nausena

nausena (Navy) kisi desh ki sangathit samudri sena ko kehte hain. iske antargat ranapot, kroojr (cruiser), vaayuyaanavaahak, dhvansak, surangein bichhaane tatha unhein nasht karne aadi ke saadhan evam sainikon ke atirikt, samudratat par nirmaan, dekhbhaal, poorti tatha prashaasan, kamaan, aayojan aur anusandhaan sansthaan bhi sammilit hain. is prakaar nausena sarkaar ke seedhe niyantran mein sthit sainik sangathan hai, jiske prashaasan ke liye sarkaar pruthak vibhaagon ki sthaapana karti hai.

naushakti ka uddeshya sainik aur vaanijya ki drushti se samudri maarg ka niyantran karna hai. nausena aisa saadhan hai jisse raashtra samudra ke upayog par apna adhikaar to rakhate hain, parantu shatru ko is upayog se vanchit rakhate hain. nausena mein ab vaayuyaan aur niyantrit prakshepyaastron (guided missiles) ka samaavesh ho gaya hai, jinse shatru ke desh ke sudoor aantarik bhoobhaag par bhi prahaar kiya ja sakta hai.

praacheen samay mein nausena kisi jaati ya nagar ke sashastr logon ke jhund ke roop mein thi, jo badi-badi naukaaon ya jahaajon mein samudra maarg se doosare ki bhoomi par aakraman karti thi. inheen jahaajon se vyaapaar, machhali pakadna, yuddh aur samudri lootpaat tak ki jaati thi. yuddh ke nimitt vishesh prakaar ke jahaajon ka nirmaan apavaad ke roop mein hi hota tha.

aadhunik nausena ka janmasthaan bhoomadhyasaagareeya desh hain. kreet (Crete) ke raajaaon ne itihaas ke prabhaat kaal mein hi samudri sena sangathit kar li thi aur falasvaroop bhoomadhyasaagar unke niyantran mein tha. aitihaasik pramaanon se gyaat hota hai ki sarkaar dvaara samarthit nausena sabse pehle Athens (Athens) mein thi. baad mein vistaaravaadi raashtron mein Athens ki samudri shakti nasht kar di, jisse kuchh varshon baad jenoaa, haulaind aur Germany mein samudri shakti ke prabhaavashaali prayog ke liye adde bane.

uttari Africa mein feeneeshiynon ke upanivesh kaarthej (Carthage) ka adda samakaaleen shaktishaali rom ke liye bhi Ajay tha. yuddhon mein rom ne apne shatru kaarthej se nausainik chaaturi seekh li aur is prakaar roman nausena ka janm hua. un dinon ka ekamaatr nausainik asr lakdi ka duramus (ram) tha, jismein loha jada hota tha aur jise paani ke andar andar chalaakar shatru ke jahaaj ko nasht kiya jaata tha. jab duramus chalaane ki sthiti naheen hoti thi tab jahaaj ke dek par se sashastr sainik ladte the.

17veen, 18veen aur 19veen shataabdiyon mein nausena ka vikaas mand gati se hota raha. jahaajon ko adhik se adhik bada banaane ka prayaas kiya gaya. 17veen shataabdi ke madhyakaal mein jahaajon par 50-60 topein hoti theen. 18veen shataabdi beetate beetate yeh sankhya lagbhag dooni ho gayi aur England, France, amareeka, Spain tatha kuchh anya deshon mein nausena vibhaag ki sthaapana ho gayi.

19veen shataabdi mein nausainik shakti ki drushti se Britain sabse prabal tha. iski nausainik shakti France aur roos ki sammilit shakti ke baraabar thi. gruhayuddh ke samay amareeka ne kavachit jahaajon ka nirmaan kar liya, jisse kuchh samay tak vah sabse prabal nausenaavaala raashtra raha.

20veen shataabdi mein anek deshon ne apni nausainik shakti badhaai, jinmein Germany, Japan aur amareeka pramukh the. pratham vishvayuddh (1914-1918) mein Germany aur Britain mein anek nausainik sangharsh hue. Britain ki shakti ne Germany ko baait ov hegololaind (Bight of Helogoland) tak seemit rakha, kintu Germany ne panadubbi ka itna safal prayog kiya ki mitr raashtron ki sammilit shakti bhi lagbhag vyarth si ho gayi. yuddh ki samaapti tak Germany ke bede ne aatmasamarpan kar diya aur kuchh samay ke liye jarman naushakti nishkriya ho gayi.

pratham vishvayuddh ke baad 20 varshon tak Britain ki naushakti sabse prabal rahi. in varshon mein Japan, amareeka aur Germany ne bhi ani shaktiyon ka vikaas kiya. dviteeya vishvayuddh mein jahaajon se yuddh kam hua. nausainik yuddh adhikaansh vaayuyaanon aur panadubbiyon se lada gaya. Germany ne panadubbiyon ke dhuaaaindhaar prayog se Britain ko neecha dikhaane ki koshish ki, parantu mitr raashtron ke panadubbeemaar saadhanon ke kaaran aisa naheen ho saka. yuddh ke ant mein Germany, Italy aur Japan naushaktiviheen ho gaye. France bhi bahut durbal ho gaya aur amareeka ki shakti Britain se dvigunit ho gayi.

san 1613 E. mein East India company ki yuddhakaarini sena ke roop mein Indian mereen sangathit ki gayi. 1685 E. mein iska naamakaran "Mumbai mereen" hua, jo 1830 E. tak chala. 8 September 1934 E. ko bhaarateeya vidhaanaparishd ne bhaarateeya nausena anushaasan adhiniyam paarit kiya aur royal Indian navy ka praadurbhaav hua. dviteeya vishvayuddh ke samay nausena ka vistaar hua aur adhikaari tatha sainikon ki sankhya 2,000 se badhkar 30,000 ho gayi evam bede mein aadhunik jahaajon ki sankhya badhne lagi.

svatantrataapraapti ke samay Bhaarat ki nausena naam maatr ki thi. vibhaajan ki sharton ke anusaar lagbhag ek tihaai sena Pakistan ko chali gayi. kuchh atishya mahatva ke nausainik sansthaan bhi Pakistan ke ho gaye.

Bhaarat sarkaar ne nausena ke vistaar ki tatkaal yojana banaai aur ek varsh beetane ke pehle hi great Britain se 7, 030 tan ka cruiser "Delhi" khareeda. iske baad dhvansak "rajput", "raana", "ranajeet", "godaavari", "ganga" aur "gomati" khareede gaye. iske baad aath hajaar tan ka cruiser khareeda gaya. iska naamakaran "Mysore" hua.

1964 E. tak bhaareeya bede mein vaayuyaanavaahak, "vikraant" (nausena ka dhvajapot), cruiser "Delhi" evam "Mysore" do dhvansak squadron tatha anek friget skavaadran the, jinmein kuchh ati aadhunik panadubbeenaashak tatha vaayuyaananaashak friget sammilit kiye ja chuke the. "brahmaputr", "vyaas", "betava", "khukhari," "krupaan", "talavaar" tatha "trishool" nae friget hain, jinka nirmaan vishesh reeti se hua hai. "kaaveri", "Krishna" aur "teer" puraane friget hain jinka upayog prashikshan dene mein hota hai. "konkan", "kaaravaar", "kaakeenaada" "kanaanoor", "kadaloor", "baseen" tatha "bimleepattam" se sunrag hataanevaale teen squadron taiyaar kiye gaye hain.

chhote nausainik jahaajon ke navanirmaan ka kaarya praarambh ho chuka hai aur teen saagaramukh pratirksha naukaaeain, "Ajay", "Akshay" tatha "abhaya" aur ek naubandh "dhruvak" taiyaar ho chuke hain. kocheen, lonaavala, tatha jaamanagar mein bhaarateeya nausena ke prashikshan sansthaan hain.

saamaanya

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