maraathi saahitya

maraathi saahitya Maharashtra ke jeevan ka atyant sampann tatha sudrudh upaang hai.

maraathi saahitya ki praarambhik rachanaaeain yadyapi 12veen shati se upalabdh hain tathaapi maraathi bhaasha ki utpatti iske lagbhag 300 sau varsh poorv avashya ho chuki rahi hogi. Mysore pradesh ke shravanabelagola naamak sthaan ki gomateshvar pratima ke neechevaale bhaag par likhi hui "shri chaamund raaje karaviyle, gangaraaje suttaale karavilya " pankti maraathi bhaasha ki sarvapratham gyaat pankti hai. yeh sambhavat: shak 905 (E san 983) mein utkeern ki gayi hogi. yahaaain se yaadavon ke kaal tak ke lagbhag 75 shilaalekh aaj tak praapt hue hain. inki bhaasha ka sampoorn ya kuchh bhaag maraathi hai. maraathi bhaasha ka nirmaan pramukhataya, mahaaraashtri, praakrut aur apabhransh bhaashaaon se hone ke kaaran sanskrut ki atulaneeya bhaashaasanpatti ka uttaraadhikaar bhi ise mukhya roop se praapt hua hai. praakrut aur apabhransh bhaasha ko aatmasaat kar maraathi ne 12veen shati se apna alag astitv sthaapit karna shuroo kiya. iski lipi devanaagari hai.

aitihaasik anusandhaan karanevaale anek vidvaanon ne yeh maan liya hai ki mukundaraaj maraathi saahitya ke aadi kavi hain. inka samay 1128 se 1200 tak maana jaata hai. mukundaraaj ke do granth "vivekasindhu" aur "paramaamrut" hai jo poorn aadhyaatmik vishay par hain. mukundaraaj ke nivaasasthaan ke sambandh mein vidvaanon ka ek mat naheen hai, fir bhi need jile ke anbe jogaai naamak sthaan par bani inki samaadhi se ve maraathavaada ke nivaasi prateet hote hain. ve naathapantheeya the. unke saahitya se is panth ke sanket praapt hote hain.

jnyaaanadev tatha naamadev

sant jnyaaaneshvar

maraathi bhaasha ke adviteeya saahityabhaandaar ka nirmaan karanevaale jnyaaanadev ko hi maraathi ka sarvashreshth kavi maana jaata hai. 15 varsh ki avastha mein likhi gayi unki rachana jnyaaaneshvari atyant prasiddh hai. unke granth amrutaanubhav tatha chaangadev paasashti, vedaant charcha se otaprot hain. jnyaaanadev ka shreshthatv unke alaukik granthanirmaan ke samaan hi unki bhaktipanth ki prerana mein bhi vidyamaan hai. is kaarya mein unhein apne samakaaleen sant naamadev ki amoolya sahaayata praapt hui hai. gyaan aur bhakti ke saakaar svaroop in donon santon ne Maharashtra ke paaramaarthik jeevan ki nai parampara ko sudrudh sthaan praapt kara diya. inke bhaktipradhaan saahitya tatha divya jeevan ke kaaran Maharashtra ke sabhi vargon ke samaaj mein bhagavadbhakton ka paaramaarthik lokaraajya sthaapit hone ka aabhaas mila. chokha mela, gora kumhaar, narahari sonaar ityaadi sant isi parampara ke hain.

isi samay chakradhar dvaara sthaapit mahaanubhaaveeya granthakaaron ki ek alag shrrunkhala ka aarambh hua. chakradhar ke patt shishya naagadevaachaarya ne mahaanubhaav panth ko sanghatit roop dekar panth ki neenv sudrudh ki. inheen ki prerana se Mahendra bhat, keshavaraaj soori aadi logon ne grantharachana ki. chakradhar ji ke sansmaran ko batalaanevaala Mahendra bhat ka "leelaacharitr" is panth ka aadya granth hai. iske atirikt inke dvaara likhit smrutisthal, keshavaraaj soori ka moortiprakaash tatha drushtaantapaath, Damodar pandit ka vatsaharan, Narendra ka rukmini svayanvar, bhaaskar bhat ka shishupaalavadh aur uddhavageeta aadi mahaanubhaav panth ke pramukh granth hain. shishupaalavadh tatha rukmini svayanvar granth kaavya ki drushti se atyant saras evam mahatvapoorn hain.

ab jnyaaanadev aur naamadev ke samay ki raajyasthiti badal chuki thi. yaadavon ka raajya nasht hokar uske sthaan par musalmaanon ka raajya sthaapit ho jaane ke kaaran niraasha ki gahari chhaaya chhaai hui thi. use doorakar paramaarth maarg ko fir se prakaashamaan banaane ka kaarya maraathavaada ke antargat paithan kshetr ke nivaasi sant ekanaath ne kiya. inke granth vishd tatha saahityik gunon se sampann hai. inmein vedaant granth, aakhyaan, kavita, sfut prakaran, lokageet, raamaayanakatha ityaadi naana prakaar ke saahitya ka samaavesh hai. ekanaathi Bhagwat, bhaavaarth raamaayan, rukmini svayanvar, bhaarud aadi granth maraathi mein sarvamaanya hain. ekanaath ke hi samay mein prachur maatra mein saahityanirmaan karanevaale daasopant naamak kavi hue. ekanaath ke pautr (naati) mukteshvar ke "kalaavilaas" ko maraathi bhaasha mein uchch sthaan praapt hai. inke likhe mahaabhaarat ke paaainchon parv maano navarason se susajjit mandaakini hi hain.

tukaaraam tatha raamadaas

sant tukaaraam

17veen shati mein tukaaraam tatha raamadaas ne ek hi samay dharmajaagruti ka vyaapak kaarya kiya. jnyaaanadevaadi vaarakari sanpradaaya ke adhikaariyon dvaara nirmit dharmamandir par tukaaraam ke kaarya ne maanon kalash baithaaya. pothi panditon ke anubhavashoonya vaktavyon tatha karmakaand ke naam par dikhlaae jaanevaale dhong ka bhandaafod karne mein tukaaraam ki vaani ko adbhoot oj praapt hua. fir bhi jis saadhak avastha se unhein jaana pada usaka unke dvaara kiya hua varnan kaavya ka utkrusht namoona hai.

raamadaas ka saahitya paramaarth ke saath saath praapanchik saavadhaanata ka tatha samaajasanghatan ka upaang hai. chhatrapati shivaaji mahaaraaj ke guru hone ke kaaran unke charitra ki ujvalata badh gayi. fir bhi unke dvaara prayatnavaad, lokasangrah, dushton ke dalan ityaadi ke sambandh mein diye gaye bodh ke kaaran unhein swayam hi vaishishtya praapt hua hai. daasabodh, manaache shlok, karunaashtak aadi unke granth paramaarth ke vichaar se paripoorn hain. unke katipya adhyaayon ke vishay raajaneetik vichaaron se prabhaavit hain.

tukaaraam raamadaas ke kaalakhand mein vaaman pandit, raghunaath pandit, saamaraaj, naagesh, tatha vitthal aadi shivkaaleen aakhyaanakarta kaviyon ki ek lambi panrapara ho gayi. shabdachamatkaar, arthachamatkaar, naad maadhurya aur vruttavaichiya ityaadi in aakhyaanon ki visheshataaeain hain. vaaman naamak pandit ki yathaarthadeepika geetaateeka unki vidvatta ke kaaran arthaganbheer va tattvaangaprachur ho gayi hai. svapn mein tukaaraam ka upadesh praapt kar lenevaale maheepati praacheen maraathi ke vikhyaat sant charitrakaar ho gaye hain. krushnadayaarnav ka "harivradaan" tatha shreedhar kavi ke harivijya, raamavijya, aadi granth subodh va rasapoorn hone ke kaaran aabaal vruddhon ko bahut pansad aae. in paramaarthapravrutt panditon ki parampara mein moropant ka vishisht sthaan hai. inke rachit aarya Bhaarat, 108 raamaayan tatha saikadon futakar kaavyarachanaaeain bhaashaaprabhutv evam suras varnanashaili ke kaaran vidvanmaanya hui hain.

peshavaaon ke samay mein "shaahiri" (raajaashrit) kaviyon ne maraathi kaavya ki alag hi roop rang pradaan kiya. raamajoshi, prabhaakar honaaji baala ityaadi kaviyon ne sant kaviyon ke anusaar paramaarth par kaavyarachana na karte hue samakaaleen itihaas saamagri grahan kar veerasapoorn kaavya ka nirmaan kiya. in kaviyon dvaara rachit "povaada" (painvaada, keertikaavya) saahitya Maharashtra ke itihaas ka ojasvi ang hai. inheen raajakaviyon ke laavani saahitya mein streepurushon ke shrrungaar ka bhavya varnan hai. yadyapi inmein se kitnon ne hi vairaagya par bhi "laavani" saahitya ka nirmaan kiya hai, fir bhi inka vaishishtya povaade tatha shrrungaarik laavaniyon mein hi vyakt hua hai.

bakhar saahitya

praacheen maraathi saahitya pradhaanat: padyamaya hone ke kaaran usamein gadya ka bhaag bahut chhota hona svaabhaavik hai. ismein bakhar saahitya aitihaasik drushti se poornataya saadhaar na hone par bhi upekshaneeya naheen. krushnaaji shaamaraav ki likhi bhaaoo saaheb ki bakhar, krushnaaji anant sabhaasad likhit Shiv chhatrapati ki bakhar, sovani dvaara likhi peshavaaon ki bakhar ityaadi bakharein praacheen maraathi gadya ke utkrusht namoone hain. isi prakaar aitihaasik kaalakhand ke raajapurushon ke jo hajaaron patra prakaashit hue hain, unamein bhi anek saahityik gunon ka manoram darshan hota hai.

angrejon ke poorvakaaleen saahitya ki seema yahaaain samaapt hoti hai aur ek nae yug ka praarambh hota hai. is samay ke saahitya ki prerana praaya: dharmajeevan ke liye hi thi, at: is deergh kaalakhand mein nirmit saahitya atyant vishd hone par bhi adhikaansh ek hi sa hai. kaavyon ke vishay, aadhyaatmik vichaar, pauraanik kathaaeain tatha aisi hi anya baatein theen jo thode se herafer ke saath pun: pun: I si maaloom hoti hain. samay ke herafer se tatha vyakti ke badalne se varnan ki paddhati badli parantu saahitya mein ek hi paramaarth pravaah baraabar bahata raha.

nae yug ka aarambh

angrejon ke shaasan kaal se hi Maharashtra ke navayuvakon mein apni nishchit seema se kuchh door jaane ke prayatn chal rahe the. mudranakala ka prachaar hone se saahitya padhnevaale varg ki sarvatr vruddhi hone lagi, at: unki santushti ke liye saahityik bhi naveen saahityakshetron mein pravesh karne lage. 1857 mein Baba padamaji ne "yamunaaparyatan" naamak pratham upanyaas likhkar is naveen saahitya prakaar ka shubhaaranbh kiya. isi tarah vidru jadru keertane ke 1861 mein likhe "thorale maadhavaraav peshave" aitihaasik naatak ke kaaran naatya saahitya mein nae yug ka sootrapaat hua. kramash: nibandh, charitra, vyaakaran, kosh, dharmaneeti tattvajnyaaan, pravaasavarnan, ityaadi anek vibhaagon mein saahityanirmaan hone laga. angreji tatha sanskrut saahitya ke lalit aur shaastreeya granthon ke maraathi anuvaad badi sankhya mein hone lage. Krishna shaastri chiploonakar, parashuraam taatya godabole, lokahitvaadi Deshmukh, daadoba paandurang aadi bahushrut vyaktiyon ne anek vishyon par grantharachana kar maraathi vaaङamaya ko vikaas ke kshetr mein sabhi or se naya mod diya. is samay ke vividh jnyaaanavistaar, jnyaaanaprakaash, jnyaaanasangrah, digdarshan aadi niyamit paatron ne bhi gyaan ka pausara chalaakar maanon nai peedhiyon ki saahityik pipaasa shaant karne mein haath baintaaya.

1874 mein vishnu shaastri chiploonakar dvaara shuroo ki gayi nibandhamaala ke kaaran maraathi saahitya mein hi naheen apitu Maharashtra ki vichaaraparanpara mein bhi kraanti hokar nae yug ki pratishthaapana hui. nav sushikshit varg mein apna desh, apni bhaasha, apni sanskruti aadi ke sambandh mein svaabhimaan jaagrat hua. angreji saahitya ke vaishishtya ko aatmasaat karte hue vah aise saahitya ke liye pravrutt hua jisse bhaarateeya sanskruti ke bhavishya ka poshan hota. jhrsh. g. tudpudet

1874-1929

harinaaraayan aapate ne aitihaasik upanyaason dvaara bhootakaaleen ghatnaaon ko bade hi sundar dhang se chitrit kiya, tatha saamaajik upanyaason dvaara striyon ke du:khi jeevan ka hrudayadraavak chitr bhi kheencha. shri anna saaheb kirloskar ne 1880 mein shaakuntal naatak likhkar aadhunik maraathi rangabhoomi ki neenv daali. inheen ki parampara mein godru dadru deval ne sabse pehle prabhaavotpaadak naatak likhkar naatya saahitya ko nai disha pradaan ki. 1885 se keshavasut naamak kavi ne kaavyakshetr mein nae yug ki sthaapana ki. aitihaasik sukh mein vishvaas, akrutrim prem tatha aatmanishtha ityaadi gun in kavitaaon ka vaishishtya raha. inke baad tilk, beedru govidaagraj, baalakavi chandrashekhar, taanbe ityaadi kaviyon ne maraathi kavitaaon ka saundarya ki saamathrya aur adhik badhaaya. saavarakar tatha govind ne raashtreeya bhaavanaaon ka uddeepan karanevaali kavitaaeain likheen. itihaasaachaarya raajavaade ne maraathi itihaas ke sanshodhan ki parampara ka nirmaan kiya. khareshaastri, saane, paaranees aadi itihaasajnyaon ne itihaalekhan ke saadhanon ki mahatvapoorn khoj karne ka prayatn kiya. lokamaanya baal ganga ji tilk ki ojasvi vichaaradhaara ke aadhaar par khaadilkar ne utkrusht pauraanik evam aitihaasik naatakon ka nirmaan kiya. isi samay raamaganesh gadkari ne apni lokottar pratibha se karun evam haasya ras ka uttam chitran kiya. shreekrushn kolhaatakar ne apne haasyapoorn lekhon dvaara saamaajik aachaar vichaar mein dikhlaai padnevaali trutiyon ko sarvamaanya janta ke saamane la rakha. lokamaanya tilk, aagarakar, paraanjape, narasinh, chintaamani Kelkar aadi prasiddh lekhak isi samay desh mein vichaarajaagrati ka mahaan kaarya kar rahe the. lokaranjan ki apeksha vividh vishyon ke jnyaaanabhandaar ki poorti ko adhik mahatvapoorn maanak saahityanirmaan ka kaarya kiya gaya.

1920-1945

iske baad ki kaalaavadhi mein lokaranjan ko adhik mahatva praapt hua. pramukh aashay ke saath saath uddeshya ki abhivyakti ka bhi vichaar hone laga. fir bhi yeh naheen bhulaaya gaya ki saahitya hi samaaj ke man par vishisht sanskaar daalanevaala prabhaavi saadhan hai. daadru ketakar, vaadru madru Joshi, vidru sadru Khandekar ne kalaapradarshan ki apeksha dhyeyavaadi jeevanadarshan ko hi apne upanyaason mein mahatva ka sthaan diya. shri maandakholakar ne samakaaleen raajakeeya ghatnaaon ke aadhaar par anek upanyaason ka srujan kiya. shri vibhaavari shirukar ji ne apne kathaasaahitya mein sampann samaaj ki mahilaaon ke man ki sookshm vichaaratarangon ko badi safalta se chitrit kiya.

naadru seedru fadke ne anek pranayakathaaeain sudanr shaili mein likheen jo yathesht lokapriya huin. ravikirn mandal ke kaviyon ne, visheshat: maadhv jyooliyn aur yashavant ne vaiyaktik du:khon ka varnan karanevaale kaavyon ki rachana ki. iske baad ke kaalakhand mein anil, borakar, kusumaagraj, aadi kavi saamane aae. pralhaad keshav atre ne haasya evam samasyaapradhaan naatakon ka nirmaan kiya. varerakar ne samay samay par drushtigochar honevaali samasyaaon ko pradhaanata denevaale naatakon ko srujan kar bahut bada kaarya kiya. isi samay vyaktigat charitra ke aadhaar par likhe gaye nibandh bhi laghukathaaon ke roop mein saamane aae. shri madru maate dvaara likhit kathaaon mein asprushya samaaj ke sukh du:khon ki karun kahaani dekhne ko mili. theek isi samay yadru godru Joshi dvaara madhyam vargeeya samaaj ke sukh du:khon ko kathaaon ka roop dekar janta ke sammukh rakha gaya. vidru daadru saavarakar, madru maate, kedru ksheerasaagar, pudru gadru sahasrabuddhe, dattovamaan potadaar, aadi vidvaanon ne bahumoolya nibandho dvaara saahityabhaandaar ki abhivruddhi ki. dadru kedru Kelkar, raadru shreedru jog tatha kedru naadru vaatave ne paurvaatya evam paashchimaatya shaastreeya tatha saahityakeeya vichaaron ka saangopaang adhyayan kiya.

1945-1965

is kaalakhand ka aarambh hi doosare mahaayuddh ke samay nirmit saahitya ke aadhaar par hua. is kaal ke vaaङamaya se iske poorv ke kaavya aur kathaaon ke pramukh aashay ko evam aavishkaaraadi sanketon ko jabaradast dhakka laga jiske falasvaroop saahitya ka moolya dhvast hota sa prateet hone laga. maanav jeevan ki asafalata, tuchhata, ghrunyata tatha paraspar ke akalpaneeya sambandhon ka asundar ji ki kavitaaon ne rasikon ki kaavyadrushti mein hi parivartan kar diya. gaadageel, bhaave, gokhale aadi maneeshiyon dvaara likhit saahitya mein manomaya vyaapaar, ugr vaasana ka prakshobh, evam goodh vichaaratarang ityaadi ki jo vishishtata abhivyanjit ki gayi, uske kaaran vaaङamaya ka svaroop hi badal gaya. vidru daadru karandeekar tatha muktibodh kaavyon mein maanavavaad ki abhivyakti hui. graameen jeevan ka yathaarth darshan vyankatesh maadagulakar ne karaaya, to doosari or maadhav shaastri Joshi ne madhyavargeeya jeevan ka vaastavik chitr janta ke sammukh rakha. sampann varg ke streepurushon ke sukh evam du:khon ka digdarshan raanganekar, kaalelakar, baal kolhaatakar ityaadi dvaara likhe naatakon mein dikhaai padta hai, jo vidyaaghar gokhale dvaara likhit naatak mein praacheen sangeet naatyakala punarujjeevit ho uthi hai. peindase, daandekar, maadagoolakar aadi ke upanyaason mein praadeshik halachal ke saath sookshm bhaavana darshan ko bhi mahatva diya gaya hai. shri ranajeet Desai evam inaamadaar ne aitihaasik upanyaason ka punaruddhaar kiya. isi prakaar Tendulkar, saathe, khaanolakar ityaadi ne nae dhang ke naatakon ka pranayan kiya. kaanerakar ji dvaara likhit prayogi naatak isi kaalakhand mein likhe gaye. mardhekar, vaadru ladru Kulkarni, shreedru kedru ksheerasaagar, raadru shandru vaalinbe, didru kedru bedekar aadi vidvaanon ne saahitya ke mool siddhaanton ki charcha karanevaale atyant moolyavaan evam aalochanaatmak granth prakaashit kiye. nene, miraashi, kolate, tulapul ityaadi vidvaanon ka sanshodhanaatmak vaaङamaya bhi isi samay nirmit hua. pudru ladru deshapaande ke thos vinodi saahitya ne rasikon ke man mein achal sthaan praapt kar liya.

is prakaar san 1874 se nirmit aadhunik maraathi vaaङamaya roopadhaari sarasvati ki dhaara kaavya, katha, naatak, upanyaas, charitra, evam itihaas sanshodhanaadi pravaahon se din prati samruddh ho rahi hai.

vishnu sakhaaraam Khandekar

vishnu vaaman shirvaadakar (kavi kusumaagraj)

vinda karandeekar

maraathi saahitya mein vishisht yogadaan ke liye har saal maraathi saahityakaaron ko saahitya academy ki or se saahitya academy puraskaar diye jaate hain. puraskaar vijeta saahityakaar aur unke kitaabon ki soochi is prakaar hai-

• maraathi saahitya sammelan

• maraathi saahitya paridrushya (Google pustak)
• Marathi Literature of Maharashtra
• Contemporary Marathi Writers