okseejan

naaitrojan ← aakseejan (oxygen) → floreen – ↑ O ↓ S Electron shell for aakseejan (oxygen) 8{O Periodic table
Appearance
gas: colorless liquid: pale blue Liquid oxygen, boiling (oxygen is liquid below ca. −183 °aC (−297 °aF), at 1 atm) Spectral lines of oxygen
General
Name, symbol, number	aakseejan (oxygen), O, 8
Element category	diatomic nonmetal
Group, period, block	16, 2, p
Standard atomic weight	(15.99903–15.99977)[1]
Electron configuration	[He] 2s2 2p4
Electrons per shell	2, 6 (Image)
Physical properties
Phase	gas
Density	(0 °aC, 101.325 kPa) 1.429 g/L
Melting point	54.36 K, −218.79 °C, −361.82 °F
Boiling point	90.188 K, −182.962 °C, −297.332 °F
Triple point	54.361 K (-219°C), 0.1463 kPa
Critical point	154.581 K, 5.043 MPa
Heat of fusion	(O2) 0.444 kJ·aamol−1
Heat of vaporization	(O2) 6.82 kJ·aamol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °aC) (O2) 29.378 J·aamol−1·aK−1
Vapor pressure
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 61 73 90
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	2, 1, −1, −2
Electronegativity	3.44 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: {{{1st ionization energy}}} kJ·aamol−1
	2nd: {{{2nd ionization energy}}} kJ·aamol−1
	3rd: {{{3rd ionization energy}}} kJ·aamol−1
Covalent radius	66±a2 pm
Van der Waals radius	152 pm
Miscellaneous
Crystal structure	cubic
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 26.58×a10−3 W·aam−1·aK−1
Speed of sound	330 m/s
CAS registry number	7782-44-7
Most stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of aakseejan (oxygen)
iso N.A. half-life DM DE (MeV) DP saaaincha:Infobox element/isotopes stable saaaincha:Infobox element/isotopes stable saaaincha:Infobox element/isotopes stable
yeh sandook: darshan vaarta

okseejan ya praanavaayu ya jaarak (Oxygen) rangaheen, svaadaheen tatha gandharahit gas hai. iski khoj, praapti athva praarambhik adhyayan mein J. preestale aur si. dablyoo. shele ne mahatvapoorn kaarya kiya hai. yeh ek raasaayanik tattv hai. san 1772 E. mein kaarl sheele ne potaishiym naaitret ko garm karke aakseejan gas taiyaar kiya, lekin unka yeh kaarya san 1777 E. mein prakaashit hua. san 1774 E. mein Joseph pristale ne markyurik-aaksaaid ko garm karke okseejan gas taiyaar kiya. entoni laivoijiyr ne is gas ke gunon ka varnan kiya tatha iska naam aakseejan rakha, jiska arth hai - 'aml utpaadak'.

okseejan pruthvi ke anek padaarthon mein rahata hai jaise paani aur vaastav mein anya tatvon ki tulana mein iski maatra sabse adhik hai. okseejan, vaayumandal mein svatantr roop mein milta hai aur aayatan ke anusaar usaka lagbhag paaainchavaaain bhaag hai. yaugik roop mein paani, khanij tatha chattaanon ka yeh mahatvapoorn ansh hai. vanaspati tatha praaniyon ke praaya: sab shaareerik padaarthon ka okseejan ek aavashyak tatv hai.

haufamaan ke voltaameetar mein jal ke vidyut apaghatan se haaidrojan aur aakseejan utpann hoteen hain.

kai prakaar ke aaksaaidon (jaise paara, chaaaindi ityaadi ke) athva daaiaaksaaidon (led, mainganeej, beriym ke) tatha okseejan vaale bahut se lavanon (jaise potaishiym naaitret, kloret, paramainganet tatha daaikromet) ko garam karne se okseejan praapt ho sakta hai. jab kuchh paraaksaaid paani ke saath prakriya karte hain tab bhi okseejan utpann hota hai. at: sodiym paraaksaaid tatha mainganeej daaiaaksaaid ya choone ke kloraaid ka choornit mishran (athva isi prakaar ke anya mishran bhi) okseejan utpaadan ke liye prayukt hote hain. haaipokloraaid athva haaipobromaait (jaise choorn viranjan) ke vightan se ya gandhak ke aml tatha mainganeej daaiaaksaaid ya potaishiym paramainganet ki kriya se bhi okseejan milta hai. gaise ki thodi maatra taiyaar karne ke liye haaidrojan paraaksaaid akele athva utprerak ke saath adhik upayukt hai.

jab beriym aaksaaid ko tapt kiya jaata hai (lagbhag 500 degree sein. tak) tab vah hava se okseejan lekar paraaksaaid banaata hai. adhik taapakram (lagbhag 800 degree sein.) par iske vightan se okseejan praapt hota hai tatha pun: upayog ke liye beriym aaksaaid bach rahata hai. audyogik utpaadan ke liye brin vidhi isi kriya par aadhaarit thi. okseejan praapt karne ke vichaar se kuchh anya aaksaaid bhi (jaise taaainba, paara aadi ke aaksaaid) isi prakaar upayogi hain. hava se okseejan alag karne ke liye ab drav hava ka atyadhik upayog hota hai, jiske prabhaajit aasavan se okseejan praapt kiya jaata hai, paani ke vidyutshleshan se jalajanake utpaadan mein okseejan bhi upajaat ke roop mein milta hai.

okseejan ka ghanatv 1.4290 gram prati liter hai (0 degree sein., 750 mileemeetar daab par) aur vaayu ki apeksha yeh gas 1.10527 guna bhaari hai. iska vishishtataap (sthir daab par) 0.2178 kailori prati gram, 15 degree sein. par, hai tatha sthir aayatan ke vishisht taap se iska anupaat (15 degree sein. par) 1.401 hai. okseejan ke draveekaran mein visheshagyon ko vishesh kathinaai hui thi, kyonki iska kraantik taap-118.8 degree sein., daab 49.7 vaayumandal tatha ghanatv 0.430 gram/seinteemeetar 3 hai. drav okseejan halke neele rang ka hota hai. iska kvathanaank-183 degree sein. tatha thos okseejan ka dravanaank-218.4 degree sein. hai. 15 degree sein. par sangalan tatha vaashpaayan ushmaaeain kramaanusaar 3.30 tatha 50.9 kailori prati gram hai.

okseejan paani mein thoda ghulanasheel hai, jo jaleeya praaniyon ke shvasan ke liye upayogi hai. kuchh dhaatueain (jaise pighli hui chaaaindi) athva doosari vastueain (jaise koyala) okseejan ka shoshan badi maatra mein kar leti hain.

bahut se tatv okseejan se seedha sanyog karte hain. inmein kuchh (jaise fausforas, sodiym ityaadi) to saadhaaran taap par hi dheere-dheere kriya karte hain, parantu adhiktar, jaise kaarban, gandhak, loha, maigneeshiym ityaadi, garam karne par. okseejan se bhare bartan mein ye vastueain dahakati hui avastha mein daalte hi jal uthati hain aur jalne se aaksaaid banta hai. okseejan mein haaidrojan gas jalati hai tatha paani banta hai. yeh kriya in donon ke gaiseeya mishran mein vidyut chingaari se athva utprerak ki upasthiti mein bhi hoti hai.

okseejan bahut se yaugikon se bhi kriya karta hai. naaitrik aaksaaid, feras tatha mainganas haaidraaksaaid ka aakseekaran saadhaaran taap par hi hota hai. haaidrojan faasfaaid, silikn haaidraaid tatha jasta ethil se to kriya mein itna taap utpann hota hai ki sampoorn vastueain hi prajvalit ho uthati hain. loha, nikal ityaadi maheen roop mein rahane par aur led salfaaid tatha kaarban kloraaid soorya ke prakaash mein kriya karte hain. in kriyaaon mein paani ki upasthiti, chaahe yeh sookshm maatra mein hi kyon na rahe, bahut mahatvapoorn hai.

jeevit praaniyon ke liye aakseejan ati aavashyak hai. ise ve shvasan dvaara grahan karte hain. drav okseejan tatha kaarban, petrolium, ityaadi ka mishran ati visfotak hai. isliye inka upayog kadi vastuon (chattaan ityaadi) ke todne mein hota hai. lohe ki moti chaddar kaatne athva machine ke toote bhaagon ko jodne ke liye okseejan tatha dahanasheel gas ko blo pipe mein jalaaya jaata hai. is prakaar utpann jvaala ka taap bahut adhik hota hai. saadhaaran okseejan ke saath haaidrojan ya esitileen jalaai jaati hai. iske liye ye gaisein ispaat ke belanon mein ati sanpeedit avastha mein bikti hain. okseejan sirka, vaarnish ityaadi banaane tatha asaadhya rogiyon ke saaains lene ke liye bhi upayogi hai. iska upayog adhiktar shvasan va anek kriyaavidhiyon me hota hai jisse kaarbanadaaioksaaid nirmukt hoti hai. kaarbanik yogikon ke dahan se iske saath jal bhi nirmukt hota hai. jaise - C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂→a6CO₂+6H₂O CH₄+2O₂→aCO₂+2H₂O

dahakate hue tinke ke prajvalit hone se aakseejan ki pehchaan hoti hai (naaitras aaksaaid se isko bhinnata naaitrik aaksaaid ke upayog se jaani ja sakti hai). okseejan ki maatra kyoopras kloraaid, kshaareeya paayarogailol ke ghol, taaainba athva isi prakaar ki doosari upayukt vastuon dvaara shoshit karaane se gyaat ki jaati hai.