malayalam saahitya ka itihaas

malayalam saahitya ka itihaas sheershak pustak ke liye malayalam saahitya ka itihaas:parameshvaram Nair dekhein.

malayaalam bhaasha athva uske saahitya ki utpatti ke sambandh mein sahi aur vishvasaneeya pramaan praapt naheen hain. fir bhi malayaalam saahitya ki praacheenata lagbhag ek hajaar varsh tak ki maani gayi hain. bhaasha ke sambandh mein ham keval is nishkarsh par hi pahuainch sake hain ki yeh bhaasha sanskrutajanya naheen hai - yeh Dravid parivaar ki hi sadasya hai. parantu yeh abhi tak vivaadaaspad hai ki yeh tamil se alag hui usaki ek shaakha hai, athva mool Dravid bhaasha se viksit anya dakshini bhaashaaon ki tarah apna astitv alag rakhanevaali koi bhaasha hai. arthaat samasya yahi hai ki tamil aur malayaalam ka rishta maaain-beti ka hai ya bahan-bahan ka. anusandhaan dvaara is paheli ka hal dhooaindhane ka kaarya bhaasha-vaigyaaniko ka hai aur ve hi is gutthi ko sulajha sakte hain. jo bhi ho, is baat mein sandeh naheen hai ki malayaalam ka saahitya keval usi samay pallavit hone laga tha jabki tamil ka saahitya fal fool chuka tha. sanskrut saahitya ki hi bhaaainti tamil saahitya ko bhi ham malayaalam ki pyaas bujhaanevaali strotasvini kah sakte hain.

san 3100 isaapoorv se lekar 100 isaapoorv tak yeh pracheen tamil ka ek sthaaneeya roop thi. isa poorv pratham sadi se ispar sanskrut ka prabhaav hua. teesari sadi se lekar pandrahaveen sadi ke madhya tak malayalam ka madhyakaal maana jaata hai. is kaal mein jainiyon ne bhi bhaasha ko prabhaavit kiya. aadhunik kaal mein san 1795 mein parivartan aaya jab is raajya par angreji shaasan poornaroopen sthaapit ho gaya.

malayaalam saahitya ke itihaas ka prabhaat geeton se gujaayamaan hai. inmein bhakti, veeraras aur haasyaras ke geeton ke saath saath praudh kaavya bhi vidyamaan hain. is praudh rachanaaon mein "raamacharitm" ka sthaan sarvaadhik mahatvapoorn hai. iski bhaasha tamil ke itne nikat hai ki chand tamil vidvaan ise tamil ki rachana samajh baithe, parantu aaj yeh nissandeh siddh ho chuka hai ki raamacharitm malayaalam kaavya hai aur usaka rachayita bhi keralavaasi hai. iski vishyavastu raamaayan ke lankaakaand ki katha hai. Kerala ke cheeraaman naamak kavi ne iski rachana ki hai. anusandhaanakartaaon ka yahi mat hai ki raamacharitm ka rachanaakaal 13veen shataabdi hai.

pehli se aathaveen sadi isavi tak ki avadhi mein cher raajya mein, jo aage chalakar Kerala bana, anek suprasiddh tamil rachanaaon ka janm hua hai. "chilppatikaaram" ityaadi uchch koti ke kaavyon ka udaaharan ham le sakte hain. parantu raamacharitm ko is koti mein, arthaat keralavaasi dvaara rachit tamil rachanaaon mein ginna bhraamak hoga. raamacharitm ki rachana us kaal mein hui thi jab sanskrut ka prasaar Kerala mein jam chuka tha aur manipravaalam naamak mishr bhaasha viksit ho rahi thi. raamacharitm mein sanskrut ke tatsam evam tadbhav shabdon ka prayog prachur maatra mein milta hai. parantu Dravid aksharon dvaara likhe jaane ke kaaran inke roopon mein thoda parivartan aaya hai.

saataveen sadi isavi se lekar aage kuchh samay tak Kerala ke saanskrutik kshetr mein aaryavanshaj nanpootiriyon ka kaafi prabhaav raha. adhiktar anusandhaataaon ka yahi mat hai ki ve bahut pehle hi Kerala mein aa chuke the. inheen ke prabhaav se Kerala mein manipravaalam naamak mishr bhaasha ka vikaas hua. 10veen aur 15veen sadi isavi ke madhya manipravaal saahitya ki atyadhik pushti hui. isi manipravaal ke maadhyam se sanskrut ke anek kaavyaroopon ka sankraman malayaalam mein hua. chanpoo kaavya, sandesh kaavya ityaadi ka udaaharan ham le sakte hain. "unniychchi charitm", unnichchiruteveecharitm" aur unniyaati "charitm" praacheen manipravaal chanpoo hain. unniychchi charitm ka rachanaakaal 14veen sadi ka poorvaardh hai. unniyaateecharitm 1350 i॰ ke aasapas likha gaya aur usaka rachayita hai Damodar chaakyaar. unniychchi charitm ka rachayita tevan chirikumaan naamak kavi maana jaata hai. unnichchirutevi charitmko inheen ka samakaaleen maana jaata hai. parantu yeh kis kavi ki rachana hai, is sambandh mein koi jaankaari naheen hai. jaisa inke naamon se vidit hota hai, inki vishyavastu kuchh vikhyaat sundariyon ki prashasti hai.

sandesh kaavyon mein "ushnnuneeleesandesham" aur "kokasandesham" mahatvapoorn hain. aisa maana jaata hai ki donon ka rachanaakaal 14veen shataabdi hai. inke rachayita kaviyon ke sambandh mein kuchh pata naheen hai.

10veen aur 15veen sadiyon ke beech kuchh laghu manipravaal krutiyon ki bhi rachana hui. inmein se adhiktar kuchh vilaasavati sundariyon se sambaddh shrrungaaras ki rachanaaeain hain. ilayachchi, cheriychchi, uttaraachandrika, kaunottara, malleenilaav, maaralekha ityaadi naayikaaon ka varnan inmein sammilit hai, "vaishiktantram" ek vaishyaaputri ko diye gaye kuladharmonpadesh ka sangrah hai; iska rachanaakaal sambhavat: 11veen shataabdi hai. bhaktipradhaan rachanaaeain bhi manipravaal saahitya mein milti hain. anantapuravarnanam, shreekrushnastavam, dashaavataaracharitm ityaadi inke udaaharan hain. "chandrotsavam 15veen sadi ke ek ajnyaaatanaama kavi ki rachana hai. "medineevennilaav" naamak ganika dvaara manaae gaye chandrotsav ka varnan iski vishyavastu hai.

manipravaal saahitya ke prasaar ne us bhaashaaroop ke vyaakaran niyamon evam saahityik lakshanon ka vivran denevaale ek shaastragranth ki rachana ki prerana di. is granth ka naam hai "leelaatikm". yeh anumaan kiya ja sakta hai ki "leelaatilkam" 14veen sadi mein likha gaya hai.

yadi ek taraf manipravaal saahitya ka vikaas hota gaya to doosari taraf "paattu" (geet) naamak kaavyashaakha ki bhi vruddhi hoti gayi. jaisa oopar kaha gaya hai, is shaakha mein dhaarmik evam kheti aur anya peshon se sambaddh anek lokageet hain. toram paattu (avataarageet--kaaleestuti), sarpam paattu (sarpastuti geet), ayyappan, paattu (ayyappan devata ka stutigeet) ityaadi ka sambandh aachaar maryaadaaon aur dhaarmik vishyon se hai. krushippaattu (krushi-geet), aararupaattu (dhaan ke paudhe lagaate vakt gaaya jaanevaala geet), vallappaattu (nauka geet) ityaadi doosare varg mein aate hain. in geeton ke mool ghatak hain--svar, taal aur laya.

praudh geet lokageeton se bhinn hain. uparilikhit "raamacharitm" hi is vibhaag mein sarvapratham ullekhaneeya hai. leelaatilkam mein praudh paattu kaavya ke liye di gayi paribhaasha ismein theek baithati hai. baad mein likhe gaye "nirnam" geeton mein prayukt shabd keval draavid aksharon ke bane hue naheen hain. inmein aise sanskrut padon ki bharamaar hai jinse yeh pata chalta hai ki sanskrut ke aksharon ka paryaapt prachaar is samay tak ho chuka tha. is mat ko maanyata mili hai ki nirnam geet 14veen sadi ke uttaraardh aur 15veen sadi ke poorvaardh ke beech likhe gaye hain. raamacharitm aur nirnam geeton ke kaalon mein ek ya dedh shataabdiyon se adhik ka antar naheen hai. fir bhi in donon ke beech ka bhaasha sambandhi antar atyadhik spasht hai. isse yeh anumaan hota hai ki yadyapi raamacharitm ke samay mein manipravaal viksit ho chuka tha tathaapi is kaavya mein jaan boojhakar keval tamil ke aksharon dvaara likhe jaane yogya padaavali ka prayog kiya gaya tha.

nirnam kavi teen hain--maadhav panikkar, shankar panikkar aur Ram panikkar. maadhav panikkar dvaara anudit bhagavadgeeta ne bhaasha ko gauravaanvit kiya--Bhaarat ki praadeshik bhaashaaon mein rachit geetaanuvaadon mein yahi sarvapratham aur sarvapramukh he. ismein saat sau shlokon ka bhaashaantaran 328 geeton mein hua hai. geeta ka aashayagaanbheerya aur mahatta ka anuvaad mein leshamaatr bhi lop naheen hua hai. shankar panikkar ki rachana "bhaaratamaala" naamak gaanakaavya hai. Ram panikkar ne raamaayan, Bhaarat aur Bhagwat ka sankshipt anuvaad kiya. yeh kathan galat naheen hoga ki malayaalam ko apne paaainv par khade hone ka bal pradaan karanevaale isi kavi ko bhaasha ka pita maana ja sakta hai--yadyapi itihaasakaaron ki drushti mein tunchatt eshuttachdan is upaadhi ke adhikaari hain; mere vichaar mein kannashshan ke naam se vikhyaat is Ram kavi ko uparyukt padavi pradaan karne mein eshuttachhan ko harsh hi hoga, kyonki eshuttachhan ke aachaaryapad ke bhi ve paatr hain.

uparyukt saare kaavya puraanakathaaon ke punaraakhyaan hain. parantu pandrahaveen shataabdi mein aavirbhoot "krushnagaatha" keval puraan ka punaraakhyaan maatr naheen hai. ismein Bhagwat ke dasham skandh mein varnit krushnagaatha ka anvaakhyaan is prakaar saabit hua hai ki sanskrut mahaakaavyon ka roopashilp manjari chhand mein--jo draavid chhandon ke parint prakaaron mein se ek hai--avatarit hua hai. at: krushnagaatha ko malayaalam ka sarvapratham svatantr mahaakaavya maan sakte hain. rituon ke kavi ke naam se prakhyaat krushnagaathaakaar ne prakrutivrnanon dvaara nootan saundarya prapanchon ka saakshaatkaar karaaya. sureeli gaanavidha, lalit aur komal padaavali, chirnootan kalpanaaeain--inke kaaran krushnagaatha ek sammohanakaari rachana ban gayi hai.

dekhein - tunchattu raamaanujan eshuttachhan

tunchattu raamaanujan eshuttachhan

paattu shaakha ka sarvaadhik mahatvapoorn vibhaag "kilippaattu" hai. tuainchatt eshuttachhan ko is vidha ka sansthaapak maanate hain. ismein "kili" arthaat tote ki jabaani kathaakhyaan hota hai, isliye ise kilippaattu kehte hain. eshuttachhan ka kaal 16veen shataabdi ka poorvaardh hai. is jamaane mein Kerala ek prakaar ki raajaneetik, saamaajik aur saanskrutik shithilta ka anubhav kar raha tha. is adh:patan se Kerala ka abhyutthaan karaane ke hetu avatarit divya purush ke roop mein hi Kerala ki janta aaj bhi eshuttachhan ko maanati hai. unhonne bhakti ke udbodhan se janta ko prabuddh kiya. naamadev, kabeer, chaitanya, sooradaas, tulaseedaas, maanikkavaachakar, kanpar ityaadi bhakt kaviyon se bhaasvar nabhomandal mein Kerala ki disha se udit taarak eshuttachhan hain. un sabki bhaaainti eshuttachhan bhi janta ko jaagrat evam udbuddh karne mein safal hue. raamaayan, Bhaarat aur Bhagwat, in teenon ke sankshipt anuvaad ke maadhyam se eshuttachhan ne samast keralavaasiyon ke hrudayon mein seedhe pravesh paaya. kerali ko ek nootan gaarima, gambheerta, shaaleenata aur svaavalanban praapt hua. isi arth mein eshuttachhan ko malayaalam saahitya ka pita maanate hain. ve hi aise kavi hain jo jhopadiyon aur mahalon mein samaan roop se samaadrut hain.

paattu vibhaag mein doosra bhaktipradhaan gaanakaavya "poontaanam" ki "jnyaaanappaana" hai. poontaanam ke anya stotr bhi lalit, komal aur bhaktisudha se otaprot hai.

is vibhaag ki anya ullekhaneeya rachanaaeain kuchh lokageet aur "vatakkan paattu" (uttari geet) tatha "tekkan paatt" (dakshini geet) ke naamon se vikhyaat kuchh aakhyaanaatmak gaan kaavya hain. jaisa naamon se vidit hota hai, ye geet kramash: uttar aur dakshin Kerala ki veeragaathaaeain hain. uttari geeton ki bhaasha aadhunik malayaalam se milti julati hai, parantu dakshini geeton mein bhaasha ka tamil se saameepya adhik hai. 16 veen aur 18 veen sadiyon beech rache gaye dakshini geeton mein tamil ka prabhaav sambhavat: dakshin Kerala ke tamil pradeshon ke saath nikat sampark ko hi soochit karta hai, na ki bhaasha ke svatantr vikaas ke abhaav ko. dakshin ke kavi dvibhaasha (tamin aur malayaalam) ke vidvaan the.

manipravaal aandolan ke antargat chanpoo kaavyon ka doosra charan 15veen shataabdi mein pun: darshaneeya hai. yadyapi is kaal mein teen sau se bhi adhik chanpoo kaavya rache gaye to bhi inmein punam nanpootiri ka raamaayan aur mashamangalam naaraayanan nanpootiri ka bhaashaanaishadh ityaadi chanpoo hi vishesh dhyaan dene yogya hain. poonam ka kaal 15veen shataabdi ke poorvaardh mein athva 16veen shataabdi ke uttaraardh mein hona chaahiye. naishadhachanpookaar ka kaal 16veen shataabdi ka madhya hai. yadyapi vikaasakram ke anusaar uttam manipravaal mein malayaalam ki hi pramukhata honi chaahiye thi, fir bhi in chanpuon mein sanskrutapradhaan bhaasha hi apnaai gayi hai. aisi sthiti paida hui ki adhikaansh chanpuon ko samajhne ke liye sanskrut ka gyaan anivaarya ho gaya. is kaaran manipravaal saahitya saamaanya janta se door hota gaya.

aattakkatha nrutyakala se sambaddh saahitya vibhaag hai. is kalaaroop ka naam "kathakali" hai. aattakkatha malayaalam ki ek vipul saahityashaakha hai. aaj kathakali ko atanraraashtreeya sammaan praapt hai. is kalaaroop ko yeh sthiti pradaan karne mein iske aadhaarbhoot saahitya ne mahaan yogadaan diya hai.

17 veen shataabdi ke uttaraardh mein koshikkot ke maanaved raaja ne "krushnageeti" naamak sanskrut kaavya ki rachana ki. iske aadhaar par "krushnanaattam" naamak nrutyakala ka bhi aavirbhaav hua. ismein shreekrushn ki katha ka aath dinon mein abhinay karne ki yojana banaai gayi.

krushnanaattam ki dekha dekhi "raamanaattam" naamak doosare nrutyakala-roop ka bhi aavishkaar kiya gaya. is kala-roop ke aadhaarbhoot saahitya mein raamakatha ko aath raat mein khelne yogya khandon mein vibhkt kiya gaya. iske rachayita kottaarakkara ke raaja hai. inke jeevakaal ke sambandh mein do mat hain. kuchh log inhein satrahaveen shataabdi ke maanate hai, doosare 15-16veen shataabdi ke. raamanaattam mein aaj ki kathakali ka praagroop darshaneeya hain.

kottayam ke raaja ne, jinka jeevanakaal 17veen sadi ka antim charan maana jaata hai, raamanaattam ka sanshodhan aur parishkaran karke kathakali ke aadhunik roop ka vikaas kiya. inki rachanaaeain chaar hain--sabhi mahaabhaarat ke upaakhyaanon par aadhaarit hain. kaartik tirunaal, ashvavati tirunaal (arthaat in nakshatron ke din jaat) ityaadi raajaaon ne bhi aattakkathaaon mein sarvottam kruti unnaayi vaariyr rachit "nalacharitm" hai. nalacharitm chaar raaton mein abhineya hai. kuchh vidvaan unnaayi vaariyr ko 16veen shataabdi ke antim aur 17veen shataabdi ke pratham paad ka maanate hain to doosare 17veen 18veen sadiyon ke aaintya aadya paad ke. is pratibhaavaan kavi ne aattakkathaaon ke liye ek amodh path ka udghaatan kiya. uchhrunkhal pad-yojan-shaili, achunbit kalpanaavaibhav aur gambhir jeevan-darshan-patuta se yeh kavi anugruheet hai.

"girijaakalyaanam" naamak geet prabandh ko bhi kuchh vidvaan unnaayi vaariyr rachit maanate hain. iski rachana kilippaattu ke chhandon mein anupraasayukt shaili mein hui hai.

18veen sadi ke ooshaakaal mein ek mahaan tej:punj ka udaya hua--tullal-saahitya ke upajnyaaata kunchan nanpyaar ka. sambhav hai, tullal jaise kalaaroop pehle bhi rahe hon. parantu ismein sandeh naheen ki isi pratibhaashaali kavi ne tullal ko ek aandolan ke roop mein viksit kiya. ek prakaar se tullal ko nrutyaatmak ekaabhinya kah sakte hain. tullal geet iska aadhaarasvaroop saahitya hai. nanpyaar ne tullal geeton ke kathaanak ke roop mein puraanon ke upaakhyaan hi liye hain. fir bhi varnanon mein aanevaala vaataavaran pauraanik na hokar Kerala ke samasaamayik janajeevan se mel khaanevaala hai. nanpyaar ne pauraanik itivrutton ke maadhyam se tatkaaleen jeevan ki vaiyaktik aur saamaajik viklaataaon par teekhe vyangabaan chalaae hain. inke is parihaas ki tej dhaar ka lakshya samaajashareer ke vranon ki cheer faad karna tha. tullal saahitya mein sataayar vidha ka atyadhik sampann kaavyaalok darshaneeya hai. is vishay mein koi bhi inke samaksh naheen aata, na inke pehle, na baad mein. yadi parihaas ko safal banaana hai to sookshm, nirmam aur vyaapak marmabodh apekshit hai. yeh siddhi prachur maatra mein hone ke kaaran nanpyaar ka haasya aadarsh hai. unke haasya aur marmoktiyon mein vidvesh ki jvaala naheen chubhati, varan haardik sahaanubhooti aur maanav prem ka chaitanya hi sfurit hota hai.

paattu shaakha ki ek anya mahatvapoorn rachana 18veen sadi ke poorvaardh (1703-1763) ke kavi raamapuram vaariyr ka "kuchelavruttam" vanchippaattu (nokaageet) hai. shuroo shuroo mein malayaalam mein gadya saahitya ki khaas pragati naheen hui thi. 10veen ya 11veen shataabdi mein likhit "bhaashaakautaleeyam" kootiyaattam ke abhinay ke liye digdarshan denevaali "aattaprakaaram" naamak granthaparanpara, 14veen shataabdi ka "dootavaakyam" gadya, usi shataabdi ka "brahmaandapuraanam" gadya, "anbareeshacharitm", "deveebhaagavatam" ityaadi gadya--in sabhi ko gadya saahitya ke liye praacheen kaal ki den maan sakte hain. taddesheeya isaai dharmaprachaarakon ne kuchh gadya granth 16veen, 17veen tatha 18veen sadiyon mein likh hain. inmein "sankshep vedaartham" "vedatarkam" ityaadi sammilit hain. "vartamaanappustakam" sarvapratham yaatraasaahitya (18veen sadi ka ant) hai.

kunchan nanpyaar ke baad kuchh samay tak ki avadhi malayaalam ke liye andhakaaramaya hai. kareeb aadhi shataabdi tak ko is avadhi mein kisi jyoti ka udaya naheen hua. baad mein svaati tirunaal (raaja) ke yug ka suprabhaat hua. irayimman tanpi (1783-1856) kilimaanoor koyittanpuraan ityaadi aattakkathaakaaron ne svaatitirunaal ka prashraya paaya. svaati tirunaal swayam kavi the aur unhonne hindi mein bhi geet likhe the.

iske baad Kerala varma koyittapuraan ke kaal (1845) se malayaalam saahitya ke aadhunik yug ka praarambh ho jaata hai. saahityasaarvabhaum ki upaadhi se vibhooshit is pratibhaashaali lekhak ke netrutv mein saahitya mein ek navajaagaran aa gaya. "mayoorasandesham" naamak sandesh kaavya, "shaakuntalam" naatak ka anuvaad aur Akbar naamak upanyaas unki rachanaaon mein mukhya hain. unke shaakuntal anuvaad ke saath malayaalam mein sanskrut naatakon ke anuvaadon ki baadh si I. chaattukkutti mannaatiyaar, kunjikkuttan tanpuraan, kottaarattil shankunni ityaadi ne is shaakha ki pushti ki. sanskruti naatakon ki hi tarah ke svatantr malayaalam naatak bhi likhe gaye. Kerala varma ke bhaagineya raajaraaj varma ne bhi kaalidaas aadi ke granthon ko anuvaad kiya. inheen raajaraaj varma ne malayaalam ko "keralapaanineeyam" naamak vyaakaran granth aur "vruttamanjari" naamak chhandashaastr granth pradaan kiya tha. ye bhi apne maatul ki tarah sabke liye preranaastrot aur maargadarshak rahe. is jamaane mein dviteeyaakshar praapt (shlok ki pratyek pankti ke doosare akshar mein aavartit honevaala anupraas) ke pakshapaatiyon aur virodhiyon mein jo ghor vivaad chhid gaya tha uske pravartak kramash: ye maatul bhaagineya the. is vivaad mein svachhandataavaad ke "roop se bhaav ki or" vaale aahvaan ki pehli gooainj sunaai deti hain.

isi avadhi mein sanskrut ke mahaakaavyon ke anukaranon ke roop ke malayaalam mahaakaavyon ki rachana hui thi. krushnagaatha ke baad manipravaal mein ek mahaakaavya--"shreekrushnacharitm"--ki rachana hui (adhikaansh vidvaan ise kunchan nanpyaar ki rachana maanate hain). is mahaakaavya ke baad anukaranaatmak mahaakaavyon ke yug ka aarambh hone tak kam se kam ek shataabdi beeti hogi. ashakatt padmanaabh kurup ka "raamachandravilaasam", pantalam Kerala varma ka "rugmaangadacharitm" aur "vijyodayam", ulloor ka "umaakeralam", vallattol ka "chitrayogam", ke॰ see॰ keshav pilla ka "keshaveeyam", keetuङaaङalloor kochchunni tanpuraan ka vancheeshavansham" aur "paandavodayam", vatakkumkoor raajaraaj varma ka "raghuveeravijyam" aur "raaghavaabhyudayam", kattakkayam cheriyaan maappila ka "shreeyeshuvijyam", ityaadi malayaalam ke pramukh mahaakaavya hain. ye 1902 evam 1917 ke beech likhe gaye the.

gadya-saahitya mein upanyaason ka udaya bhi unneesaveen sadi mein Kerala varma yug mein hi hua tha. pratham upanyaas appu netuङaङaayaati likhit "kudalata" hai. ek do saal mein (1889 mein) chantu Menon ne indulekha ka prakaashan kiya. chantu Menon ne "shaarada" naamak upanyaas ka pratham bhaag likha--aur doosare bhaag ki rachana karne ke pehle hi svarg sidhaar gaye. indulekha aur shaarada aaj bhi malayaalam ke saamaajik upanyaason ki pratham shreni mein sthit hain. saamaajik upanyaasakaaron mein chantu Menon ki pratibha adviteeya hai.

teen aitihaasik upanyaason "maartand varma" (1891) "dharmaraaja" (1913) aur "raamaraaja bahaadur" (1917-20) ke lekhak see॰ vee॰ Raman pilla aitihaasik upanyaas ke kshetr mein vishesh prasiddh hain. unke saamaajik "premaamrutam" ka mahatva itna adhik naheen hai. aisa prateet hota hai ki unke jeevan ka uddeshya hi aitihaasik upanyaason dvaara malayaalam ki garima badhaane ka tha.

Kerala varma ke samasaamayik kaviyon mein bahut se rasik kavi the. poontottam nainpootiri, venmani pita aur putr, kotuङaङaalloor kunyanyaikkuttan tanpuraan, kochchurinn tanpuraan ityaadi kaviyon ne milkar ek nootan kaavyaroop ko janm diya. ye sabhi saral bhaasha ke prayog mein tatpar the. is pravrutti ko vikaas "pachch malayaalam" (shuddh aur sanskrut se mukt bhaasha) aandolan ke roop mein hua. kunyanyaikkuttan tanpuraan, (nall bhaasha--achhi bhaasha) kundoor Narayan menan (naalu bhaashaakaavyaङaङaal--chaar bhaasha kaavya) ityaadi is prakaar ke bhaashaaprayog mein nipun the. parantu khed hai ki "pachch malayaalam" aandolan samay se pehle hi samaapt ho gaya. fir bhi venmani aadi kaviyon dvaara apnaai gayi kaavyashaili aur drushtikon ne aage ke kaviyon par apna prabhaav daala hai. manipravaal kaal ki shrungaar pravrutti ne inki kavita mein nae roop mein pravesh paaya. is aandolan ke shikhrasth kavi kunyanyaikkuttan tanpuraan isaliye yugavibhooti naheen maane gaye hain ki unhonne shuddh malayaalam mein kuchh kavitaaeain likhi hain; parantu usaka kaaran yeh hai ki apne laghu jeevanakaal ke maatr do saalon ke oopar ki avadhi mein unhonne ek aisa chamatmakaar kar dikhaaya jo purushaasaadhya naheen maana ja sakta. yeh mahaan kavi is chhote arse mein sampoorn mahaabhaarat ka malayaalam mein chhandash: aur padash: anuvaad karne mein safal hue. jis kaarya ko sampann karne mein telugu mein teen peedhiyon ki saadhana ki aavashyakta padi thi usako poora karne mein is kavi ne teen saal bhi naheen lagaae! unke mukh se kavita ki dhaara pravaahit hoti thi, yeh naheen ki ve kavita "likhte" the. unki "saras-drut-kavi-kireet-mani" ki upaadhi unke liye sarvatha saarthak thi. unako "Kerala vyaas" kehna bhi uchit hi tha.

ab ham malayaalam ke svachhandataavaadi aandolan (arthaat romaantisijm, jo malayaalam mein kaalpanik prasthaanam ke naam se prasiddh hai) ke yug mein aa jaate hain. vee॰ see॰ baalakrushn panikkar ka "oru vilaapam" (1895) ityaadi is prasang mein smaraneeya hain. parantu kumaaran aashaan ka "veen poovu" (patit kusum) hi is aandolan ki praarambhik rachanaaon mein sarvaadhik mahatvapoorn hai. malayaalam ka svachhandataavaad aashaan ki kavitaaon ke roop mein pallavit aur pushpit hua. nalini, leela, chintaavishtayaaya seeta, chandaalabhikshuki, prarodanam, duravastha, karuna ityaadi inki mukhya rachanaaeain hain. aashaan jis kaavya prapanch ko anaavrutt karne mein safal hue vah gambhir daarshanikta, jeevanadarshan ka adamya kautoohal aur teevr bhaavavibhorata se bhaasvar hai. aashaan hi vah kavi the jinhonne shrrungaar ko saamaanya dharaatal se svargik vishuddhata tak pahuainchaaya. aadhyaatmik prem ki sudar kalpana ne unki kavita ko prabhaapoorit kiya hai.

vallattol ki safalta ismein thi ki ve maanav ke maanasik bhaav ko kaalpanikta ka paridhaan dekar sudar roop mein prastut kar sake. unhonne 1909 mein baalmeeki raamaayan ka anuvaad kiya. 1910 mein "badhirvilaapam" naamak vilaapakaavya likha. iske baad unhonne anek naatakeeya bhaavakaavya likhe--ganapati, bandhanasthanaaya aniruddhan, oroo kattu (ek khat), shishyanum makanum (shishya aur putri), magdalan mari yam, achhanum makanum (pita putri) kochchuseeta ityaadi. san 1924 ke baad rachit saahityamanjariyon mein hi vallattol ke deshbhakti se otaprot ve kaavyasuman khile the jinhonne unako raashtrakavi ke pad par aaseen kiya. enre gurunaathan (mere gurunaath) ityaadi un bhaavageeton mein atyadhik lokapriya hain. jeevan ke komal aur kaant bhaavon ke saath vichran karna vallattol ko priya tha. andhakaar mein khade hokar rone ki pravrutti unamein naheen thi. yeh satya hai ki patit pushpon ko dekhkar unhonne bhi aahein bhari hain, parantu unapar aaainsoo bahaate rahane ki banisbat viksit sumanon ko dekhkar aahlaad prakat karne ki pravrutti hi unamein adhik hain.

"umaakeralam" naamak mahaakaavya ki rachana karke kaavyajagat mein apna naam amar karanevaale ulloor ne anek khandakaavyon aur bhaavageeton ki bhi rachana ki. pingala, karnabhooshanam, bhaktideepika, chitrashaala ityaadi khandakaavyon aur kirnaavali, taaraahaaram tarangini ityaadi kavitaasangrahon dvaara unhonne malayaalam ki shreevruddhi ki hai. parantu is mahaavidvaan aur bhaashaabhimaani saahityakaar ki smruti malayalam premiyon ke hrudayon mein shaayad Kerala saahitya charitram ke lekhak ke roop mein hi mukhya roop se rahegi.

is samay ke anya kuchh kaviyon ke naam ye hain - naalappaattu Narayan Menon (inki sarvashreshth rachana kannuneeratulli ashrubindu naamak vilaapakaavya hai); karirppuratt, keshavan Nair (kaavyopahaaram navyopahaaram ityaadi bhaavageet sangrah); ke ke raaja (anek bhaavageet aur ek vilaapakaavya, baashpaanjali, inhonne likhi hai), ityaadi.

ji shankar kurup, vennikkalum gopaal kurup, pi kunyanyairaaman Nair ityaadi kaviyon ka janm 20veen sadi ke pratham dashak mein hua hai. itappalli kavidvaya (itappalli raaghavan pilla aur chadaङaanpusha Krishna pilla), vailoppilli shreedhar Menon ityaadi inke thode hi saal baad ke hain. itappalli kaviyon ne, khaaskar chaङaaङaampusha ne dedh dashaabdiyon ki avadhi mein jitna kaarya karke sansaar se bida li hai utana poorn purushaayu mein bhi kisi kaarya ke dvaara asaadhya hai. malayaalam ke svachhantaavaad ke aandolan ke liye unki den amodh hai. ji॰ shankar kurup, baalaamani amma, pi॰ kunyanyairaaman Nair ityaadi ne bhi is aandolan ko sampann kiya hai.

pratham jnyaaanapeeth puraskaar ke vijeta jee॰ shankar kurup ke bhaavageeton mein 20veen sadi ke bhaarateeya janajeevan mein anubhoot peedaaon, vyaamohon, mohabhangon, prateekshaaon, abhilaashaaon, ichha saakshaatkaaron ka aisa chitran hua hai ki ve antaraatma ki gaharaaiyon tak pahuainch jaate hain. iske atirikt ve geet maanav ki aadhyaatmik evam maanasik bhaavaanubhootiyon ko prateekaatmak ya anya roop mein vyakt karte hain. malayaalam ki aatmageet shaakha ko aaj ki ooainchaaiyon tak uthaanevaale kaviyon ki shreni mein jee॰ shankar kurup ka sthaan sarvopari hai. (otakkushal, paatheyam, jeevanasangeetam ityaadi jee॰ ke mukhya kavitaasangrah hain. vishvadarshanam naamak sangrah ne saahitya academy ka puraskaar paaya hai. baalaamani amma, pee॰ kunjiraaman Nair, itappali kavidvaya aur vailoppilli ne bhi is shaakha ko lagbhag apna sarvasv bheint kiya hai. baalaamani amma ka kaavyasaamraajya maatrutv ka divya prapanch hai. unki rachanaaeain ek aise anubhooti mandal ka saakshaatkaar karaati hain jo malayaalam mein adrushtapoorv hai. (unke kaavyasangrahon mein "sopaanam" mukhya hai. matashshi (daadi) naamak sangrah ko academy puraskaar praapt hua hai.) kunyanyairaaman Nair atyadhik prabhaavashaali kavi hain. ve vaiyaktik anubhooti mandal par vihran karne mein hi ruchi rakhate hain, na ki vyakti ke saamaajik sambandhon par vichaar karne mein. (kaavyasangrahon mein "pookkalam" (foolon ki kyaari) aur taamarattoni (kamal nauka) prasiddh hain. itashsheri yathaarthavaadi drushtikon ko apanaanevaale kavi hain. unki rachanaaon mein malayaalam ki pehli shreni ki kraantikaari kavitaaeain aati hain.

chaङaaङaampusha malayaalam ke 'gaan gandharv' kahalaate hain. kisi bhi anya kavi ne kavita mein itna adhik svaramaadhurya naheen ghola hai. unka naatakeeya bhaavakaavya "ramanan" ek classic ban gaya hai. ramanan ki jitni pratiyaaain biki hain utani shaayad eshuttachhan ke adhyaatm raamaayan ko chhodkar aur kisi rachana naheen biki hongi. unki kai panktiyaaain pratyek keralavaasi ko kanthasth hain.

vaigyaanik jeevan vishleshan, jeevan ki anashvarata ka bodh aur maanav jeevan ki or kraantikaari drushtikon ke kaaran saahitya mein vailoppilli ka sthaan mahatvapoorn hai. malayaalam ke kraantivaadi kaavyon mein inke "kutiyoshikkal" (ghar nikaala) ka sthaan adviteeya hai. madhyavargeeya kavi ke ant:karan ki vedana ka itna maarmik chitran aur koi naheen kar paaya hai.

yadyapi O N vi kurup ke kaavyajeevan ka aarambh kraantikaari kavi ke roop mein hua, to bhi aaj ve svachhandataavaadi hain. tirunalloor karunaakaran aur punaloor baalan kraantikaareekavita ke mantl mein anya do vishisht kavi hain- fir unke shaili vibhinn hain. jeevan ki or sugatakumaari ka drushtikon daarshanik hai. vishnu Narayanan nanpootiri, raamakrushnan ityaadi udeeyamaan kavi hain. pee॰ bhaaskaran aur vayalaar raamavarma kraantikaari kaviyon ke roop mein pratishtha praapt karne ke baad filmi geeton ke kshetr mein chale gaye. ena॰ ena॰ kakkaat, maadhavan ayyappatt, ayyapp panikkar aur ena॰ ena॰ paaloor angreji ke naveenatam unmukt kaavyavidhaaon ka prayog malayaalam mein karne mein siddhahast hain. kaavyashaastr mein naveenatam siddhaant yeh hai ki chaunkaakar dhyaan aakarshit karna kavita ka lakshya hai. uparyukt kaviyon ki kavitaaon mein yahi vidha apnaai gayi. akkittam achyutan nanpootiri itashsheri aur ena॰ vee॰ Krishna vaariyr dvaara prashast kiye gaye path par chitran karanevaale kavi hain. unka kaavya "irupataam nuraraantinre itihaasam" (20veen sadi ka mahaakaavya) vailoppilli ke kutiyoshikkal ki hi bhaaainti mahatvapoorn hain. kisi lakshya ke abhaav mein kraanti ke mahaan aadarsh ko bhi bhraamak paakar bhatakanevaale aadhunik maanav ki sanbhraant aatma ki karaahein is kaavya mein sunaai deti hain.

malayaalam ke upanyaas saahitya, naatak saahitya aur kahaani saahitya ka vikaas bhi 20veen sadi mein hua. chantu Menon aur see॰ vee॰ Raman pilla ke baad kuchh samay tak upanyaas shaakha mein anukaranon ka pradhaanata rahi. appan tanpuraan dvaara likhit "bhootaraayar" naamak aitihaasik upanyaas aur "bhaaskar Menon" naamak jaasoosi upanyaas, tee॰ Raman nanpeesham ka keraleshvaran, kedruema॰ panikkar ke "keralasinham" aur "parankiptayaali" (purtagaali sainik) ityaadi is jamaane ke mukhya upanyaas hain.

saamaajik upanyaason ka doosra yug aadhunik upanyaasakaaron ke saath praarambh hota hai. moottiriङaङaot ka "aapfanre makan" (chaacha ki beti) yahaaain vishesh ullekhaneeya hai. takashi, basheer, keshav Dave, ponkunnam varki, lalitaanbika antarjanam, pee॰ see॰ kuttikrushnan ityaadi shuroo mein vikhyaat kahaaneekaar the. inmein se takashi, basheer, keshavadev aur kuttikkrushnan baad mein upanyaasakaaron ke roop mein bhi mashahoor hue. takashi ke "chemmeen" ki khyaati antararaashtreeya hai (yeh upanyaas saahitya academy dvaara puraskrut hai). pee॰ see॰ kuttikrushnan ke upanyaas "ummaachchu" aur academy dvaara puraskrut "sundariklum sundaranmaarum" (sundar sundariyaaain) pratham shreni ke hain. keshavadev ka "otayil ninnu (gande naale se) prasiddh upanyaas hai. inke adyatan upanyaas "ayalkaar" (padosi) ne academy puraskaar paaya hai. basheer ki "baalyakaalasakhi", "narupuppaakkoraaneintaarnu" (mera daada haathi paalata tha) ityaadi uchch star ke upanyaas hain. takashi ka rantitङaaङaashi" (do ser), porarekkaat ki vishkanyaka nai peedhi ke ema॰ tee॰ vaasudevan Nair ka naalukettu (puraane dhang ka ghar), asuravitu (aasur beej), manju (baraf) ityaadi malayaalam ke gine maane upanyaas hain. aadhunik upansaasakaaron mein vaasudevan Nair pratham sthaaneeya hain. "taalam", kaattukooraङaaङau (jangali bandar) "sujaata" seema ityaadi ke lekhak ke॰ sureindran ka naam ullekhaneeya hai.

malayaalam ka kahaani saahitya Bhaarat ke kisi bhi kahaani saahitya ki tulana mein ooaincha sthaan praapt kar sakta hai. basheer, antarjanam, varki ityaadi kahaaneekaar saamaajik anaachaaron aur atyaachaaron ke viruddh kraanti ki aavaaj uthaanevaale lekhak hain. ve apni jaatiyon mein pai jaanevaali anaitikaaon ko prakaash mein laane mein safal hue. takashi keshavadev ityaadi kahaaneekaaron ne manushya ki saamaajik aur aarthik paratantrataaon tatha vyakti ki durbalataaon aur parimitiyon ko apni kahaaniyon ka vishay banaaya. svargeeya e॰ baalakrushn pilla ne in kahaaneekaaron ke vyaktitv ko viksit karne mein jo yogadaan kiya hai vah mahatvapoorn hai. mopaasaaain prabhruti fraanseesi saahityakaaron aur chekhav prabhruti roosi saahityakaaron dvaara prashast kiye gaye maargon mein hamaare kahaaneekaaron ko le jaane ka shreya inheen baalakrushn pilla ko hai. inheen se malayaalam ke khyaatanaama kathaakaron ko saanskrutik, saamaajik, aarthik kraanti ke bodh ko pravartit karanevaali aur manovaigyaanik tatvon ko prakat karanevaali kahaaniyaaain likhne ki prerana mili. aaj kahaani ke kshetr mein ek aisi peedhi agrasar ho rahi hai jo in prashast kahaaneekaaron ke padachinhon ka anusaran kar unase bhi aage badhne ka prayatn kar rahi hai. sarasvati amma, raajalakshmi ityaadi in poorvavartiyon ke prabhaavakshetr se pare khadi hain. sarasvati amma beeti hui peedhi ka aur svargeeya raajalakshmi naveen peedhi ka pratinidhitv karti hain. nai peedhi mein baalaamani amma ki putri maadhavikkutti ka naam bhi ullekhaneeya hai. nantanaar, koviln ityaadi dvaara rachit sainik jeevan ki kahaaniyaaain prasiddh hain. paarappuram ne is shaakha ko do upanyaas "ninmaninyaj kaalpaatukal" (rudhiraadrr padachinh) aur "aadyakirnaङaङaal" evam kai kahaaniyaaain bheint ki hain. puraani peedhi ke kahaaneekaaron mein teen ullekhaneeya naam hain--vettoor raaman Nair, kaaroor neelakanth pilla aur ponjikkar raafi. aajkal naishanal book staal naamak prakaashan sanstha das kahaaneekaaron ki chuni hui kahaaniyon ka sangrah prakaashit kar rahi hai. (ye das kahaaneekaar hain--takashi, Dave, basheer, ponkunnam varki, antarjanam, vettrar Raman naayan Nair, kaaroor neelakanth pilla, ponyatrikkar raafi, pee॰ see॰ kuttikkrushnan aur porarekkaat. pee॰ see॰ kuttikkrushnan ko chhodkar baaki sabke sangrah prakaashit ho chuke hain!)

malayaalam ka naatak saahitya sampann hai. sanskruti naatakon ke anukaran aur anuvaad ke yug ke uparaant gadya naatakon ke bhi kuchh anukaran aa gaye. aadhunik gadya naatakon ke poorvagaami ke roop mein see॰ raaman pilla ityaadi ke prahasan, baad mein ena॰ pee॰ chellakkapan Nair aadi haasya naatakakaaron ke liye preranaastrot bane. kainikkar Kumar pilla, kainikkar padmanaabh pilla ityaadi ne gambhir naatak bhi likhe. ibsan ki naatya vidha ko apnaakar likhe hue samasyaamoolak naatakon ki disha mein ena॰ Krishna pilla ne mahatvapoorn yogadaan diya hai. saamaajik samasya ko vishyavastu banaanevaale naatakon mein vee॰ tee॰ bhattatirippaat ka "atukkalayil ninnu araङaङaatekku" (rasoighar se rangamanch ki or) aur raajaneetik naatakon mein "paattabaaki" (bakaaya lagaan) ullekhaneeya hain. aaj ke naatakaakaaron mein tee॰ e॰ gopinaathan Nair, taayar, naagavalli aara॰ ena॰ kurup, keshavadave, ena॰ pee॰ chellappan Nair, ke॰ tee॰ muhammad, toppil bhaasi, jee॰ shankar pilla ityaadi pramukh hain. toppil bhaasi ke "niङaङaalenne kamyunistaakki" (tum logon ne mujhe communist banaaya) "mutiyaanaaya putran" (dhoort putr), sarvekkal (seema ka patthar) ityaadi aur muhammad ke "karavarar pashu" (dugdh band gaaya) "manushyan kaara gruhattilaanu" (manushya kaaraavaas mein hain) ityaadi prasiddh hain.

malayaalam mein aalochna saahitya bhi kisi bhi anya shaakha ki tarah sanpusht he. Joseph muntashsheri aur kuttikrushn maaraar ne aalochna saahitya mein apne apne vishesh mat chalaae. pehle ne pashrchimi saahityik daarshanikon aur doosare ne praacheen bhaarateeya saahityamarmajnyaon se prerana grahan ki. donon apne apne kshetr mein prabhaavashaali hain. inmein kuttikkrushn maaraar haal mein academy dvaara puraskrut hue hain. svargeeya ema॰ pee॰ paul ne malayaalam ke aalochna saahitya ko ek prakaar ka apanatv pradaan kiya. muntashsheri, see॰ je॰ taumas ityaadi unheen ke deepak se apni deepashikha jalaanevaale hain. paul ke "noval saahityam" aur "saundaryaveekshanam" muntashsheri ki "kaavyapeethika", "maararoli" (pratidhvani), "antareeksham", "maanadandam" aur "roopabhadrata" maaraar ke "raajaankanam", "kalayum jeevativum" aur "saahityavidya" vishesh ullekhaneeya hain. svargeeya ullaattil govindan kutti Nair santulit vichaaron ke sameekshak the. aaj aalochakon mein esa॰ guptan Nair, kurirppush Krishna pilla, ena॰ Krishna pilla, em॰ govindan, em॰ krushnan Nair, em॰ shreedhar Menon, em॰ achyutan, em॰ en॰ vijyan, ke॰ ena॰ eshuttachhan, shanamukhadaas, jee॰ bee॰ mohanan ityaadi pramukh hain. guptan Nair ke aadhunik saahityam, samaalochana, isaङaङ lakappuram (vaadon se pare) ityaadi pathaneeya hain. ke॰ ena॰ eshuttachhan vidvataapoorn evam gaveshanaatmak lekh likhte hain. ena॰ Krishna pilla saras samaalochana likhne mein nipun hain. kraantikaari vichaaradhaara ka veerataapoorn drushtikon kurirppush Krishna pilla ki visheshata hai. manovaigyaanik tatvon ke aadhaar par saahityik rachanaaon ka vishleshan karne ki nootan paddhati ko vijyan ne apnaaya hai.

oopar ke anuchhedon mein malayaalam saahitya ka bahut hi sankshipt parichay diya gaya hai. aaj malayaalam saahitya Bhaarat ki kisi anya bhaasha ke saahitya se peechhe naheen hai. kaavya aur kahaani ke kshetron mein shaayad malayaalam saahitya anya bhaasha saahityon se uchchatar sthaan paane ke liye hod si kar raha hai. pichhle kuchh varshon mein malayaalam saahitya ki shreevruddhi ke liye bahut si yojanaaeain bani hain aur bahut si sansthaaeain bhi kaayam ki gayi hain. vigyaan parishd, itihaas parishd, sangeet parishd, kala parishd, aadi achhi yojana banaakar kaam kar rahi hain. iske alaava Kerala vishvavidyaalaya tatha Kerala sarkaar malayaalam vishvakosh banaane ki bahut badi yojanaaeain chala rahi hain. Kerala mein bahut se yuvak vidvaan rachanaakaarya mein lage hue hain aur malayaalam saahitya ka bhavishya bahut hi ujjaval hai.

• malayalam saahitya (Kerala paryatan)
• bhaarateeya shikhar katha kosh : malayalam kahaaniyaaain (Google pustak; sankalanakarta - kamaleshvar)