mugl saamraajya

is anuchhed ko vikipeediya lekh Mughal Empire ke is sanskaran se anuvaadit kiya gaya hai.

mugl saamraajya
گaaوaaرaaکaaاaaنaaیaaاaaن (faarasi)
مaaغaaلaaیaaہ سaaلaaطaaنaaت (urdoo)
saamraajya
↓ 1526–1857 ↓

Flag of the Mughal Empire

dhvaj
Map of the Mughal Empire.
aurangajeb ke shaasanakaal ke dauraan mugal saamraajya c. a1700
rajdhani Agra
(1526–1571)
fatehapur seekari
(1571–1585)
Lahore
(1585–1598)
Agra
(1598–1648)
shaahajahaanaabaad/Delhi
(1648–1857)
bhaashaaeain faarasi (sarkaari aur adaalati bhaasha)[1]
chagtaai (sirf shuruaat mein)
urdoo (baad ki avadhi mein)
dharm islaam
(1526–1582)
deen-A-ilaahi
(1582–1605)
islaam
(1605–1857)
shaasan poorn raajashaahi, ekaatmak raajya
sangheeya sanrachana ke saath
baadshah[2]
- 1526–1530 baabar (pehla)
- 1837–1857 bahaadur shaah dviteeya (aakhiri)
itihaas
- Panipat yuddh 21 April 1526
- pratham bhaarateeya svatantrata sangraam 10 May 1857
kshetrafal
- 1700[a] 45,00,000 kimi ² (17,37,460 varg meal)
janasankhya
- 1700[a] est. 15


ghanatv

 /kimi ² ( /varg meal)
mudra roopaya
poorvavarti 		anugaami
timurid raajavansh
Delhi saltanat
soori saamraajya
aadil shaahi raajavansh
[[Bengal ki saltanat]]
Deccan saltanat
maraatha saamraajya
durraani saamraajya
british raaj
Hyderabad raajya
Karnataka ke navaab
Bengal ke navaab
avadh ke navaab
Mysore ka saamraajya
bharatapur raajya
aaj in deshon ka hissa hai: Flag of Afghanistan.svg Afghanistan
Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh
Flag of India.svg Bhaarat
Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan
Flag of Tajikistan.svg taajikistaan
Warning: Value specified for "continent" does not comply

mugl saamraajya (faarasi: مaaغaaل سaaلaaطaaنaaت ھaaنaaد, mugl salatanat-A-hind; Turkey: baabar imparaatoralugu), ek islaami Turkey-mangol saamraajya tha jo 1526 mein shuroo hua, jisne 17 veen shataabdi ke aakhir mein aur 18 veen shataabdi ki shuruaat tak bhaarateeya upamahaadveep mein shaasan kiya aur 19 veen shataabdi ke madhya mein samaapt hua. mugl samraat turk-mangol peedhi ke taimooravanshi the aur inhonne ati parishkrut mishrit hind-faarasi sanskruti ko viksit kiya. 1700 ke aaspaas, apni shakti ki oonchaai par, isne bhaarateeya upamahaadveep ke adhikaansh bhaag ko niyantrit kiya - iska vistaar poorv mein vartamaan bangalaadesh se pashchim mein baloochistaan tak aur uttar mein Kashmir se dakshin mein kaaveri ghaati tak tha. us samay 40 lakh kimee² (15 lakh meela²) ke kshetr par faile is saamraajya ki janasankhya ka anumaan 11 aur 13 karod ke beech lagaaya gaya tha.[4] 1725 ke baad iski shakti mein teji se giraavat I. uttaraadhikaar ke kalah, krushi sankat ki vajah se sthaaneeya vidroh, dhaarmik asahishnuta ka utkarsh aur british upaniveshavaad se kamjor hue saamraajya ka antim samraat bahaadur jfr shaah tha, jiska shaasan Delhi shahar tak seemit rah gaya tha. angrejon ne use kaid mein rakha aur 1857 ke bhaarateeya vidroh ke baad british dvaara myaanamaar nirvaasit kar diya.

1556 mein, jalaaluddeen mohammad Akbar, jo mahaan Akbar ke naam se prasiddh hua, ke padagrahan ke saath is saamraajya ka utkrusht kaal shuroo hua aur samraat aurangajeb ke nidhan ke saath samaapt hua, haalaanki yeh saamraajya aur 150 saal tak chala. is samay ke dauraan, vibhinn kshetron ko jodne mein ek uchch keindreekrut prashaasan nirmit kiya gaya tha. muglon ke sabhi mahatvapoorn smaarak, unke jyaadaatar drushya viraasat, is avadhi ke hain.

anukram

praarambhik itihaas

praarambhik 1500 ke aaspaas taimoori raajavansh ke Rajkumar baabar ke dvaara umairids saamraajya ke neenv ki sthaapana hui, jab unhonne doaab par kabja kiya aur khoraasan ke poorvi kshetr dvaara sindh ke upajaaoo kshetr aur indas nadi ke nichle ghaati ko niyantrit kiya.[5] 1526 mein, baabar ne Delhi ke sultaanon mein aakhri sulataan, Ibrahim shaah lodi, ko Panipat ke pehle yuddh mein haraaya.apne nae raajya ki sthaapana ko surakshit karne ke liye, baabar ko khaanava ke yuddh mein rajput sandhi ka saamana karna pada jo chittaur ke raana saaainga ke netrutv mein tha. virodhiyon se kaafi zyaada chhoti sena dvaara haasil ki gayi, turk ki praarambhik sainya safalataaon ko unki ekta, gatisheelata, ghudsavaar dhanurdhaariyon aur topakhaane ke istemaal mein visheshata ke liye thaharaaya gaya hai.

1530 mein baabar ke bete humaayooain uttaraadhikaari bane lekin pashtoon sher shaah soori ke haathon pramukh ulataav sahe aur nae saamraajya ke adhikaaainsh bhaag ko kshetreeya raajya se aage badne se pehle hi prabhaavi roop se haar gaye. 1540 se humaayoon ek nirvaasit shaasak bane, 1554 mein saafaavid darbaar mein pahunche jabki abhi bhi kuchh kile aur chhote kshetr unki sena dvaara niyantrit the. lekin sher shaah soori ke nidhan ke baad jab pashtoon avyavastha mein gir gaya, tab humaayoon ek mishrit sena ke saath laute, adhik sainikon ko batora aur 1555 mein Delhi ko pun: jeetne mein kaamayaab rahe.

humaayoon ne apni patni ke saath makaran ke khuradure ilaakon ko paar kiya, lekin yaatra ki nithrata se bachaane ke liye apne shishu bete jalaaluddeen ko peechhe chhod gaye. jalaaluddeen ko baad ke varshon mein Akbar ke naam se behtar jaana gaya tha, ve sindh ke rajput, shahar amarakot mein paida hue jahaaain unke chaacha askari ne unhein paala. vahaaain ve maidaani khel, ghudsavaari aur shikaar karne mein utkrusht bane aur yuddh ki kala seekhi.tab punasrtthaanasheel humaayoon ne Delhi ke aaspaas ke madhya pathaar par kabja kiya, lekin maheenon baad ek durghatana mein unki mrutyu ho gayi, jisse ve daayare ko asthir aur yuddh mein chhod gaye.

Akbar ka darbaar

14 February 1556 ko Delhi ke sinhaasan ke liye sikandar shaah soori ke khilaaf ek yuddh ke dauraan, Akbar apne pita ke uttaraadhikaari bane.unhonne jald hi 21 ya 22 ki umr mein apni athaarahaveen jeet haasil curry.vah Akbar ke naam se jaane gaye, vah ek buddhimaan shaasak the, jo nishpaksh par kadi kar nirdhaarit karte the. unhonne nishchit kshetr mein utpaadan ki jaaainch curry aur nivaasiyon se unki krushi upaj ke 1/5 ka kar laagoo kiya. unhonne ek kushal adhikaareevarg ki sthaapana curry aur dhaarmik matabhed se sahishnusheel the jisse vijay praapt kiye gaye logon ka pratirodh naram hua. unhonne raajapooton ke saath gathabandhan kiya aur hindu janaralon aur prashaasakon ko niyukt kiya tha.

umairids ke samraat Akbar ke bete jahaaaingeer ne 1605-1627 ke beech saamraajya par shaasan kiya. October 1627 mein, umairids ke samraat jahaaaingeer ke bete shaahajahaaain sinhaasan ke uttaraadhikaari bane, jahaaain unhein Bhaarat mein ek vishaal aur samruddh saamraajya viraasat mein mili. madhya-sadi mein yeh shaayad vishv ka sabse bada saamraajya tha. shaahajahaaain ne Agra mein prasiddh taaj mahal (1630–1653) ko banaana shuroo kiya jo faarasi vaastukaar ustaad Ahmad laahauri dvaara shaahajahaaain ki patni mumataaj mahal ke liye kabr ke roop mein banaaya gaya tha, jinka apne 14 vein bachche ko janm dete hue nidhan hua. 1700 tak yeh saamraajya vartamaan Bhaarat ke pramukh bhaagon ke saath apni charam par pahuainch chooka tha, aurangajeb aalamgeer ke netrutv ke tahat uttar poorvi raajyon ke alaava, Punjab ki sikh bhoomi, maraathaaon ki bhoomi, dakshin ke kshetr aur Afghanistan ke adhikaansh unke jaageer the. aurangajeb, mahaan turk raajaaon mein aakhiri the. faarasi bhojan se jabardast prabhaav bhaarateeya rasoi ke paranparaaon mein dekha ja sakta hai jo is avadhi mein praarambhik the.

mugal raajavansh

Akbar ke antargat mugl saamraajya aurangajeb ke adheen saamraajya ke kshetr mein vistaar hua.

madhya-16 veen shataabdi aur 17-veen shataabdi ke ant ke beech mugl saamraajya bhaarateeya upamahaadveep mein pramukh shakti thi. 1526 mein sthaapit, yeh naamamaatr 1857 tak bacha raha, jab vah british raaj dvaara hataaya gaya. yeh raajavansh kabhi kabhi timurid raajavansh ke naam se jaana jaata hai kyoonki baabar taimoor ka vanshaj tha.

fragna vaadi se aae ek Turkey muslim timurid siphasaalaar baabar ne mugl raajavansh ko sthaapit kiya, unhonne uttari Bhaarat ke kuchh hisson par hamla kiya aur Delhi ke shaasak Ibrahim shaah lodhi ko 1526 mein Panipat ke pehle yuddh mein haraaya.mugl saamraajya ne uttari Bhaarat ke shaasakon ke roop mein Delhi ke sultaan ka sthaan liya. samay ke saath, umer dvaara sthaapit raajya ne Delhi ke sultaan ki seema ko paar kiya, antat: Bhaarat ka ek bada hissa ghera aur saamraajya ki padavi kamaai.baabar ke bete humaayooain ke shaasanakaal ke dauraan ek sankshipt raajaae ke bheetar (1540-1555), ek saksham aur apne hi adhikaar mein kushal shaasak sher shaah soori ke antargat Afghan soori raajavansh ka udaya dekha.haalaanki, sher shaah ki asaamayik mrutyu aur unke uttaraadhikaariyon ki sainya akshamata ne 1555 mein humaayooain ko apni gaddi haasil karne ke liye saksham kiya. haalaanki, kuchh maheenon baad humaayoon ka nidhan hua aur unke 13 varsheeya bete Akbar ne gaddi haasil curry.

mugl vistaar ka sabse bada bhaag Akbar ke shaasanakaal (1556-1605) ke dauraan nipun hua. vartamaan bhaarateeya upamahaadveep ke uttaraadhikaari jahaaaingeer, shaahajahaaain aur aurangajeb dvaara is saamraajya ko agale sau saal ke liye pramukh shakti ke roop mein banaaya rakha gaya tha. pehle chhah samraat, jinhonne donon "vidhi sammat" aur "rel" shaktiyon ka aanand liya, unhein aamtaur par sirf ek hi naam se ullekh karte hain, ek sheershak jo pratyek mahaaraaj dvaara apne parigrahan par apnaai jaati thi. praasangik sheershak ke neeche soochi mein mote aksharon mein likha gaya hai.

Akbar ne katipya mahatvapoorn neetiyon ko shuroo kiya tha, jaise ki dhaarmik udaaravaad (jajiya kar ka unmoolan), saamraajya ke maamalon mein hinduon ko shaamil karna aur raajaneetik gathabandhan/hindu rajput jaati ke saath shaadi, jo ki unke vaataavaran ke liye Abhinav the, unhonne sher shaah soori ki kuchh neetiyon ko bhi apnaaya tha, jaise ki apne prashaasan mein saamraajya ko sarkaaron mein vibhaajit karna.in neetiyon ne nissandeh shakti banaae rakhane mein aur saamraajya ki sthirta mein madad ki thi, inko do tatkaal uttaraadhikaariyon dvaara sanrakshit kiya gaya tha, lekin inhein aurangajeb ne tyaag diya, jisne ek neeti apnaai jismein dhaarmik sahishnuta ka kam sthaan tha. iske alaava aurangajeb ne lagbhag apne poore jeevan-vrutti mein Deccan aur dakshin Bhaarat mein apne daayare ka vistaar karne ki koshish curry; is udyam ne saamraajya ke sansaadhanon ko baha diya jisse maraatha, Punjab ke sikhon aur hindu raajapooton ke andar majaboot pratirodh uttejit hua.

Two Mughal Emperors and Shah Alam c. 1876

aurangajeb ke shaasanakaal ke baad, saamraajya mein giraavat hui.bahaadur jfr shaah I ke saath shuruaat se, mugal samraaton ki satta mein uttarottar giraavat I aur ve kalpit sardaar bane, jo shuroo mein vibhinn vividh darabaariyon dvaara aur baad mein kai badhte saradaaron dvaara niyantrit the. 18 veen shataabdi mein, is saamraajya ne parshiya ke naadir shaah aur Afghanistan ke Ahmad shaah abdaali jaise hamlaavaron ka loot saha, jinhonne baar baar mugl rajdhani Delhi mein lootpaat kiya. Bhaarat mein is saamraajya ke kshetron ka adhik bhaag ko british ko milne se pehle maraathaaon ko paraajit kiya gaya tha. 1803 mein, andhe aur shaktiheen shaah aalam II ne aupachaarik roop se british East India company ka sanrakshan sveekaar kiya. british sarkaar ne pehle se hi kamjor mugloain ko "Bhaarat ke samraat" ke bajaay "Delhi ka raaja" kehna shuroo kar diya tha, jo 1803 mein aupachaarik roop se prayog kiya gaya, jisne bhaarateeya naresh ki british samraat se aage badne ki asahaj nihitaarth se parahej kiya. fir bhi, kuchh dashakon ke baad, BEIC ne samraat ke naamamaatr naukaron ke roop mein aur unke naam par, apne niyantran ke adheen kshetron mein shaasan jaari rakha, .1827 mein yeh shishtaachaar bhi khatm ho gaya tha.sipaahi vidroh ke kuchh vidrohiyon ne jab shaah aalam ke vanshaj bahaadur jafar shaah II se apne nishtha ki ghoshana curry, to british ne is sanstha ko poori tarah samaapt karne ka nirnaya liya. unhonne 1857 mein antim mugl samraat ko pad se giraaya aur unhein barma ke liye nirvaasit kiya, jahaaain 1862 mein unki mrutyu ho gayi. is prakaar mugl raajavansh ka ant ho gaya, jisne Bhaarat, Bangladesh aur Pakistan ke itihaas ke liye ek mahatvapoorn adhyaaya ka yogadaan kiya tha.

mugl baadashaahon ki soochi

mugl samraaton ke baare mein kuchh mahatvapoorn vivran neeche saaraneebaddh hai:

mahaaraaja janm shaasan kaal mrutyu nots
baabar baabar ka janm 24 fravari 1483 isvi meain hua tha. baabar ke pita umarashekh mirja fragna ke chhote raajya ke shaasak the. baabar faragaana ki gaddi par 8 June 1494 isvi meain baitha. baabar ne 1507 isvi meain baadshah ki upaadhi dhaaran ki jise ab tak kisi taimoor shaasak ne dhaaran naheeain ki thi. baabar ke chaar putr the humaayooain Kamran asakari tatha hiaindaal. baabar ne Bhaarat par paaainch baar aakraman kiya.
naseeruddeen mohammad humaayooain 6 March 1508 1530-1540 January 1556 soori raajavansh dvaara shaasan baadhit hua. yuva aur anubhavaheenata ke udagam ki vajah se unhein, hadpanevaale sher shaah soori, se kam prabhaavi shaasak maana gaya.
sher shaah soori 1472 1540-1545 May 1545 humaayooain ko pad se giraaya aur soori raajavansh ka netrutv kiya; ghanishth, prabhaavi prashaasan neetiyon ki shuruaat curry jo baad mein Akbar dvaara apnaai jaaegi.
islaam shaah soori c.1500 1545-1554 1554 soori raajavansh ka doosra aur antim shaasak, apne pita ki tulana mein saamraajya par kam niyantran ke saath; bete sikandar aur aadil shaah ke daave humaayooain ke bahaali ke dvaara samaapt ho gaye.
naseeruddeen mohammad humaayooain 6 March 1508 1555-1556 January 1556 praarambhik shaasanakaal 1530-1540 ki tulana mein bahaal niyam adhik ekeekrut aur prabhaavi tha; apne bete Akbar ke liye ekeekrut saamraajya chhod gaye.
jalaaluddeen mohammad Akbar 14 November 1542 1556-1605 27 October 1605 Akbar ne saamraajya mein sabse adhik kshetr jode aur mugal raajavansh ke sabse shaanadaar shaasak maane jaate hain; unhonne unhi ki tarah rajputana ki ek Rajkumari jodha se shaadi curry.jodha ek hindu thi aur pehle bahut se logon ne virodh kiya, lekin uske adheen, haraatmak muslim/hindu sambandh uchchatam par the.
nuruddeen mohammad jahaaaingeer October 1569 1605-1627 1627 jahaaaingeer ne beton ke apne samraat pita ke khilaaf vidrohi hone ki misaal di.british East India company ke saath pehla sambandh banaaya.ek sharaabi kathit hue aur unki patni mahaaraani noor jahaan, sinhaasan ke peechhe ki asli taakat bani aur unke sthaan par saksham shaasan kiya.
shahaabuddeen mohammad shaahajahaaain, sinhaasan ke udagam se pehle Rajkumar khurram ke naam se jaane gaye 5 January 1592 1627-1658 1666 uske tahat, mugl kala aur shilp unke sheershabindu pahuncha; Tajmahal, jahaaaingeer samaadhi aur Lahore mein shaaleemaar garden ka nirmaan kiya. unke bete aurangajeb dvaara pad se hataae gaye aur kaid kiye gaye.
moinuddeen mohammad aurangajeb aalamgeer 21 October 1618 1658-1707 3 March 1707 bahut kam apavyayi aur apne poorvavartiyon ke mukaabale hindu aur hindu dharm ke sahishnu; saamraajya ko apni sabse badi bhautik had tak laaya. mugl saamraajya par islaami shariya laagoo kiya. atyadhik neetiyon ki vajah se unki mrutyu ke baad kai dushmanon ne saamraajya ko kam kiya.
bahaadurashaah jafar I
urf shaah aalam I 		14 October 1643 1707-1712 fravari 1712 mugl samraaton mein pehle jinhonne saamraajya ke niyantran aur satta ki sthirta aur teevrata mein giraavat ki adhyakshata curry.unke shaasanakaal ke baad, samraat ek uttarottar tuchh kalpit sardaar ban gaye.
jahaandar shaah 1664 1712-1713 fravari 1713 vah keval apne mukhyamantri julfikaar Khan ke haathon ki kathaputali thi. jahaandar shaah ka kaam mugal saamraajya ki pratishtha ko neeche le aaya.
furrookhasiyr 1683 1713-1719 1719 1717 mein unhonne angreji East India company ko Bengal ke liye shulk mukt vyaapaar ke liye firman pradhaan kiya aur Bhaarat mein unki sthiti ki pushti curry.
rafi ul-darjaat agyaat 1719 1719
rafi ud-daulat
urf shaahajahaaain II 		agyaat 1719 1719
nikusiyr agyaat 1719 1743
mohammad Ibrahim agyaat 1720 1744
mohammad shaah 1702 1719-1720, 1720-1748 1748 1739 mein parshiya ke naadir-shaah ka aakraman saha.
Ahmad shaah bahaadur 1725 1748-54 1754
aalamgeer II 1699 1754-1759 1759
shaahajahaaain III agyaat 1759 sankshep mein 1770s
shaah aalam II 1728 1759-1806 1806 1761 mein Ahmad-shaah-abdaali ka aakraman saha; 1765 mein Bengal, Bihar aur udeesa ke 'nijaami' ko BEIC ko pradaan kiya, 1803 mein aupachaarik roop se BEIC ka sanrakshan sveekaar kiya.
Akbar shaah II 1760 1806-1837 1837 british suraksha mein naamamaatr kalpit sardaar
bahaadur jfr shaah II 1775 1837-1857 1858 british dvaara pad se giraae gaye aur is mahaan gadar ke baad barma ke liye nirvaasit hue. bahaadoor shaah ke bachcho ko maar diya aur unako barma bej liya.

bhaarateeya upamahaadveep par mugl prabhaav

mugl saamraajya dvaara nirmit taaj mahal

bhaarateeya upamahaadveep ke liye mugl ka pramukh yogadaan unki anoothi vaastukala thi. mugl kaal ke dauraan muslim samraaton dvaara taaj mahal sahit kai mahaan smaarak banaae gaye the. muslim mugl raajavansh ne bhavya mahalon, kabron, meenaaron aur kilon ko nirmit kiya tha jo aaj Delhi, dhaaka, Agra, Jaipur, Lahore, shekhapura aur Bhaarat, Pakistan aur Bangladesh ke kai anya shaharon mein khade hain.[6][7]

garmiyon mein shaaleemaar garden.

unke uttaraadhikaariyon ne, madhya Asiaee desh ke kam yaadon ke saath jiske liye unhonne intajaar kiya, upamahaadveep ki sanskruti ka ek kam jaanibdaar drushya liya aur kaafi aatmasat bane, unhonne kai upamahaadveep ke lakshan aur pratha ko avashoshit kiya.Bhaarat ki itihaas mein anya ki tulana mein mugl kaal ne bhaarateeya, Irani aur madhya Asia ke kalaatmak, bauddhik aur saahityik parampara ka ek aur adhik upayogi ka sammishran dekha.muglon ko jeevan ki achhi baaton ka svaad tha- khoobsoorti se kalaatmak design aur aanand aur saanskrutik gatividhiyon ki prashansa ke liye.mugl jitna dete the utana udhar lete the; bhaarateeya upamahaadveep ke donon hindu aur muslim paranparaaeain unki sanskruti aur adaalat shaili vyaakhya par bhaari prabhaav the. fir bhi, ve upamahaadveep ke samaajon aur sanskruti ke liye kai ullekhaneeya badlaav laae, jismein shaamil hain:


  • keindreekrut sarkaar jo kai chhote raajyon ko ek saath laae.
  • parshiyn kala aur sanskruti jo bhaarateeya kala aur sanskruti ke saath samaamelit hui.
  • arab aur turk bhoomi mein nae vyaapaar maargon ko praarambh kiya.islaam apni uchchatam mein tha
  • muglai bhojan
  • urdoo bhaasha, sthaaneeya bhaasha hindavi se viksit hui jo ki faarasi aur baad mein arabi aur Turkey se udhaar lekar bani.mugl kaal mein bhaarateeya aur islaami sanskruti ke vilay ke parinaam ke roop mein urdoo viksit hua. aadhunik hindi sanskrut-aadhaarit shabdaavali aur faarasi, arabi aur Turkey ke rin shabd ka upayog karti hai. yeh paarasparik roop se sugam aur urdoo ke samaan hai. saamoohik roop mein donon kabhi kabhi hindoostaani ke naam se jaane jaate hain. iska sarvashreshth udaaharan hai ki yeh Bollywood filmon mein aur Pakistan ke pramukh shahari seting mein prayog kiye jaane waali bhaasha hai.
  • vaastukala ki ek nai shaili
  • laindaskep baagavaani


muglon ke tahat kala aur vaastukala ka ullekhaneeya kusumit kai kaarakon ke kaaran hai. is saamraajya ne kalaatmak pratibha ke vikaas ke liye ek surakshit dhaancha pradaan kiya aur is upamahaadveep ke itihaas mein adviteeya dhan aur sansaadhanon ko badhaava diya.swayam mugl shaasak kala ke asaadhaaran sanrakshak the, jinki bauddhik kshamata aur saanskrutik drushtikon ko sabse parishkrut svaad mein vyakt kiya gaya tha. haalaanki jispar unhonne kabhi shaasan kiya tha vah hindoostaan ab Pakistan, Bhaarat aur bangalaadesh mein bat gaya hai, par unka prabhaav aaj bhi vyaapak roop se dekha ja sakta hai. samraaton ke makabare Bhaarat aur Pakistan bhar mein faile hue hain. inke 160 lakh vansh, mahaadveep aur sanbhavat: duniya bhar mein faile hue hain.

vaikalpik arth

  • saamraajya ka vaikalpik vartani, mugl, aadhunik shabd mugl ka srot hai.[8] lokapriya samaachaar shabdajaal mein, yeh shabd ek safal vyavasaaya thaileeshaah ko niroopit karta hai jisne khud ke liye ek vishaal (aur aksar ekaadhikaar) saamraajya ya ek se adhik vishisht udyog banaae hain. iska prayog mugl raajaaon dvaara nirmit prashast aur ameer saamraajya ke liye ek sandarbh hai. udaaharan ke liye, roopart mardok ko ek samaachaar mugl kaha jaata hai.

yeh bhi dekhein

vikimeediya kaumans par Mughal Empire se sambandhit media hai.

tippani

  1. ↑ Area source:[krupaya uddharan jodein] Population source:[3]

sandarbh

  1. ↑ Conan, Michel (2007). Middle East Garden Traditions: Unity and Diversity : Questions, Methods and Resources in a Multicultural Perspective, Volume 31. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. pa॰ 235. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-0884023296.
  2. ↑ The title (Mirza) descends to all the sons of the family, without exception. In the Royal family it is placed after the name instead of before it, thus, Abbas Mirza and Hosfiein Mirza. Mirza is a civil title, and Khan is a military one. The title of Khan is creative, but not hereditary. pg 601 Monthly magazine and British register, Volume 34 Publisher Printed for Sir Richard Phillips, 1812 Original from Harvard University
  3. ↑ sandarbh truti: <ref> ka galat prayog; Richards1993 naam ke sandarbh mein jaankaari naheen hai.
  4. ↑ John ef richrds,
  5. ↑ islaami duniya se 1600: (taimarind saamraajya)
  6. ↑ Ross maarale, Clark di. nehar.
  7. ↑ 'deshbhakt aur taanaashaah
  8. ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mogul


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