naaitrojan

kaarban ← naaitrojan (nitrogen) → aakseejan – ↑ N ↓ P Electron shell for naaitrojan (nitrogen) 7{N Periodic table
Appearance
colorless gas, liquid or solid Liquid nitrogen Spectral lines of nitrogen
General
Name, symbol, number	naaitrojan (nitrogen), N, 7
Element category	diatomic nonmetal
Group, period, block	15, 2, p
Standard atomic weight	(14.00643–14.00728)[1]
Electron configuration	[He] 2s2 2p3
Electrons per shell	2, 5 (Image)
Physical properties
Phase	gas
Density	(0 °aC, 101.325 kPa) 1.251 g/L
Melting point	63.15 K, −210.00 °C, −346.00 °F
Boiling point	77.355 K, −195.795 °C, −320.431 °F
Triple point	63.151 K (-210°C), 12.52 kPa
Critical point	126.192 K, 3.3958 MPa
Heat of fusion	(N2) 0.72 kJ·aamol−1
Heat of vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ·aamol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °aC) (N2) 29.124 J·aamol−1·aK−1
Vapor pressure
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 37 41 46 53 62 77
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −3 ((a strongly acidic oxide))
Electronegativity	3.04 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: {{{1st ionization energy}}} kJ·aamol−1
	2nd: {{{2nd ionization energy}}} kJ·aamol−1
	3rd: {{{3rd ionization energy}}} kJ·aamol−1
Covalent radius	71±a1 pm
Van der Waals radius	155 pm
Miscellaneous
Crystal structure	hexagonal
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 25.83×a10−3 W·aam−1·aK−1
Speed of sound	353 m/s
CAS registry number	7727-37-9
Most stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of naaitrojan (nitrogen)
iso N.A. half-life DM DE (MeV) DP saaaincha:Infobox element/isotopes decay saaaincha:Infobox element/isotopes stable saaaincha:Infobox element/isotopes stable
yeh sandook: darshan vaarta

naaitrojan (Nitrogen) ya natrajan ek raasaayanik tatv hai jiska prateek N hai. iska parmaanu kramaank 7 hai. saamaanya taap aur daab par yeh gas hai tatha pruthvi ke vaayumandal ka lagbhag 78% naaitrojan hi hai. yeh sarvaadhik maatra mein tatv ke roop mein upalabbdh padaarth bhi hai. yeh ek rangaheen, gandhaheen, svaadaheen aur praay: akriya gas hai. iski khoj 1772 mein skautalaind ke vaijnyaanik Daniel radaraford ne ki thi.

aavart saarani ke 15 vein samooh ka pratham tatv hai. naaitrojan ka rasaayan atyant manoranjak vishay hai, kyonki samast jaiv padaarthon mein is tatv ka aavashyak sthaan hai. iske do sthaayi samasthaanik, dravyamaan sankhya 14, 15 gyaat hain tatha teen asthaayi samasthaanik (dravyamaan sankhya 13, 16, 17) bhi banaae gaye hain.

naaitrojan tatv ki pehchaan sarvapratham 1772 E. mein radaraford aur shele ne svatantr roop se ki. shele ne usi varsh yeh sthaapit kiya ki vaayu mein mukhyat: do gaisein upasthit hain, jismein ek sakriya tatha doosari nishkriya hai. tabhi prasiddh fraanseesi vaigyaanik laavvaajye ne naaitrojan gas ko okseejan (sakriya ansh) se alag kar iska naam 'aijot' rakha. 1790 mein shaaptaal (Chaptal) ne ise naaitrojan naam diya.

vaayumandal mein aayatan ke anusaar naaitrojan 78 pratishat maatra mein asanyukt avastha mein upasthit hai. prati varsh vidyut visrjan tatha jeevaanusakriyta dvaara kuchh naaitrojan sanyukt avastha mein vaayumandal se pruthvi par aata hai. iske mukhya yaugik sanyukt avastha mein vaayumandal se pruthvi par aata hai. iske mukhya yaugik shora (potaasiym naaitret) tatha chili (dakshini amareeka) ka saalt Peter (sodiym naaitret) pruthvi mein paae jaate hain. proteenon mein yeh jatil kaarbanik padaarthon ke roop mein sadaiv upasthit rahata hai.

prayogashaala mein naaitrojan aimoniym naaitraait par taap ke prabhaav se mukt kiya jaata hai. amoniym naaitraait asthaayi padaarth hai. is kaaran aimoniym kloraaid evam sodiym naaitraait ke mishrit vilyan ka upayog is kaarya ke liye karte hain.

naaitrojan ko vaayumandal se bhi taiyaar kar sakte hain, jismein okseejan ko raasaayanik kriya athva bhautik saadhanon dvaara alag karna hota hai. yadi vaayu ko paayarogailik aml (pyrogallic acid) ke kshaareeya vilyan athva amleeya kromas kloraaid, (Cr Cl₂), ya vainedas salfet, (VSO₄) ke vilyan mein se pravaahit karein to okseejan raasaayanik kriya se alag ho jaata hai. bachi gas naaitrojan hogi, jismein sookshm maatra mein kuchh anaya nishkriya gaisein bhi mili hongi. audyogik kaaryon ke liye aajkal drav vayu ke prabhaaji aasavan dvaara naaitrojan praapt kiya jaata hai. iska kvathanaank okseejan se neecha hai. is kaaran iska okseejan pehle vaashp bankar nikal jaata hai aur avashesh drav mein pradhaanataya naaitrojan rahata hai.

naaitrojan rangaheen, gandhaheen aur svaadaheen gas hai. iska anu do paramaanuon ka banta hai. iska sanket na (N), parmaanu sankhya 7, parmaanu bhaar 14.007, galanaank - 210° sein., kvathanaank - 195.8° sein., ghanatv 1.25 gram prati liter, kraantik taap - 147° sein., 0° sein. tatha saamaanya dabaav par jal mein vileyata 23.5 ghan seinmi. prati liter hai.

raasaayanik drushti se naaitrojan nishkriya tatv hai. saadhaaran taap par na to yeh jalata hai aur na anya dhaatuon se yaugik banaata hai. uchch taap par yeh anek tatvon (jaise leethiym, maigneeshiym, kailsiym, boraun aadi) se kriya kar naaitraaid padaarth banaata hai. naaitrojan evam okseejan gas mishran mein vidyut‌ sfuling (spark) utpann karne par naaitrik oksaaid (NO) yaugik banta hai.

nyoon dabaav ki naaitrojan gas par uchch tanaav (high tension) vidyudvisrjan karne par naaitrojan ki ek sakriya kism banti hai, jise sakriya naaitrojan kehte hain. yeh gas gandhak, fausforas tatha anek tatvon evam yaugikon ke saath abhikriya karti hai. visrjan nalika mein yeh peele rang ki chamak utpann karti hai.

haabar vidhi se amoniya banaane ke liye naaitrojan gas ka bahut upayog hota hai. iske atirikt anya naaitrojan yaugikeekaran prakram (fixation process) mein iska upayog haata hai. iske yaugik vishaal maatra mein urvarak ke roop mein kaam aate hain. naaitrojan ke anek yaugik visfotak (jaise traainaaitroglisreen, traainaaitrotaulooin aadi) tatha aushadhiyaaain hain.

anek sthaanon mein naaitrojan ka upayog nishkriya vaataavaran banaane mein hota hai. bijli ke balbon mein naaitrojan bharne se unki jeevan avadhi badh jaati hai.

jaiv padaarthon ke liye naaitrojan chakr bahut aavashyak kriya hai. vanaspati evam jaiv padaarthon ka naaitrojan khaad ke roop mein manushyon tatha pashuon ke kaam aata hai. vanaspatiyon mein saamaanya akaarbanik yaugikon se yukt naaitrojan padaarth bante hain. mitti mein asankhya jeevaanu vaayu ke mukt naaitrojan ko jatil kaarbanik padaarth mein parint karte rahate hain. kuchh vishesh prakaar ke shinbi paudhe (leguminous plants) naaitrojan ka seedhe yaugikeekaran kar, upayogi naaitrojan yaugik banaane ki kshamata rakhate hai. inke atirikt, vaayumandal mein vidyut visrjan dvaara bana naaitrik oksaaid varsha ke saath aakar bhoomi mein naaitrojan ki maatra badhaata hai. bhoomi se paudhe apni jad dvaara naaitrojan padaarthon ka avashoshan karte hain. in sab kriyaaon dvaara vaayu ka mukt naaitrojan vanaspati evam jeevein ke kaam aata hai. dalahani fasalon ki jadon mein paaye jaane vaale raaijobiam naamak jeevaanu vaayu naaitrojan ka mruda mein sthireekaran karte hai jise mruda naaitrojaneekaran kehte hai.

inke atirikt anya prakaar ke jeevaanu jatil naaitrojan yaugikon ka vightan kar saral yaugik banaate rahate hain aur is vidhi se samuchit maatra mein naaitrojan mukt hokar vaayu mein chala jaata hai. is prakaar prakruti mein naaitrojan chakr chalta rahata hai.

haaidrojan ke saath naaitrojan ke teen yaugik bante hain : aimoniya (NH₃), haaidrejeen (N₂H₄) aur haaidrejoik aml (HN₃). aimoniya tatha haaidrejeen mein kshaar gun vartamaan hain aur haaidrejoik aml mein amleeya gun hote hain. aimoniya saadhaaran taap par gas aur haaidrejeen drav hai. haaidrejeen asthaayi padaarth hai, jo garam karne par sheegra vightit ho naaitrojan aur aimoniya banaata hai. yeh amlon se kriya kar do shreni ke lavan banaata hai (jaise N₂H₅Cl aur N₂H6Cl₂). haaidrejeen aur uske lavan vishaile hote hain. haaidrejoik aml (HN₃) teekshn gandh denevaala padaarth hai (galanaank - 80° sein., kvathanaank 37° sein.). yeh jahareela tatha visfotak gun wala hai. yeh dhaatuon se lavan banaata hai, jinhein aijaaid kehte hain jaise leethiym aijaaid (LiN₃), silvar aijaaid (AgN₃).

naaitrojan ke paaainch sthir oksaaid gyaat hain : naaitras oksaaid (N₂O), naaitrik oksaaid (NO), daainaaitrojan traaioksaaid (N₂O₃), naaitrojan daaioksaaid (NO₂ athva N₂O₄) aur daainaaitrojan peintaaoksaaid (N₂O₅). naaitras oksaaid (N₂O) ko hansaane waali gas (laughing gas) bhi kehte hain, kyonki ise sooainghane par kuchh der mirgi (hysteria) jaisa anubhav hota hai. aimoniym naaitret garam karne se yeh banta hai :

aimoniym naaitret = naaitras oksaaid + jal

NH₄NO₃ = N₂O + 2H₂O

naaitrojan hailojan tatvon ke saath anek yaugik banaata hai. naaitrojan traaifloraaid (NF₃) rangaheen gas hai, jo aimoniym haaidrojan floraaid (NH₄ HF₂) ke vidyudvishleshan dvaara praapt hoti hai. naaitrojan kloraaid (NCl₃) aimoniya par kloreen ki abhikriya dvaara praapt vah peele rang ka visfotak tail padaarth hai, jo thoda garam karne par, ya teevr prakaash se, bhayankar visfot dvaara vightit ho jaata hai. aimoniya vilyan par aayodeen ki kriya se ek kaala padaarth banaata hai, jise naaitrojan aayodaaid ka sanyukt yaugik, (NL₃, NH₃) hai.

asanyukt naaitrojan ko yaugik roop mein parivrtit karne ki kriya ko naaitrojan yaugikeekaran kehte hain. naaitrojan ke yaugikon ki upayogita ke kaaran unka bahut maatra mein vyaya hota hai. bhoomi ki paidaavaar badhaane ke liye apaar maatra mein khaad evam urvarak ka upayog hota hai. pruthvi par naaitrojan yaugikon ki maatra seemit hai, parantu vaayumandal is tatv ka athaah srot hai. is kaaran vaayu ke naaitrojan dvaara naaitrojan yaugik banaane ka prayatn bahut kaal se hota aaya hai.

prakruti mein naaitrojan yaugikeekaran kaarya anek saadhanon dvaara hota hai. bhoomi ke anek jeevaanu, jaise ejotobaiktar (Azotobacter) tatha kuchh paudhon ki jadon mein sthit jeevaanu, jaise raaijoviym (Rhizobium), is kaarya ko sadaiv karte rahate hain.

naaitrojan yaugikeekaran ke anek prakram gyaat hai. inmein se ek mein naaitrojan tatha okseejan ki abhikriya dvaara naaitrik oksaaid banaate hain. ismein ooshmaashoshi (endothermic) kriya hone ke kaaran atyadhik oorja ki aavashyakta hoti hai.

is kriya par aadhaarit ek prakram ko varkalaind aaid prakram kehte hain. ismein vidyuchchaap ka chunbakeeya kshetr dvaara failaakar naaitrojan okseejan sanmishran ko pravaahit karte hain. adhik vidyudoorja ke vyaya aur utpaad ki nyoon praapti ke kaaran yeh prakram vyaapaar mein safal na ho saka.

doosare prakram dvaara kailsiym kaarbaaid (CaC₂) ko naaitrojan ke vaataavaran mein 1,000roo sein. taap tak garam karte the, jisse kailsiym saainemaaid (CaCN₂) ban jaata tha :

kailsiym kaarbaaid + naaitrojan = kailsiym saainemaaid + kaarban

CaC₂ + N₂ = CaCN₂ + C

kailsiym saainemaaid ka urvarak ke roop mein upayog ho sakta hai. 1907 E. se 1920 E. tak anek raashtron mein iske audyogik kaarkhaane bane hain, parantu khoj dvaara anya sulabh reeti ke praapt hone se ab iska upayog band ho gaya.

vibhinn naaitrojan yaugikeekaran ki vidhiyon mein haabar prakram dvaara aimoniya nirmaan karne ki vidhi sabse uttam hai. iske dvaara vishv ke anek deshon mein aimoniya aur usase anya naaitrojan yaugik ban rahe hain. in vidhi mein naaitrojan aur haaidrojan ke mishran ko 450° se 500° sein. ke taap par 100 - 1,000 vaayumandal dabaav par utprerak ke madhya pravaahit karte hain. is avastha mein naaitrojan aur haaidrojan abhikriya kar aimoniya banaate hain :

naaitrojan + haaidrojan = aimoniya + 24,000 kailauri oorja

N₂ + 3H₂ = 2NH₃ + 24,000 Cal.

praapt aimoniya dvaara aimoniym lavan (jaise aimoniym salfet) banaaya ja sakta hai, athva ostavald vidhi dvaara usaka okseekaran kar naaitrik aml, ya naaitret lavan, bhi banaae jaate hain.

1. ↑ Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights