ootak vigyaan

prakaash sookshmadarshi ki sahaayata se ootak slaaid ka adhyayan

ootak vigyaan ya ootiki (Histology) ki paribhaasha dete hue storar ne likha hai : ootak vigyaan ya sookshm shareer (microscopic anatomy) angon ke bheetar ootakon ki sanrachana tatha unke vinyaas (arrangement) ke adhyayan ko kehte hain. aaingareji ka histolauji shabd yoonaani bhaasha ke shabd histos‌ (histos) tatha laujiya (logia) se milkar bana hai, jinka arth hota hai ootakon (tissues) ka adhyayan. at: ootak vigyaan vah vigyaan hai, jiske antargat ootakon ki sookshm sanrachana tatha unki vyavastha athva vinyaas ka adhyayan kiya jaata hai. 'ootak' shabd fraanseesi bhaasha ke shabd tishoo (tissu) se nikla hai, jiska arth hota hai sanrachana ya banaavat (texture). is shabd ka prayog sarvapratham fraanseesi shaareer vaigyaanik (anatomist) bishait (Bichat) ne 18veen shataabdi ke ant mein shaareer ya shareer-rachana vigyaan ke prasang mein kiya tha. unhonne apni pustak mein lagbhag bi prakaar ke ootakon ka ullekh kiya hai. kintu, aajkal keval chaar prakaar ke mukhya ootakon ko maanyata praapt hai, jinke naam hain : ipeethiliymi (epithelial), sanyojak (connective), pesheeya (musclar) aur tantrikeeya ootak (nervous tissues).

koshika, koshikaaon se ootak, ootakon se ang, ango se tantr bante hain.

aadikaal se hi manushya pashu-pakshiyon aur ped-paudhon ko unki aakruti tatha aakaar ke dvaara pahachaanata raha hai. vigyaan ke vikaas ke saath vanaspatiyon tatha jantuon ke shareer ke bheetar ki sanrachana jaanane ki bhi jijnyaaasa utpann hoti gayi. isi jijnyaaasa ke falasvaroop shalyakriya (surgery) ka vikaas hua. chikitsa tatha jeevavaijnyaaanikon ne pashu aur vanaspatiyon ki cheerafaad karke unke ang ki sanrachanaaon-ang pratayangon-ka adhyayan aarambh kiya. isi adhyayan ke falasvaroop sampoorn shaareer (gross anatomy) ki utpatti hui. isi ke saath jab sookshmadarshi yantron (microscopes) ka vikaas hua to jatil aantarik sanrachanaaeain bhi spasht hoti gayi. is sookshmadarsheeya yaantrik adhyayan ko bhautiki ki sanjnyaa pradaan ki gayi. at: bloom tatha fauset ke shabdon mein 'ootiki ya sookshmadarshi shaareer ke antargat shareer ki vah aantarik sanrachana aati hai jo nangi aaainkhon se naheen dikhlaai deti.

samast sajeev praaniyon ki sanrachanaatmak tatha kriyaatmak (functional) ikaai koshika (cell) hoti hai. isi koshika ke adhyayan ko koshika vigyaan (cytology) kaha jaata hai. koshikaaon ke punjon (groups) se ootakon aur ootakon se angon ki rachana hoti hain. ootakon ki sanrachana ka adhyayan karanevaale vigyaan ko autiki tatha angon ki sanrachana ka adhyayan karanevaale vigyaan ko shaareer kehte hain. ootiki tatha koshika vigyaan ke adhyayanon ke kaaran shareer ke durbhedya rahasyon ka bhedan hota gaya. in donon ke sanmilit adhyayan se ootiki-rog-vigyaan (histopathology) ka vikaas hua.

san‌ 1932 mein naul evam raska ne ilektraan sookshmadarshi ka aavishkaar kiya, jisse koshikaaon tatha ootakon ki jatiltam saranchanaaon ka spashteekaran hua. isi ke saath saath shareerakriyaavijnyaaan (physiology) ka bhi vikaas hota gaya aur nae nae rahasyon ka niraavaran sambhav hua. is prakaar in teenon vijnyaaanon ke sammilit prayaas se jeevavaijnyaaanik kshetr mein abhootapoorv kraanti I hai. ootiki aur koshikaavijnyaaan mukhya roop se sookshm sanrachanaaon ke aakaarakeeya svaroop ko spasht karte hain. kintu jab se enileen ranjakon (aniline dyes) ka anveshan hua tab se koshikaaon ki jatil sanrachanaaon ka bhi gyaan praapt hone laga hai. aaj sainkadon prakaar ke ranjakon ka prayog karke sookshm se sookshm sanrachanaaon par prakaash daala ja raha hai. is prakaar, ootiki ke kshetr mein ab rasaayanavijnyaaan ka bhi pravesh ho gaya hai. bhaaainti bhaaainti ke sthaayeekaron (fixatives) ke prayog se ranjakon ki raasaayanik pratikriyaaon ka samuchit gyaan praapt ho raha hai. jeevadravya (protoplasm), koshika dravya (cytoplasm) tatha unamein aur koshikaaon ke anek angakon (organelles) ki raasaayanik sanrachanaaon ka gyaan ab sarvasaadhaaran ke liye sulabh hai. ye angak kis prakaar vishesheekrut kaarya sanpaadit karte hain, yeh ab agyaat naheen rah gaya. sookshm sanrachanaaon (microscopic structure) ki raasaayanik prakruti ke adhyayan ko ootikeerasaayan (histochemistry) ya koshikaarasaayan (cytochemistry) kaha jaata hai aur ab ootiki tatha ootikeerasaayan ka ek saath adhyayan kiya jaata hai.

helen deen ke mataanusaar is prakaar ki adhyayanavidhiyon ki teen pramukh kotiyaaain hain:

• (1) ootakon ke aantarik raasaayanik padaartho ki, unke varn ki pareeksha (colour test) ki pratikriyaaon aur unki prakaashik visheshataaon (optic characters) ki prushthabhoomi mein pehchaan (identification). ye vidhiyaaain saamaanyataya gunaatmak (qualitative) hi hoti hain, sankhyaatmak (quantitative) naheen. iska kaaran yeh hai ki in vidhiyon se raasaayanik padaarthon ke vistaar (distribution) ka hi pata chalta hai, unki saandrata (concentration) kitni hai, iska gyaat naheen ho paata.

• (2) lingarastrom tatha laing dvaara viksit anasthaayeekrut (undixed) tatha aalagn vichhedon (frozen sections) ki jaivaraasaayanik kriyaaon (biological activities) ki maap is vidhi ki doosari visheshata hai.

• (3) ant mein, is vidhi dvaara yeh pata lagaaya jaata hai ki koshikaaon ke ekal ghatakon (isolated constituents) ki kya pratikriyaaeain hoti hain. is vidhi ko bensle ne viksit kiya tha. iske antargat koshikaaon ke keindrakon (nuclei), maaitokaundriya (mitochondria) sraavi kanikaaon (secietory granules) aadi ko pruthak karke unki raasaayanik tatha enjaaimi (enzymatically) pareekshaaeain ki jaati hain.

belly ki ootiki vishay par likhi pustak mein ootak vigyaan ke saath hi koshika vaigyaanik adhyayan par bhi bal diya gaya hai. belly ke mataanusaar, chooainki ootak-vigyaan sanrachana sambandhi adhyayan (structural science) hai aur vichhedan (disection) dvaara praapt shareerarachana sambandhi gyaan ki poorti karta hai, at: iske shareer-kriya-vigyaan (physiology) tatha rogavijnyaaan (pathology) se ghanishth sambandh par bhi bal dena aavashyak hai. (beleej tekst book ov histolauji, sanshodhak vilfed M. kopenahaavar evam dorothi di. Johnson, Williams aind vilkins kan. baalteemor, 14veen aavrutti, 1958). inke mataanusaar bhi ootak vigyaan ka aadhaar koshikaashaareer (cell anatomy) athva koshikaavijnyaaan (cytology) hi hai.

uparyukt vivran se yeh prakat hota hai ki koshikaavijnyaaan tatha ootakavijnyaaan ka ek saath adhyayan kiya jaana chaahiye. chooainki koshikaaeain atisookshm sanrachanaaeain hoti hain, at: ham ootak vigyaan ko sookshmashaareer (microscopic anatomy) ka hi paryaaya maankar ootiki ka adhyayan kareinge. chooainki ootak koshikaaon dvaara hi bane hote hain, at: ootiki ka adhyayan ham koshikaaon ke hi maadhyam se kareinge.

ootakon ke samyak‌ adhyayan ke liye yeh aavashyak hai ki sookshmadarshak yantr tak unhein laane ke poorv unako vishesh paddhatiyon dvaara upachaar (treatment) kiya jaae. ootak ka sookshm adhyayan karne ke liye yeh anivaarya hai ki vah ati patala ho. jeevit ootak ke vibhinn bhaagon mein bahut samaanataaeain pai jaati hain. at: usaka theek theek adhyayan sambhav naheen hota. in kathinaaiyon ko door karne ke liye sarvapratham ootak ko 4 se 8 maaikraun tak vichhedit kar liya jaata hai. is kaarya ke liye 'maaikrotom' yantr ka prayog kiya jaata hai. jeevit ootak ka itna sookshm vichhed tab tak sambhav naheen hota, jab tak vah kada na ho. at: ootak ko kada karne ke liye use vishesh prakaar ke rasaayanon ke ghol mein sthaayeekrut (fix) kiya jaata hai. sthaayeekaran ke uparaant is ootak ko alakohalon ke vibhinn gholon, abhiranjakon (stains) tatha anya rasaayanon mein upachaar (treat) karke nirjal kar liya jaata hai. ant mein ise vishesh taap par pehle se hi galaakar taiyaar rakha jaata hai, daal diya jaata hai. kuchh samay baad mom ke saath hi ootak ke tukadon ko chaturbhujaakaar (rectangular) saaainche mein daal diya jaata hai. jab mom jamkar kada ho jaata hai, to uske chhote chhote tukade kaat liye jaate hain. ant mein in tukadon ko maaikrotom ke vishesh bhaag mein jamaakar usamein ek ati dhaaradaar chaakoo (razor) se vishesh motaai ke anek sekshan kaat liye jaate hain. in sekshanon ko kaaainch ki pattiyon par rakhakar adhyayan ke liye rakh liya jaata hai. kaaainch ki pattiyon ko heeting plate par rakhakar unka mom gala liya jaata hai aur ootak ka sekshan kaaainch ki patti par jam jaata hai. in sekshanon se ladi kaaainch ki pattiyon ko vishesh rasaayanon tatha alkohal ke gholon mein nirjal kar liya jaata hai. fir ise daaileen ya sedaar ud aayal mein bhigo diya jaata hai. ab yeh sekshan sookshm adhyayan ke liye taiyaar ho gaya.

in sekshanon ke sookshm adhyayan ke liye bhaaainti-bhaaainti ke maaikrauskopon (jaise, fej kantraast, ilektraun aadi) ka prayog kiya jaata hai. aajkal ootakon ka adhyayan karne ke liye is prakaar ke maaikrauskopon ka atyadhik prayog hone laga hai. is sookshm adhyayan ke liye ootikeerasaayan (histochemestry) aur vikirn svachitran (radioau ography) vidhiyon ka prayog kiya jaane laga hai.

ootikeerasaayan ke antargat ootakon ke vibhinn bhaagon ki raasaayanik sanrachana ka adhyayan hota hai. vikirn svachitran vidhi mein jeevit jatu ke vishesh ootak mein vishesh prakaar ke rediyoaaisotopon ka pravesh karaaya jaata hai. is prakaar se upachaareekrut ootakon ko jantushareer se baahar nikaalkar sekshan bana liye jaate hain. in sekshanon ko Dirk room mein le jaakar fotograafi ke vishesh rasaayanon dvaara anulepit kar lete hain, ya film ke neeche rakhakar majabooti se baaaindh dete hain. kuchh samay baad inhein aaindhere kaksh (dark room) se baahar nikaalkar sthaayeekrut kar liya jaata hai. tatpashchaat‌ inhein prakaash mein laakar inka adhyayan kiya jaata hai.

ootakon ka adhyayan unki sookshm sanrachana ka gyaan praapt karne ke liye kiya jaata hai. at: ootaki ki sanrachana ka sankshipt ullekh aavashyak hai.

ootakon ki sanrachana mein teen prakaar ke mukhya ghatak dikhlaai dete hain : koshikaaeain, maitriks tatha taral dravya.

koshikaaeain (cells)

ootakon ki ikaai koshika hoti hai. koshikaaeain sajeev hoti hain tatha ve sabhi kaarya karti hain, jinhein sajeev praani karte hain. inka aakaar atisookshm tatha aakruti golaakaar, andaakaar, stanbhaakaar, romakayukt, kashaabhikaayukt, bahubhujeeya aadi prakaar ki hoti hai. ye jeli jaisi ek vastu dvaara aavrutt hoti hain. is aavaran ko koshikaavaran (cell membrane) ya koshika-jhilli kehte hain. ise kabhi-kabhi jeev-dravya-kala (plasma membrane) bhi kaha jaata hai. iske bheetar nimnalikhit sanrachanaaeain pai jaati hain:-

(1) keindrak evam keindrika

(2) jeevadravya

(3) golgi sammishr ya yantr

(4) kanaabh sootr

(5) antarpradravya daalika

(6) gunasootr (pitrusootr) evam jeen

(7) ribosom tatha sentrosom

(8) lavak

maitriks (matrix)

maitriks ya aadhaatri ko intarselyoolar (intercellular) ya ground sabstains (ground substance) bhi kaha jaata hai. jaisa naam se hi spasht hai, yeh koshikaaon ke madhya bhaag mein sthit hokar unhein paraspar jodne ka kaarya karti hai. ye sajeev tatha nirjeev donon prakaar ki hoti hain. saadhaaranataya aadhaatru sanyojak ootakon (connective tissues) mein pai jaati hain. yeh tantu ya reshon dvaara bani hoti hai, jo teen prakaar ke hote hain : kaulaajani (collagenous), jaaleedaar (reticluar) tatha elaastik (elastic). yeh sajaateeya ya samaangi (homogenous) padaarth hota hai jo taral athva jiletin jaisi sthit mein rahata hai. yeh upakala (epithelium), koshikaaon (capillaries) tatha chhoti-chhoti shiraaon (veins) ke neeche jami rahati hai. ismein myookopoleesaikkeraaid aml (mucopolysaccharide acids) paae jaate hain. aadhaatri komal (soft) tatha drudh (firm) donon prakaar ki hoti hai.

taral padaarth

ootakon mein taral padaarth bhi hote hain, jinmein rakt aur laseeka (lymph) mukhya hain. ye donon aashayon (vesicles) athva nalikaaon (tubules) se hokar pravaahit hote hain. ootak taral (tissue fluid) koshikaaon ko tar rakhata hai. adhaatu ke hi kaaran shareer ka svaroop (Form) bana rahata hai. jantu ka shareer vastut: aur kuchh naheen, apitu ant: koshikeeya padaarth athva aadhaatru ka mahal maatr hai, jismein anek rang roop aur aakaar prakaar ki arabon koshikaaon ki itein chuni hoti hain. ye koshikaaeain apne utpaadon ka aadaan pradaan karti hui apna jeevan vyateet karti rahati hain.

ootak vigyaan shareer ke angatantron ki bhi samyak‌ jaankaari deta hai. angatantron ki saranchana, raasaayanik prakruti evam kaaryavidhiyon ka gyaan praapt karne ke liye ootak vigyaan ka sahaara lena padta hai.

• sookshm ootak vigyaan ya sookshmotiki (microhistology)

• Histology Protocols
• Histoweb
• SIU SOM Histology
• Visual Histology Atlas
• Histology Glossary
• Histology Group of Victoria Incorporated
• Histology Photomicrographs
• Virtual Slidebox
• Blue Histology