ooshma

yeh sooraj ki ooshma hai.

is upashaakha mein ooshma taap aur unke prabhaav ka varnan kiya jaata hai. praaya: sabhi dravyon ka aayatan taapavruddhi se badh jaata hai. isi gun ka upayog karte hue taapamaapi banaae jaate hain. ooshma ya ooshmeeya oorja oorja ka ek roop hai jo taap ke kaaran hota hai. oorja ke anya roopon ki tarah ooshma ka bhi pravaah hota hai. kisi padaarth ke garm ya thandhe hone ke kaaran usamein jo oorja hoti hai use usaki ooshmeeya oorja kehte hain. anya oorja ki tarah iska maatrak bhi jool (Joule) hota hai par ise kailori (Calorie) mein bhi vyakt karte hain.

garm ya thandhe hone ki maap taapamaan kahalaata hai jise taapamaapi yaani tharmaameetar ke dvaara maapa jaata hai. lekin taapamaan keval ooshma ki maap hai, khud ooshmeeya oorja naheen. isko maapane ke liye kai pranaaliyaan viksit ki gayi hain jinmein celcius(Celsius), faurenhaait(Farenhite) tatha kelvin(Kelvin) pramukh hain. inke beech ka aapasi sambandh inke vyaktigat prushthon par dekha ja sakta hai.

ooshma maapane ka maatrak kailori hai. vigyaan ki jis upashaakha mein ooshma maapi jaati hai, usako ooshmaamiti (Clorimetry) kehte hain. is maapan ka bahut mahatva hai. visheshataya vishisht ooshma ka saiddhaantik roop se bahut mahatva hai aur iske sambandh mein kai siddhaant prachalit hain. ooshama ka S I maatrak jul hai

ooshma ke prabhaav se padaarth mein kai badlaav aate hain jo yada kada sthaai hote hai aur kabhi-kabhi asthaai.

• ooshmeeya prasaar - garm karne par thos, drav ya gas ke aakaar mein vistaar hota hai. par vaapas thandha karne par ye praay: usi svaroop mein aa jaate hain. is kaaran se inke ghanatv mein bhi badlaav aata hai.
• avastha mein parivartan - thos apne dravaanaank par drav ban jaate hain tatha apne kvathanaank par drav gas ban jaate hain. yeh kvathanaank tatha dravanaank thos tatha drav ke kul daab par nirbhar karta hai. kul daab ke badhne se kvathanaank tatha dravanaank bhi badh jaate hain.
• vidyuteeya gunon mein parivartan - taapamaan badhaane par yaani garm karne par kisi vastu ki pratirodhak kshamata (Resistivity) jaise gunon mein parivartan aata hai. kai daayod tatha traanjistar uchch taapamaan par kaam karna band kar dete hain.
• rasaayanik parivartan - kai abhikriyaaen taapamaan ke badhaane se tej ho jaati hain. udaaharan svaroop 840⁰C par choonaapatthar ka vikhandan -

CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂

ooshma maapane ka maatrak kailori hai. vigyaan ki jis upashaakha mein ooshma maapi jaati hai, usako ooshmaamiti (Clorimetry) kehte hain. is maapan ka bahut mahatva hai. visheshataya vishisht ooshma ka saiddhaantik roop se bahut mahatva hai aur iske sambandh mein kai siddhaant prachalit hain.

ooshma ka sthaanaantaran teen vidhiyon se hota hai chaalan, sanvahan aur vikirn. pehli do vidhiyon mein dravyaatmak maadhyam ki aavashyakta hai, kintu vikirn ki vidhi mein vidyuchchunbakeeya tarangon dvaara ooshma ka antaran hota hai.

ooshma ki ek upashaakha anugati siddhaant (Kinetic Theory) hai. is siddhaant ke anusaar dravyamaatr laghu anuon ke dvaara nirmit hain. gaison ke sambandh mein yeh bahut mahatvapoorn vigyaan hai aur iske upayog ka kshetr bahut vistrut hai. vishesh roop se engineering tatha shilpavijnyaaan mein iska bahut mahatva hai.

ooshmaagatiki ka adhik bhaag do niyamon par aadhaarit hai. ooshmaagatiki ka pratham niyam', oorja sanrakshan niyam ka hi doosra roop hai. iske anusaar ooshma bhi oorja ka hi roop hai. at: iska roopaantaran to ho sakta hai, kintu usaki maatra mein parivartan naheen kiya ja sakta. jool ityaadi ne prayogon dvaara yeh siddh kiya ki in do prakaar ki oorjaaon mein roopaantaran mein ek kailori ooshma 4.18 va 107 arg yaantrik oorja ke tulya hoti hai injeeniyron ka mukhya uddeshya ooshma ka yaantrik oorja mein roopaantar karke engine chalaana hota hai. pratham niyam yeh to bataata hai ki donon prakaar ki oorjaaeain vaastav mein abhinn hain, kintu yeh naheen bataata ki ek ka doosare mein parivartan kiya ja sakta hai athva naheen. yadi bina rok-tok ooshma ka yaantrik oorja mein parivartan sambhav ho sakta, to ham samudra se ooshma lekar jahaaj chala sakte. koyale ka vyaya na hota tatha barf bhi saath saath milti. anubhav se yeh siddh hai ki aisa naheen ho sakta hai

ooshmaagatiki ka doosra niyam yeh kehta hai ki aisa sambhav naheen aur ek hi taap ki vastu se yaantrik oorja ki praapti naheen ho sakti. aisa karne ke liye ek nimn taapeeya pind (sanghanitr) ki bhi aavashyakta hoti hai. kisi bhi engine ke liye uchch taapeeya bhatthi se praap ooshma ke ek ansh ko nimn taapeeya pind ko dena aavashyak hai. shesh ansh hi yaantrik kaarya mein kaam aa sakta hai. samudra ke paani s ooshma lekar usase jahaaj chalaana isaliye sambhav naheen ki vahaaain par sarvatr samaan taap hai aur koi bhi nimn taapeeya vastu maujood naheen. is niyam ka bahut mahatva hai. iske dvaara taap ke param paimaane ki sankalpana ki gayi hai. doosra niyam paramaanuon ki gati ki avyavastha (disorder) se sambandh rakhata hai. is avyavasthitta ko maatraatmak roop dene ke liye entraupi (entropy) naamak ek naveen bhautik raashi ki sankalpana ki gayi hai. ushmaagatiki ke doosare niyam ka ek pahaloo yeh bhi hai. ki praakrutik bhautik kriyaaon mein entraupi ki sada vruddhi hoti hai. usamein hraas kabhi naheen hota.

ooshmaagatiki ke teesare niyam ke anusaar shoonya taap par kisi ooshmaagatik nikaaya ki entraupi shoonya hoti hai. iska anya roop yeh hai ki kisi bhi prayog dvaara shoonya param taap ki praapti sambhav naheen. haaain ham uske ati nikat pahuainch sakte hain, par us tak naheen.

ooshmaagatiki ke prayog ka kshetr bahut vistrut hai. vikirn ke ooshmaagatik adhyayan dvaara ek naveen aur kraantikaari vichaaradhaara kvaantam theory prasfutit hui.

• ushmaagatiki