maurya raajavansh

is lekh mein satyaapan hetu atirikt sandarbh athva sroton ki aavashyakta hai. krupaya vishvasaneeya srot jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. srotaheen saamagri ko chunauteedi ja sakti hai aur hataaya bhi ja sakta hai. (December 2015)

maurya vansh

ashok ke samay mein maurya vansh ka sabse jyaada vistaar hua
shaahi prateek: ashok ka sinhachaturmukh stambhasheersh
sthaapak	chandragupt maurya
pehle ka shaasan	mahaajanapad, mukhyat: magadh
bhaasha	sanskrut paali praakrut yoonaani (uttar pashchim) arami (uttar pashchim)
dharm	hindu jain bauddh
rajdhani	paataliputr
raajya ka mukhiya	raaja (samraat)
pehla samraat	chandragupt maurya
aakhiri samraat	brahadratt
shaasan	kendreeya shaasan jismein raaja ko daiveeya adhikaar praapt the
vibhaag	4 raajya: tosaali ujjain svaranagari takshashila arddh svatantr janajaatiyaaain
prashaasan	mantriprishd mahaamantri ke antargat saath mein mantriyon ki ek badi vidhaanasabha. vistrut adhikaariyon ka sanjaal koshaadhyaksh se collectoron se lipikon tak.
kshetr	50 lakh km² [1] (dakshin Asia aur kuchh madhya Asia ke hisse)
janasankhya	5 karod[2] (vishv ki janasankhya ka ek-tihaai [3])
mudra	chaaaindi ke sikke (paana)
shaasan kaal	322–185 ipoo
vightan	sainya takhtaapalat pushyamitr shung dvaara
baad ka shaasan	shung vansh

maurya raajavansh (322-185 isaapoorv) praacheen Bhaarat ka ek raajavansh tha. isne 137 varsh Bhaarat mein raajya kiya. iski sthaapana ka shreya chandragupt maurya aur uske mantri kautilya ko diya jaata hai, jinhonne nand vansh ke samraat ghanaanand ko paraajit kiya.

yeh saamraajya poorv mein magadh raajya mein ganga nadi ke maidaanon (aaj ka Bihar evam Bengal) se shuru hua. iski rajdhani paataliputr (aaj ke Patna shahar ke paas) thi. chandragupt maurya ne 322 isa poorv^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]} mein is saamraajya ki sthaapana ki aur teji se pashchim ki taraf apna saamraajya ka vikaas kiya. usane kai chhote chhote kshetreeya raajyon ke aapasi matabhedon ka faayda uthaaya jo sikndar ke aakraman ke baad paida ho gaye the. 316 isa poorv tak maurya vansh ne poore uttari pashchimi Bhaarat par adhikaar kar liya tha.ashok ke raajya mein maurya vansh ka behad vistaar hua.

• chandragupt maurya 323-298 isa poorv
• bindusaar 298-273 isa poorv
• ashok 273-232 isa poorv
• kunaal 232-224 isa poorv
• dasharath maurya 232-224 isa poorv
• samprati 224-215 isa poorv
• shaalisuk 215-202 isa poorv
• devavarman 202-195 isa poorv
• shatadhanvan maurya 195-187 isa poorv
• bruhadrath maurya 187-185 isa poorv

325 isaapoorv mein uttar pashchimi Bhaarat (aaj ke Pakistan ka lagbhag sampoorn ilaaka) sikndar ke kshatrapon ka shaasan tha. jab sikndar Punjab par chadhaai kar raha tha to ek braahman jiska naam chaanakya tha (kautilya naam se bhi jaana gaya tatha vaastavik naam vishnugupt) magadh ko saamraajya vistaar ke liye protsaahit karne aaya. us samay magadh achha khaasa shaktishaali tha tatha uske padosi raajyon ki aankhon ka kaaainta. par tatkaaleen magadh ke samraat ghanaanand ne usako thukara diya. usane kaha ki tum ek pandit ho aur apni choti ka hi dhyaan rakho "yuddh karna raaja ka kaam hai tum pandit ho sirf panditaai karo" tabhi se chaanakya ne pratijnyaa liya ki dhanaanand ko sabak sikha ke rahega|^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

maurya praacheen kshatriya kabeele ke hisse rahe hai.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]} praacheen Bhaarat chhote -chhote ganon mein vibhkt tha. us vakt kuchh hi pramukh shaasak jaatiya thi jisme shaakya, maurya ka prabhaav jyaada tha. chandragupt usi gan pramukh ka putr tha jo ki chandragupt ke baal avastha mein hi yoddha ke roop mein maara gaya. chandragupt mein raaja banane ke svaabhaavik gun the 'isi yogyata ko dekhte hue chaanakya ne use apna shishya bana liya, evam ek sabal raashtra ki neev daali jo ki aaj tak ek aadarsh hai.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

magadh par vijay

. iske baad Bhaarat bhar mein jaasooson (guptachar) ka ek jaal sa bichha diya gaya jisse raaja ke khilaaf gaddaari ityaadi ki gupt soochana ekatr karne mein kiya jaata tha - yeh Bhaarat mein shaayad abhootapoorv tha. ek baar aisa ho jaane ke baad usane chandragupt ko yoonaani kshatrapon ko maar bhagaane ke liye taiyaar kiya. is kaarya mein use guptacharon ke vistrut jaal se madad mili. magadh ke aakraman mein chaanakya ne magadh mein gruhayuddh ko ukasaaya. uske guptacharon ne nand ke adhikaariyon ko rishvat dekar unhe apne paksh mein kar liya. iske baad nand shaasak ne apna pad chhod diya aur chaanakya ko vijyashri praapt hui. nand ko nirvaasit jeevan jeena pada jiske baad usaka kya hua ye agyaat hai. chandragupt maurya ne janta ka vishvaas bhi jeeta aur iske saath usako satta ka adhikaar bhi mila.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

us samay magadh Bhaarat ka sabse shaktishaali raajya tha. magadh par kabja hone ke baad chandragupt satta ke kendra par kaabij ho chuka tha. chandragupt ne pashchimi tatha dakshini Bhaarat par vijay abhiyaan aarambh kiya. iski jaankaari apratyaksh saakshyon se milti hai. roodradaaman ke joonaagadh shilaalekh mein likha hai ki sinchaai ke liye sudarshan jheel par ek baaaindh pushyagupt dvaara banaaya gaya tha. pushyagupt us samay ashok ka praanteeya raajyapaal tha. pashchimottar Bhaarat ko yoonaani shaasan se mukti dilaane ke baad usaka dhyaan dakshin ki taraf gaya.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

chandragupt ne sikndar (alekjendar) ke senaapati selyookas ko 305 isaapoorv ke aaspaas haraaya tha. greek vivran is vijay ka ullekh naheen karte hain par itna kehte hain ki chandragupt (yoonaani sroton mein saindrokotas naam se ) aur selyookas ke beech ek sandhi hui thi jiske anusaar selyookas ne kandhaar , Kabul, heraat aur baloochistaan ke pradesh chandragupt ko de diye the. iske saath hi chandragupt ne use 500 haathi bheint kiye the. itna bhi kaha jaata hai chandragupt ne ya uske putr bindusaar ne selyookas ki beti se vaivaahik sambandh sthaapit kiya tha. selyookas ne megaasthaneej ko chandragupt ke darbaar mein raajadoot ke roop mein bheja tha. plootaark ke anusaar "saindrokotas us samay tak sinhaasanaaroodh ho chuka tha, usane apne 6,00,000 sainikon ki sena se sampoorn Bhaarat ko raund daala aur apne adheen kar liya". yeh tippani thodi atishyokti kahi ja sakti hai kyonki itna gyaat hai ki kaaveri nadi aur uske dakshin ke kshetron mein us samay cholon, paandyon, satyaputron tatha keralaputron ka shaasan tha. ashok ke shilaalekh Karnataka mein chittaladurg, yeraagudi tatha maaski mein paae gaye hain. uske shilaalikhit dharmopadesh pratham tatha trayodash mein unke padosi chol, paandya tatha anya raajyon ka varnan milta hai. chunki aisi koi jaankaari naheen milti ki ashok ya uske pita bindusaar ne dakshin mein koi yuddh lada ho aur usamein vijay praapt ki ho at: aisa maana jaata hai unapar chandragupt ne hi vijay praapt ki thi. apne jeevan ke uttaraardh mein usane jain dharm apna liya tha aur sinhaasan tyaagakar Karnataka ke shravanabelagola mein apne guru jainamuni bhadrabaahu ke saath sanyaasi jeevan vyateet karne laga tha.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

chandragupt maurya ka raajya

bindusaar

chandragupt ke baad usaka putr bindusaar sattaaroodh hua par uske baare mein adhik gyaat naheen hai. dakshin ki or saamraajya vistaar ka shreya yada kada bindusaar ko diya jaata hai hainlaanki uske vijay abhiyaan ka koi saakshya naheen hai. jain parampara ke anusaar usaki maaain ka naam durdhar tha aur puraanon mein varnit bindusaar ne 25 varshon tak shaasan kiya tha. use amitraghaat (dushmanon ka sanhaar karne wala) ki upaadhi bhi di jaati hai jise yoonaani granthon mein amitrochatas ka naam diya jaata hai. bindusar aajivk dharam ko maanata tha. usane ek yunaani shaasak se sookhi anjeer, meethi sharaab va ek daarshanik ki maang ki thi.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

ashok

ashok ka raajya

samraat ashok, Bhaarat ke itihaas ke sabse mahaan shaasakon mein se ek hain. saamraajya ke vistaar ke atirikt prashaasan tatha dhaarmik sahishnuta ke kshetr mein bhi usaka naam akbar jaise mahaan shaasakon ke saath liya jaata hai. kuchh vidvaan to use vishv itihaas ka sabse safal shaasak bhi maanate hain. apne Rajkumar ke dinon mein usane ujjain tatha takshashila ke vidrohon ko daba diya tha. par kaling ki ladaai uske jeevan mein ek nirnaayak mod saabit hui aur usaka man yuddh mein hue narasanhaar se glaani se bhar gaya. usane bauddh dharm apna liya tatha uske prachaar ke liye kaarya kiya. ashok ko bauddh dharm me upagupt ne Dixit kiya tha. usane devaanaanpriya, priydarshi, jaisi upaadhi dhaaran ki. ashok ke shilaalekh tatha shilotkeern upadesh bhaarateeya upamahaadveep mein jagah-jagah paae gaye hain. usane dhamm ka prachaar karne ke liye videshon mein bhi apne prachaarak bheje. jin-jin deshon mein prachaarak bheje gaye unamein Syria tatha pashchim Asia ka entiyokas thiyos, misr ka tolemi filaadelas, makadooniya ka enteegonas gonaatas, saaireen ka megaas tatha epaairas ka elaikjaindar shaamil the. apne putr Mahendra ko usane rajdhani paataliputr se Sri Lanka jalamaarg se ravaana kiya. Patna (paataliputr) ka aitihaasik mahendroo ghaat usi ke naam par naamakrut hai. yuddh se man ub jaane ke baad bi usane ek badi sena ko banaae rakha tha. aisa videshi aakraman se saamraajya ke patan ko rokane ke liye aavashyak tha.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

maurya saamraajya ki rajdhani paataliputr (aadhunik Patna) thi. iske atirikt saamraajya ko prashaasan ke liye chaar aur praanton mein baanta gaya tha. poorvi bhaag ki rajdhani tausaali thi to dakshini bhaag ki suvarnagiri. isi prakaar uttari tatha pashchimi bhaag ki rajdhani kramash: takshashila tatha ujjain (ujjayini) thi. iske atirikt samaapa, ishila tatha kaushaambi bhi mahatvapoorn nagar the. raajya ke praantapaalon Kumar hote the jo sthaaneeya praanton ke shaasak the. Kumar ki madad ke liye har praant mein ek mantreeparishd tatha mahaamaatya hote the. praant aage jilon mein bante hote the. pratyek jila gaaainv ke samoohon mein banta hota tha. pradeshik jila prashaasan ka pradhaan hota tha. rajjuk jameen ko maapane ka kaam karta tha. prashaasan ki sabse chhoti ikaai gaaainv thi jiska pradhaan graamik kahalaata tha.

kautilya ne arthashaastr mein nagaron ke prashaasan ke baare mein ek poora adhyaaya likha hai. vidvaanon ka kehna hai ki us samay paataliputr tatha anya nagaron ka prashaasan is sinddhaant ke anuroop hi raha hoga. megaasthaneej ne paataliputr ke prashaasan ka varnan kiya hai. uske anusaar paataliputr nagar ka shaasan ek nagar parishad dvaara kiya jaata tha jismein 30 sadasya the. ye tees sadasya paaainch-paaainch sadasyon waali chh: samitiyon mein bante hote the. pratyek samiti ka kuchh nishchit kaam hota tha. pehli samiti ka kaam audyogik tatha kalaatmak utpaadan se sambandhit tha. iska kaam vetan nirdhaarit karna tatha milaavat rokana bhi tha. doosari samiti paataliputr mein baahar se aane vaale logon khaaskar videshiyon ke maamale dekhti thi. teesari samiti ka taalluk janm tatha mrutyu ke panjeekaran se tha. chauthi samiti vyaapaar tatha vaanijya ka vinimyan karti thi. iska kaam nirmit maal ki bikri tatha panya par nazar rakhana tha. paaainchavi maal ke vinirmaan par najar rakhati thi to chhathi ka kaam kar vasoolana tha.

nagar parishad ke dvaara janakalyaan ke kaarya karne ke liye vibhinn prakaar ke adhikaari bhi niyukt kiye jaate the, jaise - sadkon, baajaaron, chikitsaalayon, devaalayon, shiksha-sansthaaon, jalaapoorti, bandaragaahon ki marammat tatha rakharakhaav ka kaam karna. nagar ka pramukh adhikaari naagarak kahalaata tha. kautilya ne nagar prashaasan mein kai vibhaagon ka bhi ullekh kiya hai jo nagar ke kai kaaryakalaapon ko niyamit karte the, jaise - lekha vibhaag, raajasv vibhaag, Khan tatha khanij vibhaag, rath vibhaag, seema shulk aur kar vibhaag.

maurya saamraajya ke samay ek aur baat jo Bhaarat mein abhootapoorv thi vo thi mauryo ka guptachar jaal. us samay poore raajya mein guptacharon ka jaal bichha diya gaya tha jo raajya par kisi baahari aakraman ya aantarik vidroh ki khabar prashaasan tatha sena tak pahuainchaate the.

Bhaarat mein sarvapratham maurya vansh ke shaasanakaal mein hi raashtreeya raajaneetik ekta sthaapit hui thi. maurya prashaasan mein satta ka sudrudh kendreeyakaran tha parantu raaja nirankush naheen hota tha. maurya kaal mein ganatantr ka hraas hua aur raajatantraatmak vyavastha sudrudh hui. kautilya ne raajya saptaank siddhaant nirdisht kiya tha, jinke aadhaar par maurya prashaasan aur usaki gruh tatha videsh neeti sanchaalit hoti thi - raaja, amaatya janapad, durg, kosh, sena aur, mitr.

itne bade saamraajya ki sthaapana ka ek parinaam ye hua ki poore saamraajya mein aarthik ekeekaran hua. kisaanon ko sthaaneeya roop se koi kar naheen dena padta tha, hainlaanki iske badle unhein kadaai se par vaajib maatra mein kar kendreeya adhikaariyon ko dena padta tha.

us samay ki mudra pan thi. arthashaastr mein in panon ke vetanamaanon ka bhi ulle milta hai. nyoonatam vetan 60 pan hota tha jabki adhiktam vetan 48,000 pan tha.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

chhathi sadi isa poorv (mauryon ke udaya ke koi do sau varsh poorv) takabhaarat mein dhaarmik sampradaayon ka prachalan tha. ye sabhi dharm kisi na kisi roop se vaidik pratha se jude the. chhathi sadi isaapoorv mein koi 62 sampradaayon ke astitv ka pata chala hai jismein bauddh tatha jain sampradaaya ka udaya kaalaantar mein anya ki apeksha adhik hua. mauryon ke aate aate bauddh tatha jain sampradaayon ka vikaas ho chuka tha. udhar dakshin mein shaiv tatha vaishnav sampradaaya bhi viksit ho rahe the.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

chandragupt maurya ne apna raajasinhaasan tyaagakar kar jain dharm apna liya tha. aisa kaha jaata hai ki chandragupt ne apne guru jainamuni bhadrabaahu ke saath Karnataka ke shravanabelagola mein sanyaasi ke roop mein rahane laga tha. iske baad ke shilaalekhon mein bi aisa paaya jaata hai ki chandragupt ne usi sthaan par ek sachche nishthaavaan jain ki tarah aamaran upavaas karke dam toda tha. vahaan paas mein hi chandragiri naam ki pahaadi hai jiska naamaakaran shaayad chandragupt ke naam par hi kiya gaya tha.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

ashok ne kaling yuddh ke baad bauddh dharm ko apna liya tha. iske baad usane dhamm ke prachaar mein apna dhyaan lagaaya. yahaan dhamm ka matlab koi dharm ya majhab ya rileejn na hokar "naitik siddhaant" tha. us samay na to islaam ka janm hua tha aur na hi isaaiyat ka. at: ve naitik siddhaant us samay baahar ke kisi dharm ka virodh karna naheen hokar manushya ko ek naitik niyam pradaan karna tha. apne doosare shilaalekh mein usane likha hai - " dhamm kya hai? alp dushkarm tatha adhik satkarm. rosh, nirdayata, krodh, ghamand tatha irshya jaisi buraaiyon se bachana tatha daya, udaarata, sachchaai, sanyam, saralata, hrudaya ki pavitrata naitikta mein aasakti aur aantarik tatha baahya pavitrata aadi sadaachaaron ka paalan. "^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

bauddh dharm ko apnaane ke baad usane isko jeevan mein utaarane ki bhi koshish ki. usane shikaar karna aur pashuon ki hatya chhod diya tatha manushyon tatha jaanvaron ke liye chikitsaalayon ki sthaapana karaai. usane braahmanon tatha vibhinn dhaarmik panthon ke sanyaasiyon ko udaarataapoorvak daan diya. iske alaava usane aaraamagruh, evam dharmashaala, kuen tatha baavariyon ka bhi nirmaan kaarya karaaya.

usane dharmamahaamaatr naam ke padavaale adhikaariyon ki niyukti ki jinka kaam aam janta mein dhamm ka prachaar karna tha. usane videshon mein bhi apne prachaarak dal bheje. padosi deshon ke alaava misr, Syria, makadooniya (yoonaan) saaireen tatha epaairas mein bhi usane dharm prachaarakon ko bheja. hanlaanki ashok ne khud bauddh dharm apna liya tha par usane anya sampradaayon ke prati bhi aadar ka bhaav rakha tatha unke virooddh kisi kaaryavaahi ki ullekh naheen milta hai. maurya kaal me shaan vistrath th^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

sainya vyavastha chh: samitiyon mein vibhk‍aat sainya vibhaag dvaara nirdisht thi. pratyek samiti mein paaainch sainya visheshagya hote the.

paidal sena, ash‍aav sena, gaj sena, rath sena tatha nau sena ki vyavastha thi.

sainik prabandh ka sarvochch adhikaari antapaal kahalaata tha. yeh seemaant kshetron ka bhi vyavasthaapak hota tha. megasthaneej ke anusaar chandragupt maurya ki sena chh: lakh paidal, pachaas hajaar ash‍aavaarohi, nau hajaar haathi tatha aath sau rathon se susajjit Ajay sainik the.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

chandragupt maurya ne shaasan sanchaalan ko suchaaru roop se chalaane ke liye chaar praanton mein vibhaajit kar diya tha jinhein chakr kaha jaata tha. in praanton ka shaasan samraat ke pratinidhi dvaara sanchaalit hota tha. samraat ashok ke kaal mein praanton ki sankhya paaainch ho gayi thi. ye praant the-

praant rajdhani

praachi (madhya desh)- paataliputr

uttaraapath - takshashila

dakshinaapath - suvarnagiri

avanti raashtra - ujjayini

kaling - tosali

praanton (chakron) ka prashaasan raajavansheeya Kumar (aarya putr) naamak padaadhikaariyon dvaara hota tha.

kumaaraabhaashya ki sahaayata ke liye pratyek praant mein mahaapaatr naamak adhikaari hote the. sheersh par saamraajya ka kendreeya prabhaag tatpash‍achaat‌apraant aahaar (vishay) mein vibhk‍aat tha. gram prashaasan ki nimn ikaai tha, 100 gram ke samooh ko sangrahan kaha jaata tha.

aahaar vishyapati ke adheen hota tha. jile ke prashaasanik adhikaari sthaanik tha. gop das gaaainv ki vyavastha karta tha.

megasthaneej ke anusaar maurya shaasan ki nagareeya prashaasan chh: samiti mein vibhk‍aat tha.

pratham samiti- udyog shilpon ka nireekshan karta tha.

dviteeya samiti- videshiyon ki dekharekh karta hai.

truteeya samiti- janaganana.

chaturth samiti- vyaapaar vaanijya ki vyavastha.

pancham samiti- vikraya ki vyavastha, nireekshan.

shashth samiti- bikri kar vyavastha.

nagar mein anushaasan banaaye rakhane ke liye tatha aparaadhon par niyntran rakhane hetu police vyavastha thi jise rakshit kaha jaata tha.

yoonaani sroton se gyaat hota hai ki nagar prashaasan mein teen prakaar ke adhikaari hote the- egronoyoi (jilaadhikaari), enteenomoi (nagar aayuk‍aat), sainya adhikaar.

maurya samraat ki mrutyu (237-236 E. poo.) ke uparaant lagbhag do sadiyon (322 - 184i.poo.) se chale aa rahe shak‍aatishaali maurya saamraajya ka vightan hone laga.

antim maurya samraat vruhadrath ki hatya uske senaapati pushyamitr shung ne kar di. isse maurya saamraajya samaapt ho gaya.

patan ke kaaran

1. ayogya evam nirbal uttaraadhikaari,
2. prashaasan ka atyadhik kendreeyakaran,
3. raashtreeya chetna ka abhaav,
4. aarthik evam saanskrutik asamaanataaeain,
5. praanteeya shaasakon ke atyaachaar,
6. karon ki adhikta.

vibhinn itihaasakaaron ne maurya vansh ka patan ke liye bhinn-bhinn kaaranon ka ullekh kiya hai^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}-

• har prasaad shaastri - dhaarmik neeti (braahman virodhi neeti ke kaaran)

• hemachandr rai chaudhari - samraat ashok ki ahinsak evam shaantipriya neeti.

• di di kaushaambi - aarthik sankatagrast vyavastha ka hona.

• di.N. jha - nirbal uttaraadhikaari

• romila thaapar - maurya saamraajya ke patan ke liye kendreeya shaasan adhikaari tantr ka avyavastha evam aprashikshit hona.

mauryakaaleen sabhyata ke avashesh bhaarateeya upamahaadveep mein jagah-jagah paae gaye hain. Patna (paataliputr) ke paas kumharaar mein ashokakaaleen bhagnaavashesh paae gaye hain. ashok ke stambh tatha shilotkeern upadesh saamraajya ke vibhinn hisson me mile hain.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

322 E. poo. mein chandragupt maurya ne apne guroo chaanakya ki sahaayata se dhanaanand ki hatya kar maurya vansh ki neenv daali thi.

chandragupt maurya ne nandon ke atyaachaar va ghrunit shaasan se muk‍aati dilaai aur desh ko ekta ke sootr mein baaaindha aur maurya saamraajya ki sthaapana ki. yeh saamraajya ganatantr vyavastha par raajatantr vyavastha ki jeet thi. is kaarya mein arthashaastr naamak pustak dvaara chaanakya ne sahayog kiya. vishnugupt va kautilya unke anya naam hain. aaryon ke aagaman ke baad yeh pratham sthaapit saamraajya tha.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

chandragupt maurya (322 E. poo. se 298 E. poo.)- chandragupt maurya ke janm vansh ke sambandh mein vivaad hai. braahman, bauddh tatha jain granthon mein paraspar virodhi vivran milta hai.

vividh pramaanon aur aalochanaatmak sameeksha ke baad yeh tark nirdhaarit hota hai ki chandragupt moriya vansh ka kshatriya tha. chandragupt ke pita moriya nagar pramukh the. jab vah garbh mein hi tha tab uske pita ki mrutyu yuddhabhoomi mein ho gayi thi. usaka paataliputr mein janm hua tha tatha ek gopaalak dvaara poshit kiya gaya tha. charaavaah tatha shikaari roop mein hi raaja-gun hone ka pata chaanakya ne kar liya tha tatha use ek hajaar mein kashaarpan mein khareed liya. tatpash‍aachaat‌aatakshashila laakar sabhi vidya mein nipun banaaya. adhyayan ke dauraan hi sambhavat: chandragupt sikndar se mila tha. 323 E. poo. mein sikndar ki mrutyu ho gayi tatha uttari sindhu ghaati mein pramukh yoonaani kshatrap Phillip dviteeya ki hatya ho gayi.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

jis samay chandragupt raaja bana tha Bhaarat ki raajaneetik sthiti bahut kharaab thi. usane sabse pehle ek sena taiyaar ki aur sikndar ke viruddh yuddh praarambh kiya. 317 E. poo. tak usane sampoorn sindh aur Punjab pradeshon par adhikaar kar liya. ab chandragupt maurya sindh tatha Punjab ka ekakshatr shaasak ho gaya. Punjab aur sindh vijay ke baad chandragupt tatha chaanakya ne dhanaanand ka naash karne hetu magadh par aakraman kar diya. yuddh mein dhanaananand maara gaya ab chandragupt Bhaarat ke ek vishaal saamraajya magadh ka shaasak ban gaya. sikndar ki mrutyu ke baad selyookas usaka uttaraadhikaari bana. vah sikndar dvaara jeeta hua bhoo-bhaag praapt karne ke liye utsuk tha. is uddeshya se 305 E. poo. usane Bhaarat par pun: chadhaai ki. chandragupt ne pash‍aachimottar Bhaarat ke yoonaani shaasak selyookas niketar ko paraajit kar area (heraat), araakosiya (kandhaar), jedrosiya peropenisdaai (Kabul) ke bhoo-bhaag ko adhikrut kar vishaal bhaarateeya saamraajya ki sthaapana ki. selyookas ne apni putri helan ka vivaah chandragupt se kar diya. usane megasthaneej ko raajadoot ke roop mein chandragupt maurya ke darbaar mein niyuk‍aat kiya.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

chandragupt maurya ne pash‍aachim Bhaarat mein Saurashtra tak pradesh jeetkar apne pratyaksh shaasan ke antargat shaamil kiya. girnaar abhilekh (150 E. poo.) ke anusaar is pradesh mein punyagupt vaishya chandragupt maurya ka raajyapaal tha. isne sudarshan jheel ka nirmaan kiya. dakshin mein chandragupt maurya ne uttari Karnataka tak vijay praapt ki.

chandragupt maurya ke vishaal saamraajya mein Kabul, heraat, kandhaar, baloochistaan, Punjab, ganga-yamuna ka maidaan, Bihar, Bengal, Gujarat tha tatha vindhya aur Kashmir ke bhoo-bhaag sammilit the, lekin chandragupt maurya ne apna saamraajya uttar-pash‍aachim mein Iran se lekar poorv mein Bengal tatha uttar mein Kashmir se lekar dakshin mein uttari Karnataka tak vistrut kiya tha. antim samay mein chandragupt maurya jain muni bhadrabaahu ke saath shravanabelagola chala gaya tha. 298 E. poo. mein upavaas dvaara chandragupt maurya ne apna shareer tyaag diya.

bindusaar (298 E. poo. se 273 E. poo.)- yeh chandragupt maurya ka putr va uttaraadhikaari tha jise vaayu puraan mein madrasaar aur jain saahitya mein sinhasen kaha gaya hai. yoonaani lekhak ne inhein abhilochet‍aas kaha hai. yeh 298 E. poo. magadh saamraajya ke sinhaasan par baitha. jain granthon ke anusaar bindusaar ki maata durdhara thi. theravaad parampara ke anusaar vah braahman dharm ka anuyaayi tha.

bindusaar ke samay mein Bhaarat ka pash‍aachim Asia se vyaapaarik sambandh achha tha. bindusaar ke darbaar mein Syria ke raaja entiyokas ne daayamaaikas naamak raajadoot bheja tha. misr ke raaja taulemi ke kaal mein daainosiys naamak raajadoot maurya darbaar mein bindusaar ki Rajyasabha mein aaya tha.

divyaadaan ke anusaar bindusaar ke shaasanakaal mein takshashila mein do vidroh hue the, jinka daman karne ke liye pehli baar ashok ko, doosari baar suseem ko bheja

prashaasan ke kshetr mein bindusaar ne apne pita ka hi anusaran kiya. prati mein uparaaja ke roop mein Kumar niyuk‍aat kiye. divyaadaan ke anusaar ashok avanti ka uparaaja tha. bindusaar ki sabha mein 500 sadasyon waali mantriprishd‍aathi jiska pradhaan khallaatak tha. bindusaar ne 25 varshon tak raajya kiya antat: 273 E. poo. usaki mrutyu ho gayi.

ashok (273 E. poo. se 236 E. poo.)- raajagaddi praapt hone ke baad ashok ko apni aantarik sthiti sudrudh karne mein chaar varsh lage. is kaaran raajyaarohan chaar saal baad 269 E. poo. mein hua tha.

vah 273 E. poo. mein sinhaasan par baitha. abhilekhon mein use devaana priya evam raaja aadi upaadhiyon se sambodhit kiya gaya hai. maaski tatha garjara ke lekhon mein usaka naam ashok tatha puraanon mein use ashok vardhan kaha gaya hai. sinhali anushrutiyon ke anusaar ashok ne 99 bhaaiyon ki hatya karke raajasinhaasan praapt kiya tha, lekin is uttaraadhikaar ke liye koi svatantr pramaan praapt naheen hua hai.

divyaadaan mein ashok ki maata ka naam subhadraangi hai, jo champa ke ek braahman ki putri thi.

sinhali anushrutiyon ke anusaar ujjayini jaate samay ashok vidisha mein ruka jahaaain usane shreshthi ki putri devi se vivaah kiya jisse Mahendra aur sanghamitra ka janm hua. divyaadaan mein usaki ek pat‍aani ka naam tishyarakshita milta hai. uske lekh mein keval usaki pat‍aani ka naam karoonaavaki hai jo teevar ki maata thi. bauddh parampara evam kathaaon ke anusaar bindusaar ashok ko raaja naheen banaakar suseem ko sinhaasan par baithaana chaahata tha, lekin ashok evam bade bhaai suseem ke beech yuddh ki charcha hai.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

• sikndar

1. ↑ Peter Turchin, Jonathan M. Adams, and Thomas D. Hall. East-West Orientation of Historical Empires. University of Connecticut, November 2004
2. ↑ Roger Boesche (2003). "Kautilya's Arthashastra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India", The Journal of Military History 67 (p. 12)
3. ↑ Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones (1978), "Atlas of World Population History", Facts on File (p. 342-351) New York