaon mein maagadhi, ardhamaagadhi, shauraseni evam mahaaraashtri praakrut bhaashaaeain hai jinka vipul saahitya upalabdh hai. truteeya star ki bhaashaaon ko apabhransh ev avahatth naam diye gaye hain.

deshabhed ki drushti se praakrut bhaashaaon ke bhed

deshabhed ki drushti se madhyakaaleen bhaashaaon ke bhed ka sarvapraacheen parichay maurya samraat ashok (E.poo. truteeya shati) ki dharmalipiyon mein praapt hota hai. inmein teen pradeshabhed spasht hain - poorvi, pashchimi aur pashchimottari. poorvi bhaasha ka svaroop dhauli aur jaugadh ki prashastiyon mein dikhaai deta hai. inmein r ke sthaan par l tatha aakaaraant shabdon ke kartaakaarak ekavachan ki vibhkti A supratishthit hai. praakrut ke vaiyaakaranon ne in pravruttiyon ko maagadhi praakrut ke vishesh lakshanon mein ginaaya hai. vaiyaakaranon ke mataanusaar is maagadhi praakrut ka teesara vishesh lakshan teenon ooshm varnon ke sthaan par sh ka prayog hai. kintu ashok ke ukt lekhon mein yeh pravrutti naheen pai jaati, kyonki yahaaain teenon ooshmon ke sthaan par s hi prayukt hua hai. isi kaaran ashok ki is poorvi praakrut ko maagadhi na kehkar ardhamaagadhi ka praacheen roop kehna adhik upayukt hai. pashchimi bhaasha bhed ka pratinidhitv karanevaalon mein girnaar ki prashastiyaaain hain. inmein r aur l ka bhed surakshit hai. ooshmon ke sthaan par s ka prayog hai tatha akaaraant karta kaarak ekavachan roop O mein ant hota hai. in pravruttiyon se spasht hai ki yeh bhaasha shauraseni ka praacheen roop hai. pashchimottar ki bhaasha ka roop shahabaajagadhi aur maanasera ki prashastiyon mein dikhaai deta hai. inmein praaya: sh, sh, s ye teenon ooshm varn apne sthaan par surakshit hain. kaheen-kaheen kuchh vyatyaya drushtigochar hota hai. rakaarayukt sanyuktavarn bhi dikhaai dete hain, tatha jnya aur nya ke sthaan par ranyanya, ka prayog (jaise ranyanyao nyanya) paaya jaata hai. ye pravruttiyaaain us bhaasha ko paishaachi praakrut ka poorv roop ingit karti hain.

paali tripitk ka kuchh bhaag avashya hi ashok ke kaal mein saahityik roop dhaaran kar chuka tha kyonki uske laahulovaad, moneyyasutt aadi saat prakaranon ka ullekh unki bhaabroo ki prashasti mein hua hai. kintu upalabdh saahitya ki bhaasha mein ashok ke poorvi shilaalekh ki bhaasha sambandhi visheshataaon ka praaya: sarvatha abhaav hai. vyaapak roop se paali bhaasha ka svaroop girnaar prashasti ki bhaasha se sarvaadhik mel khaata hai aur isi kaaran paali moolat: poorvadesheeya naheen, kintu madhyadesheeya hai. jis visheshata ke kaaran paali madhyayugeen bhaarateeya aaryabhaasha ke pratham star ki gini jaati hai, dviteeya ki naheen, vah hai usamein madhyavarti aghosh vyanjanon ke lop tatha mahaapraan varnon ke sthaan par h ke aadesh ka abhaav. ye pravruttiyaaain dviteeya star ki bhaashaaon ke saamaanya lakshan hain. haaain, kaheen kaheen k t jaise aghosh varnon ke sthaan par g d aadi saghosh varnon ka aadesh dikhaai deta hai. kintu yeh ek to alpamaatra mein hi hai aur doosare vah pratham star ki ukt maryaada ke bheetar apekshaakrut pashchaatkaal ki pravrutti ka dyotak hai.

paali bhaasha evam madhyakaaleen bhaarateeya aaryabhaashaaon ke sambandh mein dhyaan dene yogya baat yeh hai ki yeh bhaashaavikaas jo sanskrut se maana jaata hai vah theek naheen. yathaarthat: vaidikkaal se hi saahityik bhaasha ke saath saath usase milti julati lokabhaasha ne desh evam kaalabhedaanusaar saahityik praakrut bhaashaaon ka roop dhaaran kiya hai. paali bhi apni poori viraasat sanskrut se naheen le rahi, kyonki usamein anake shabdaroop aise paae jaate hain jiska mel sanskrut se naheen, kintu vedon ki bhaasha se baithata hai. udaaharanaarth- paali evam anya praakruton mein truteeya bahuvachan ke deverbhi, devehi, jaise roop milte hain. akaaraant sanjnyaaaon ke aise roopon ka sanskrut mein sarvatha abhaav hai, kintu vaidik mein deverbhi, utana hi suprachilit hai jitna devai:. ataev ukt roop ki parampara paali tatha praakruton mein vaidik bhaasha se hi udbhoot maani ja sakti hai. usi prakaar paali mein 'yamaamase', 'maasare', 'kaatave' aadi anek roop aise hain jinke pratyaya sanskrut mein paae hi naheen jaate, kintu vaidik bhaasha mein vidyamaan hain. paali ke granthon tatha ashok ki prashastiyon se poorv ka praakrut (lokabhaashaaon) mein likhit saahitya upalabdh naheen hai tatha praakrut vaiyaakaranon ne apni suvidha ke liye sanskrut ko prakruti maankar praakrut bhaasha ka vyaakaranaatmak vishleshan kiya hai aur iseeliye yeh bhraanti utpann ho gayi hai ki praakrut bhaashaaon ki utpatti sanskrut se hui. paali ke kachchaan, moggallaan aadi vyaakaranon mein yeh dosh naheen paaya jaata, kyonki vahaaain bhaasha ka varnan sanskrut ko prakruti maanak naheen kiya gaya.

neeche kuchh pramukh shabdon ke tulya paali shabd diye gaye hain-

sanjnyaa

a-car

aa-car

i-car

u-car

• paali bhaasha ka saahitya
• sanskrut
• Bhaarat ki bhaashaaeain
• paali, praakrut aur apabhransh ka kosh vaaङamaya
• bauddh dhamm ki paali saahitya parampara
• praakrut bhaasha

• paali mahaavyaakaran (bhikshu jagadeesh kaashyap)
• paali bhaasha : vyutpatti, bhaasha-kshetr evam bhaashik pravruttiyaaain (mahaaveer saran jain)
• Pāali at Ethnologue
• Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Pali Literature (Google book By B Barauh)

shabdakosh :

• paali-hindi kosh (Google pustak ; lekhak - bhadant aanand kaushalyaayan)
• paali --> angreji shabdakosh
• Free/Public-Domain paali bauddh shabdakosh (PDF praaroop mein)
• Pali.dk - A newly started project aimed at creating free online Pāali dictionaries and educational resources.
• English-Pali Dictionary by Metta Net, Sri Lanka
• The Pali Text Society's Pali-EnglishDictionary
• paali-angreji shabdakosh (sanskrut vikshanari)

granth :

• paali tekst society
• tipitk - Free searchable online database of Pali literature, including the whole Canon
• Complete Pāali Canon in romanized Pali and Sinhala, mostly also in English translation
• Comprehensive list of Pāali texts on Wikisource
• jain granth - ismein se kuchh paali bhaasha mein hain.

paali adhyayan :

• paali bhaasha seekhane ki maargadarshika
• A textbook to teach yourself Pali (by Narada Thera)
• A reference work on the grammar of the Pali language (by G Duroiselle)
• "Pali Primer" by Lily De Silva (UTF-8 encoded)
• Free/Public-Domain Elementary Pāali Course--PDF format
• Free/Public-Domain Pāali Course--html format
• Free/Public-Domain Pāali Grammar (in PDF file)
• A Course in the Pali Language audio lectures by Bhikkhu Bodhi based on Gair & Karunatilleke (1998).

charcha samooh :

• Pāali Discussion Forum
• Yahoo discussion group on Pāali
• E-Sangha Pāali Discussion Forum: for experts and students
• Geocities discussion group on Pāali (homepage)

paali saaftaveyar evam upakaran :

• Experimental paali-angreji anuvaadak program (praayogik)
• Pāali Text Reader (software)
• Resources for reading & writing Pāali in indigenous scripts: Burmese, Sri Lankan, & Cambodian
• Pali language tools