naatak

naatak, kaavya ka ek roop hai. jo rachana shravan dvaara hi naheen apitu drushti dvaara bhi darshakon ke hrudaya mein rasaanubhooti karaati hai use naatak ya drushya-kaavya kehte hain. naatak mein shravya kaavya se adhik ramaneeyata hoti hai. shravya kaavya hone ke kaaran yeh lok chetna se apekshaakrut adhik ghanishth roop se sambaddh hai. naatyashaastr mein lok chetna ko naatak ke lekhan aur manchan ki mool prerana maana gaya hai.

naatak ki ginti kaavyon mein hai. kaavya do prakaar ke maan gay hain— shravya aur drushya. isi drushya kaavya ka ek bhed naatak maana gaya hai. par drushti dvaara mukhya roop se iska grahan hone ke kaaran drushya kaavya maatr ko naatak kehne lage hain.

bharatamuni ka naatyashaastr is vishay ka sabse praacheen granth milta hai. agnipuraan mein bhi naatak ke lakshan aadi ka niroopan hai. usamein ek prakaar ke kaavya ka naam prakeern kaha gaya hai. is prakeern ke do bhed hai— kaavya aur abhineya. agnipuraan mein drushya kaavya ya roopak ke 27 bhed kahe gaye hain—

naatak, prakaran, dim, ihaamrug, samavakaar, prahasan, vyaayog, bhaan, veethi, ank, trotak, naatika, sattak, shilpak, vilaasika,

durmallika, prasthaan, bhaanika, bhaani, goshthi, halleeshak, kaavya, shreenigdit, naatayaraasak, raasak, ullaapyak aur prekshan.

saahityadarpan mein naatak ke lakshan, bhed aadi adhik spasht roop se diye hain.

oopar likha ja chuka hai ki drushya kaavya ke ek bhed ka naam naatak hai. drushya kaavya ke mukhya do vibhaag hain— roopak aur uparoopak. roopak ke das bhed hain— roopak, naatak, prakaran, bhaan, vyaayog, samavakaar, dim, ihaamrug, ankaveethi aur prahasan. 'uparoopak' ke athaarah bhed hain— naatika, trotak, goshthi, sattak, naatayaraasak, prasthaan, ullaapya, kaavya, prekshana, raasak, sanlaapak, shreegadit, shinpak, vilaasika, durmallika, prakaranika, halleesha aur bhanika.

uparyukt bhedon ke anusaar naatak shabd drushya kaavya maatr ke arth mein bolte hain. saahityadarpan ke anusaar naatak kisi khyaat vrutt (prasiddh aakhyaan, kalpit naheen)' ki lekar likhaana chaahiye. vah bahut prakaar ke vilaas, sukh, du:kh, tatha anek rason se yukt hona chaahiye. usamein paaainch se lekar das tak ank hone chaahiye. naatak ka naayak dheerodaatt tatha prakhyaat vansh ka koi prataapi purush ya raajarshi hona chaahiye. naatak ke pradhaan ya angi ras shrungaar aur veer hain. shesh ras gaun rup se aate hain. shaanti, karuna aadi jis rupak mein mein padhaan ho vah naatak naheen kahala sakta. sandhisthal mein koi vismayajanak vyaapaar hona chaahiye. upasanhaar mein mangal hi dikhaaya jaana chaahiye. viyogaant naatak sanskrut alankaar shaastr ke viruddh hai.

abhinay aarambh hone ke pehle jo kriya (mangalaacharan naandi) hoti hai, use poorvarang kehte hain. poorvarang, ke uparaant pradhaan nat ya sootradhaar, jise sthaapak bhi kehte hain, aakar sabha ki prashansa karta hai fir nat, nati sootradhaar ityaadi paraspar vaartaalaap karte hain jismein khele jaanevaale naatak ka prastaav, kavi-vansh-varnan aadi vishay aa jaate hain. naatak ke is ansh ko prastaavana kehte hain. jis itivrutt ko lekar naatak racha jaata hai use 'vastu' kehte hain. 'vastu' do prakaar ki hoti hai—aaadhikaarik vastu aur praasangik vastu. jo samast itivrutt ka pradhaan naayak hota hai use 'adhikaari' kehte hain. is adhikaari ke sambandh mein jo kuchh varnan kiya jaata hai use 'aadhikaarik bastu' kehte hain; jaise, raamaleela mein Ram ka charitra. is adhikaari ke upakaar ke liye ya rasapushti ke liye prasangavash jiska varnan aa jaata hai use praasagik vastu kehte hain; jaise sugreev, aadi ka charitra. 'saamane laane' arthaat drushya sanmukh upasthit karne ko abhinay kehte hain. at: avasthaanurup anukaran ya svaaaing ka naam hi abhinay hai. abhinay chaar prakaar ka hota hai— aangik, vaachik, aahaarya aur saatvik. angon ki cheshta se jo abhinay kiya jaata hai use aangik, vachanon se jo kiya jaata hai use vaachik, bhais banaakar jo kiya jaata hain use aahaarya tatha bhaavon ke udrek se kanp, sved aadi dvaara jo hota hai use saatvik kehte hain. naatak mein beej, bindu, pataaka, prakari aur kaarya in paaainchon ke dvaara prayojan siddhi hoti hai. jo baat muainh se kehte hi chaaron or fail jaaya aur falasiddhi ka pratham kaaran ho use beej kehte hain, jaise veneesanhaar naatak mein bheem ke krodh par yudhishthir ka utsaahavaakya draupadi ke keshamojan ka kaaran hone ke kaaran beej hai. koi ek baat poori hone par doosare vaakya se usaka sambandh na rahane par bhi usamein aise vaakya laana jinki doosare vaakya ke saath asangati na ho 'bindu' hai. bich mein kisi vyaapak prasang ke varnan ko pataaka kehte hain— jaise uttaracharit mein sugreev ka aur abhigyaan- shaankutal mein vidooshak ka charitravarnan. ek desh vyaapi charitravarnan ko prakari kehte hain. aarambh ki hui kriya ki falasiddhi ke liye jo kuchh kiya jaaya use kaarya kehte hain; jaise, raamaleela mein raavan vadh. kisi ek vishyakeecharcha ho rahi ho, isi beech mein koi doosra vishay upasthit hokar pehle vishay se mel mein maaloom ho vahaaain pataakaasthaan hota hai, jaise, raamacharit mein Ram seeta se kah rahe hain—'he priye ! tumhaari koi baat mujhe asahya naheen, yadi asahya hai to keval tumhaara virh, isi veech mein pratihaari aakar kehta hai : Dave ! durmukh upasthit. yahaaain ' upasthit' shabd se 'virh upasthit' aisi prateet hota hai aur ek prakaar ka chamatkaar maaloom hota hai. sanskrut saahitya mein naatak sambandhi aise hi anek kaushalon ki udabhaavana ki gayi hai aur anek prakaar ke vibhed dikhaae gaye hain.

aajkal deshabhaashaaon mein jo nae naatak likhe jaate hain unamein sanskrut naatakon ke sab niyamon ka paalan ya vishyon ka samaavesh anaavashyak samjha jaata hai. bhaarateindu harishchandr likhte hain—'sanskrut naatak ki bhaaainti hindi naatak mein unka anusandhaan karna ya kisi naatakaang mein inko yatnapoorvak rakhakar naatak likhna vyarth hai; kyonki praacheen lakshan rakhakar aadhunik naatakaadi ki shobha sanpaadan karne se ulata fal hota hai aur yatn vyarth ho jaata hai.

• kathaavastu

naatak ki kathaavastu pauraanik, aitihaasik, kaalpanik ya saamaajik ho sakti hai.

• paatr

paatron ka sajeev aur prabhaavashaali charitra hi naatak ki jaan hota hai. kathaavastu ke anuroop naayak dheerodaatt, dheer lalit, dheer shaant ya dheeroddhat ho sakta hai.

• ras

naatak mein navarason mein se aath ka hi paripaak hota hai. shaant ras naatak ke liye nishiddh maana gaya hai. veer ya shrungaar mein se koi ek naatak ka pradhaan ras hota hai.

• abhinay

abhinay bhi naatak ka pramukh tatv hai. iski shreshthata paatron ke vaakchaaturya aur abhinay kala par nirbhar hai. mukhya prakaar se abhinay 4 prakaar ka hota hai.

• 1 - aangik abhinay (shareer se kiya jaane wala abhinay),
• 2 - vaachik abhinay (samvaad ka abhinay [radio naatak ],
• 3 - aahaarya abhinay (veshabhoosha, mekaap, stage vinyaas, prakaash vyavastha aadi),
• 4 - saatvik abhinay (antaraatma se kiya gaya abhinay [ ras aadi ].

praacheen kaal

Bhaarat mein abhinay-kala aur rangamanch ka vaidik kaal mein hi nirmaan ho chuka tha. tatpashchaat sanskrut rangamanch to apni unnati ki paraakaashtha par pahuainch gaya tha-bharat muni ka naatyashaastr iska pramaan hai. bahut praacheen samay mein Bhaarat mein sanskrut naatak dhaarmik avsaron, saanskrutik parvon, saamaajik samaarohon evam raajakeeya bolachaal ki bhaasha naheen rahi to sanskrut naatakon ki mancheekaran samaapt-sa ho gaya.

bhaaratavarsh mein naatakon ka prachaar bahut praacheen kaal se hain. bharat muni ka naatayashaastr bahut puraana hai. raamaayan, mahaabhaarat, harivansh ityaadi mein nat aur naatak ka ullekh hai. paanini ne 'shilaali' aur 'krushaashv' naamak do natasootrakaaron ke naam liye hain. shilaali ka naam shukl yajurvedeeya shatapath braahman aur saamavedeeya anupad sootr mein milta hain. vidvaanon ne jyotish ki ganana ke anusaar shatapath braahman ko 4000 varsh se oopar ka batalaaya hai. at: kuchh paashchaatya vidvaanon ki yeh rai ki grees ya yoonaan mein hi sabse pehle naatak ka praadurbhav hua, theek naheen hai. harivansh mein likha hai ki jab pradyumn, saanb aadi Yadav Rajkumar vajranaabh ke pur mein gaye the tab vahaaain unhonne raamajanm aur ranbhaabhisaar naatak khele the. pehle unhonne nepathya baaaindha tha jiske bheetar se striyon ne madhur svar se gaan kiya tha. shoor naamak Yadav raavan bana tha, manovati naam ki stri ranbha bani thi, pradyumn nalakoobar aur saanb vidooshak bane the. Wilson aadi paashchaatya vidvaanon ne spasht sveekaar kiya hain ki hinduon ne apne yahaaain naatak ka praadurbhaav apne aap kiya tha. praacheen hindu raaja badi badi rangashaalaaeain banavaate the. Madhya Pradesh mein saraguja ek pahaadi sthaan hai, vahaaain ek gufa ke bheetar is prakaar ki ek rangashaala ke chinh paae gaye hain. yeh theek hai ki yoonaaniyon ke aane ke poorv ke sanskrut naatak aajkal naheen milte hain, par is baat se inka abhaav, itne pramaanon ke rahate, naheen maana ja sakta. sambhav hai, kalaasanpann yunaani jaati se jab hindu jaati ka milan hua ho tab jis prakaar kuchh aur aur baatein ek ne doosare ki grahan keen isi prakaar naatak ke sambandh mein kuchh baatein hinduon ne bhi apne yahaaain li hon. baahayapati ka 'javanika' (kabhi kabhi 'yavanika') naam dekh kuchh log yavan sansarg soochit karte hain. ankon mein jo 'drushya' sanskrut naatakon mein aae hain unase anumaan hota hai ki in paton par chitr bane rahate the. astu adhik se adhik is vishay mein yahi kaha ja sakta hai ki atyant praacheen kaal mein jo abhinay hua karte the. unamein chitrapat kaam mein naheen laae jaate the. sikandar ke aane ke peechhe unka prachaar hua. ab bhi raamaleela, raasaleela bina paradon ke hoti hi hain.

madhyakaal

madhyakaal mein praadeshik bhaashaaon mein lokatantr ka udaya hua. yeh vichitr sanyog hai ki muslimkaal mein jahaaain shaasakon ki dharmakattata ne Bhaarat ki saahityik rang-parampara ko tod daala vahaaain lokabhaashaaon mein lokamanch ka achha prasaar hua. raasaleela, raamaleela tatha nautanki aadi ke roop mein lokadharmi naatyamanch bana raha. bhaktikaal mein ek or to braj pradesh mein Krishna ki raasaleelaaon ka brajabhaasha mein atyadhik prachalan hua aur doosari aur vijyadashami ke avsar par samooche Bhaarat ke chhote-bade nagaron mein raamaleela badi dhoomadhaam se manaai jaane lagi.

saahityik drushti se is madhyakaal mein kuchh sanskrut naatakon ke padyabaddh hindi chhaayaanuvaad bhi hue, jaise nevaaj krut 'abhigyaan shaakuntal', somanaath krut 'maalati-maadhav', hrudayaraamacharit 'hanumannaatak' aadi; kuchh maulik padyabaddh sanvaadaatmak rachanaaeain bhi huin, jaise lachhiraam krut 'karunaabharan', raghuraam naagar krut 'sabhaasaar' (naatak), ganesh kavi krut 'pradyumnavijya' aadi; par inmein naatakeeya paddhati ka poornataya nirvaah naheen hua. ye keval sanvaadaatmak rachanaaeain hi kahi ja sakti hain.

is prakaar saahityik drushti tatha saahityik rachanaaon ke aabhaav ke kaaran madhyakaal mein saahityik rangakarm ki or koi pravrutti naheen hui. sach to yeh hai ki aadhunik kaal mein vyaavasaayik tatha saahityik rangamanch ke udaya se poorv hamaare desh mein raamaleela, nautanki aadi ke lokamanch ne hi chaar-paaainch sau varshon tak hindi rangamanch ko jeevit rakha. yeh lokamanch-parampara aaj tak vibhinn roopon mein samooche desh mein vartamaan hai. uttar Bhaarat mein raamaleelaaon ke atirikt mahaabhaarat par aadhaarit 'veer abhimnyu', 'satya harishchandr' aadi draame tatha 'roop-basant', 'heer-raaainjha', 'hakeekataraaya', 'bilvaamangal' aadi nautankiyaaain aaj tak prachalit hain.

aadhunik kaal

aadhunik kaal mein angreji raajya ki sthaapana ke saath rangamanch ko protsaahan mila. falat: samooche bheerat mein vyaavasaayik naatak mandaliyaaain sthaapit huin. naatyaarangan ki pravrutti sarvapratham baingala mein dikhaai di. san 1835 E. ke aaspaas Calcutta mein kai avyaavasaayik rangashaalaaon ka nirmaan hua. Calcutta ke kuchh sambhraant parivaaron aur raison ne inke nirmaan mein yog diya tha aur doosari or vyaavayaayik naatak mandaliyon ke asaahityik prayaas se alag tha.

baingala ke is naatya-srujan aur naatyaarangan ka adhyayan isliye mahattvapoorn hai, kyonki bhaaratendu harishchandr ke rangaandolan ko isi se dasha, disha aur prerana mili thi. baingala ke is aarambhik saahityik prayaas mein jo naatak rache gaye ve mool sanskrut ya angreji naatakon ke chhaayaanuvaad ya roopaantar the. spasht hai ki bhaaratendu ka aarambhik praayas bhi sanskrut naatakon ke chhaayaanuvaad ka hi tha.

hindi rangamancheeya saahityik naatakon mein sabse pehla hindi geetinaatya amaanat krut 'indar sabha' kaha ja sakta hai jo san 1853 E. mein Lucknow ke navaab vaajid aleeshaah ke darbaar mein khela gaya tha. ismein urdoo-shaili ka vaisa hi prayog tha jaisa paarasi naatak mandaliyon ne apne naatakon mein apnaaya. san 1862 E. mein kaashi mein 'jaanki mangal' naamak vishuddh hindi naatak khela gaya tha.

uparyukt saahityik rangamanch ke uparyukt chhutaput prayaas se bahut aage badhkar paarasi mandaliyon-orijinl Victoria, empres Victoria, elfinstan thiyetrikl company, alfred thiyetrikl tatha new alafred company aadi-ne vyaavasaayik rangamanch banaaya. sarvapratham Mumbai aur baad mein Hyderabad, Lucknow, banaaras, Delhi Lahore aadi kai kendron aur sthaanon se ye kampaniyaaain desh-bhar mein ghoom-ghoomkar hindi naatakon ka pradarshan karne lageen. in paarasi naatak mandaliyon ke liye pehle-pahal nasarabaani Khan saahab, raunak banaarasi, vinaayak prasaad 'taalib', 'ahasan' aadi lekhakon ne naatak likhe. janta ka sasta manoranjan aur dhanopaarjan hi in companyon ka mukhya uddeshya tha.

isi se uchchakoti ke saahityik naatakon se inka vishesh prayojan naheen tha. dhaarmik-pauraanik tatha prem-pradhaan naatakon ko hi ye apne rangamanch par dikhaati theen. saste aur ashleel pradarshan karne mein inhein jara bhi sankoch naheen tha. isi se janta ki ruchi bhrasht karne ka dosh in par lagaaya jaata hai. bhraman ke kaaran in companyon ka rangamanch bhi inke saath ghoomta rahata tha.

kisi sthaayi rangamanch ki sthaapana inke dvaara bhi sambhav naheen thi. rangamanch ka dhaaaincha balliyon dvaara nirmit kiya jaata tha aur stage par chitr-vichitr parde lataka diye jaate the. bhadkeeli-chatakeeli veshabhoosha, pardon ki nai-nai chitrakaari tatha chamatkaarapoorn drushya-vidhaan ki or inka adhik dhyaan rahata tha. pardon ko drushyon ke anusaar uthaaya-giraaya jaata tha. sangeet-vaadya ka aayojan stage ke agale bhaag mein hota tha. gambhir drushyon ke beech-beech mein bhi bhadde haasyapoorn drushya jaanboojhkar rakhe jaate the. beech-beech mein shaayari, gajalein aur tukabandi khoob chalti thi. bhaasha urdoo-hindi ka mishrit roop thi. samvaad padya-roop tatha tukapoorn khoob hote the.

raadheshyaam kathaavaachak, naaraayanaprasaad betaab, aagaahashr Kashmiri, harikrushn jauhar aadi kuchh aise naatakakaar bhi hue hain jinhonne paarasi rangamanch ko kuchh saahityik put dekar sudhaarane ka prayatn kiya hai aur hindi ko is vyaavasaayik rangamanch par laane ki cheshta ki. par vyaavasaayik vrutti ke kaaran sambhavat: is rangamanch par sudhaar sambhav naheen tha. isi se in naatakakaaron ko bhi vyaavasaayik ban jaana pada. is prakaar paarasi rangamanch na viksit ho saka, na sthaayi hi ban saka.

hindi mein naatakon ka praarambh bhaaratendu harishchandr se maana jaata hai. us kaal ke bhaaratendu tatha unke samakaaleen naatakakaaron ne lok chetna ke vikaas ke liye naatakon ki rachana ki isliye us samay ki saamaajik samasyaaon ko naatakon mein abhivyakt hone ka achha avsar mila.

jaisaaki kaha ja chuka hai, hindi mein avyaavasaayik saahityik rangamanch ke nirmaan ka shreeganesh aagaahasan 'amaanat' lakhanavi ke 'indar sabha' naamak geeti-roopak se maana ja sakta hai. par sach to yeh hai ki 'indar sabha' ki vaastav mein rangamancheeya kruti naheen thi. ismein shaamiyaane ke neeche khula stage rahata tha. nautanki ki tarah teen or darshak baithate the, ek or takht par raaja indar ka aasan laga diya jaata tha, saath mein pariyon ke liye kursiyaaain rakhi jaati theen. saajindon ke peechhe ek laal rang ka parda lataka diya jaata tha. isi ke peechhe se paatron ka pravesh karaaya jaata tha. raaja indar, pariyaaain aadi paatr ek baar aakar vaheen upasthit rahate the. ve apne samvaad bolakar vaapas naheen jaate the.

us samay naatyaarangan itna lokapriya hua ki amaanat ki 'indar sabha' ke anukaran par kai sabhaaeain rachi gayi, jaise 'madaareelaal ki indar sabha', 'daryaai indar sabha', 'havaai indar sabha' aadi. paarasi naatak mandaliyon ne bhi in sabhaaon aur majaliseparistaan ko apnaaya. ye rachanaaeain naatak naheen thi aur na hi inse hindi ka rangamanch nirmit hua. isi se bhaaratendu harishchandr inko 'naatakaabhaas' kehte the. unhonne inki pairodi ke roop mein 'bandar sabha' likhi thi.

sanskrut naatakon ka yug dhalane laga tab chaudahaveen shataabdi se unneesavi shataabdi tak unka sthaan vibhinn bhaarateeya bhaashaaon mein lok naatakon (folk theatre) ne liya. aaj alag-alag pradeshon me lok naatak bhinn-bhinn naamon se jaana jaata hai.

• raamaleela - uttari Bhaarat mein

• jaatra - Bengal, udeesa, poorvi Bihar

• tamaasha - Maharashtra

• nautanki - uttar pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab

• bhavai - Gujarat

• yakshagaan - karnaatak

• therubuttoo - Tamil Nadu

• naacha - chhatteesagadh

• sanskrut naatak

• hindi naatak

• kaavya naatak

• nuk‍aakad naatak

• ekaanki

• lokanaatya

• raamaleela

• raasaleela

• sanskrut naatak : parampara tatha sanbhaavanaaeain
• rangamanch naatak - parampara aur prayog (madhumati)
• aadhunik bhaarateeya rangalok (Google pustak ; lekhak - jaya Dave taneja)
• Folk Theatre of India
• The emergence of folk theatre
• Abhinav naatyakala shiksha sansthaan
• naatya prasang (bhaaratendu mishr ka hindi chittha)
• rang dastaavej: sau saal, 1850-1950 (Google pustak ; lekhak - mahesh aanand)
• hindi rangaparidrushya aur naatyaalekhan