maireelaind

State Of Maryland
Flag of Maryland [[File:|85px|alt|State seal of Maryland]]
Flag of Maryland Seal
Nickname(s): Old Line State; Free State; Little America;[1]
America in Miniature[2]
Motto(s): Fatti maschii, parole femine
(Manly deeds, womanly words)
Map of the United States with Maryland highlighted
Official language(s) None (English, de facto)
Demonym Marylander
Capital Annapolis
Largest city Baltimore
Largest metro area Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area
Area Ranked 42nd in the U.S.
- Total 12,407 sq mi
(32,133 km2)
- Width 101 miles (145 km)
- Length 249 miles (400 km)
- % water 21
- Latitude 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N
- Longitude 75° 03′ W to 79° 29′ W
Population Ranked 19th in the U.S.
- Total 5,699,478 (2009 est.)[3]
5,296,486 (2000)
- Density 541.9/sq mi (209.2/km2)
Ranked 5th in the U.S.
- Median income $68,080$[4] (1st)
Elevation
- Highest point Backbone Mountain (Hoye Crest)[5]
3,360 ft (1,024 m)
- Mean 344 ft (105 m)
- Lowest point Atlantic Ocean[5]
0 ft (0 m)
Admission to Union April 28, 1788 (7th)
Governor Martin O'Malley (D)
Lieutenant Governor Anthony G. Brown (D)
Legislature {{{Legislature}}}
- Upper house {{{Upperhouse}}}
- Lower house {{{Lowerhouse}}}
U.S. Senators Barbara Mikulski (D)
Ben Cardin (D)
U.S. House delegation 7 Democrats, 1 Republican (list)
Time zone Eastern: UTC-5/-4
Abbreviations MD US-MD
Website maryland.gov

maireelaind raajya (सुनेंi/ˈmɛaarəaaləaand/)[6] ek ameriki raajya hai, jo sanyukt raajya America ke madhya atalaantik kshetr mein sthi‍at hai, yeh varjeeniya, pashchim varjeeniya ki seema se laga hai aur iske dakshin aur pashchim mein Columbia jila, iske uttar mein peinsilveniya aur poorv mein delaaveyar hai. kul kshetr ke maamale mein maireelaind Europe ke Belgium desh ke samakaksh hai.[7] ameriki seinsas bureau ke anusaar anya raajyon ki tulana mein maireelaind ki ghareloo ausat aay sabse adhik hai, 2006 mein isne nai jersey ko peechhe chhod diya; maireelaind ki ausat ghareloo aay 2007 mein 68,080 dollar thi.[4] 2009 mein, maireelaind ne 2008 ke apne 70,545 dollar ki sabse adhik ausat aay ke kaaran ameriki raajyon mein teesari baar lagaataar pratham sthaan praapt kiya.[8] maireelaind aisa saatavaan raajya hai jisne sanyukt raajya America ke samvidhaan ko angeekaar kiya aur iske teen upanaam pade, old line state, free state aur chesaapik be state naam ka bhi kabhi-kabhi istemaal hota hai.

maireelaind jeevan vigyaan anusandhaan aur vikaas ka ek gathajod hai, jahaan 350 se adhik jaiv praudyogiki companiyaan sthit hain, jo sanyukt raajya mein is kshetr mein maireelaind ko teesara sabse bada gathajod banaati hain.[9]

jauns haupakins university, jauns haupakins eplaaid fijiks leboretari, university system of maireelaind ek se adhik parisar, national Institute of helth (NIH), national Institute of staindards end technology(NIST), national Institute of meintal helth (NIMH), Federal food end drag edaministreshan (FDA), haavard hajej medical Institute, kelera jeenomiks company, hyooman jeenom saainses (HGS), J. kreg veintar Institute aur haal hi mein astrajeneka dvaara khareedi gayi medeemyoon sahit anusandhaan aur vikaas mein dilchaspi rakhane vaale sansthaan aur agencyan maireelaind mein sthit hain.

anukram

bhoogol

bhautik bhoogol

maireelaind ke paas anek prakaar ki bhaugolik sthitiyaan hai, isliye iska upanaam pada "miniachar mein America".[10] poorab mein samudri ghaas ke reteele teelon, se lekar khaadi ke paas vanya jeevan se bharpoor nichli daladali bhoomi aur bade nange saroo vruksh, se lekar pidmaant kshetr mein shaahabaloot vanon ki halake-se uthati-girti pahaadiyaan aur pashchim ke pahaadon mein cheed ke upavanon tak yeh faila hua hai.

chitr:MDGeoReg.PNG
maireelaind ke shaareerik kshetr
chesaapik khaadi ke jvaar aardrabhoomiyon, sanyukt raajya America mein sabse bada aur sabse badi nadi ke muhaane maireelaind mein bhautik suvidha.************

uttar mein peinsilveniya, pashchim mein pashchim varjeeniya, poorab mein delaaveyar aur atalaantik mahaasaagar aur dakshin mein, potomak nadi ke paar, pashchim varjeeniya aur varjeeniya se maireelaind ki seema lagi hui hai. is seema ka madhya-bhaag maireelaind ki or Washington, deesi dvaara baadhit hota hai, jo mool roop se maireelaind ke hisse par avasthit hai. chesaapik khaadi raajya lagbhag dvibhaajit karti hai aur khaadi ke poorvi ilaake saamoohik roop se poorvi tat kahalaate hain. raajya ke adhikaansh jalamaarg chesaapik khaadi jal-utsaran ka hissa hain, iske apavaad hain ekdam pashchimi chhor ke gairet County ka ek bahut hi chhote bhaag (misisipi nadi ke jal-utsaran ke ek hissa ke roop mein yooghiogheni nadi dvaara nikaasi), vorasestar County ka aadha poorvi kshetr (jiski nikaasi maireelaind ke atalaantik tateeya khaadi se hoti hai) aur raajya ke uttar-poorvi kone ka ek chhota hissa (jiski nikaasi delaaveyar nadi ke jal-utsaran mein hoti hai). maireelaind ke bhoogol aur aarthik jeevan mein chesaapik itna pramukh hai ki vahaan samay-samay par iska aadhikaarik naam be state rakhane ke liye aandolan hote rahate hain, yeh upanaam daraasal lambe samay se maisaachusets dvaara upayog mein laaya ja raha hai.

potomak nadi ki uttari shaakha ke udagam aur pashchim varjeeniya ki seema ke kareeb gairet County ke dakshin-pashchim kone mein baikabon parvat ka hoe krest 3,360 fut (1,020 mi) oonchaai ke saath maireelaind ka sabse ooncha sthaan hai. pashchimi maireelaind mein, chhote city hainakauk se satakar raajya ke do-tihaai raaste gujarte hain, inmein se sirf 1.83 meal (2.95 kimi) iski seemaaon mein hain. yeh anokhi bhaugolik sthiti maireelaind ko sabse sankara raajya banaata hai, jo uttar mein maisan-diksan rekha aur dakshin mein uttaronmukhi-meharaabadaar potomak nadi se seemaabaddh hai.

maireelaind raajya ke svaagat sanket

maireelaind ke bhaag vibhinn sarkaari aur gair-sarkaari bhaugolik kshetron mein shaamil hain. udaaharan ke liye, mereelaind ki poorvi tateeya County, poora delaaveyar raajya aur varjeeniya ke poorvi tat ko banaane waali do kaauntiyon, jabki maireelaind ke sudoor pashchimi kaauntiyon ko appalaachiya ka hissa maana jaata hai, se delamarava praayadveep prakrutisth hai. baalteemor-Washington galiyaare ka jyaadaatar hissa tateeya samatal ke pidmaant ke theek dakshin mein sthit hai,[11] haalaanki yeh do kshetron ke beech seema bana hua hai.

maireelaind ke bhoogol ka ek vichitrata yeh hai ki raajya mein koi praakrutik jheelein naheen hain,[12] haalaanki yahaan bahut saare taalaab hain. uttaravarti himyug ke dauraan, himnad dakshin mein maireelaind tak naheen pahunche aur iseeliye ve gahari praakrutik jheelon mein tabdeel naheen hue; jaisa ki sudoor uttari raajyon mein hai. yahaan bahut saari maanav nirmit jheelein hain, inmein se sabse badi deep creek lek, jo sudoor pashchimi maireelaind ke gairet County ka jalaashaya hai. himnad ka itihaas na hone ke kaaran maireelaind ki mitti, sudoor uttar aur poorvottar ki chattaani mitti ki tulana mein baluaa aur daladali hai.

maanav bhoogol

mereelaind County

maireelaind ki jyaadaatar aabaadi Washington dee॰ see॰ ke aaspaas nagaron aur upanagaron mein aur saath mein maireelaind ki sabse ghani aabaadi vaale city baalteemor ke aaspaas bhi keindrit hai. aitihaasik roop se, ye aur kai anya maireelaind shahar patan rekha ke saath-saath viksit hue hain, patan rekha use kehte hain jo nadiyon, naalon aur dhaaraaon ke saath chalti hui tej bahaav aur/ya jalaprapaaton dvaara baadhit hoti hain. maireelaind ki rajdhani city enaapolis is paitarn ka ek apavaad hai; kyonki yeh yeh sevarn nadi ke tat par, jahaan yeh chesaapik khaadi mein khaali ho jaati hai, ke kareeb hai. maireelaind ke anya janasankhya kendron mein shaamil hain Columbia ke haavard County, silver spring, raukaville aur maantagomeri County ka gaitharsabarg;prince George County ke laurel, college park, greenabelt, hyaatsaville, laindaovar, Clinton, bauvi aur upper maarlaboro; fredarik County ka fredarik; aur Washington County ka haigarsataaun.

raajya ke poorvi, dakshini tatha pashchimi bhaag kaheen adhik graameen hain, haalaanki vahaan beech-beech mein kshetreeya mahatva ke kuchh city bhi hain, jaise ki poorvi tat par sailisbari tatha osen city, dakshini maireelaind ke leksingatan park tatha vaaldarof aur pashchimi maireelaind ka kanbaralaind.

maireelaind ke bhaugolik kshetr

ek seema raajya hone ke kaaran maireelaind sanyukt raajya America ke uttari aur dakshini kshetron ki visheshataaon ko pradarshit karta hai. saamaanyataya, pashchimi varjiniya painahaindal aur peinsilveniya ke beech graameen pashchimi maireelaind mein appaalaachiyaai sanskruti hai, maireelaind ke dakshini aur poorvi tateeya kshetron mein dakshini sanskruti ka anukaran hai,[13] jabki ghani aabaadi wala kendreeya maireelaind-baalteemor aur Washington dee॰ see॰ se baahar ki or niklata hua- mein uttarapoorv se bahut milti-julati sanskruti hai.[14] ameriki janaganana bureau ne maireelaind ko dakshin atalaantik raajyon mein ek nirdisht kiya hai, lekin anya sangheeya agencyon, media aur kuchh nivaasiyon dvaara ise aamtaur par madhya-atalaantik raajyon aur/ya uttarapoorvi sanyukt raajya ke saath sambaddh kiya jaata hai.[15][16][17][18][19]

  • enaapolis

  • baalteemor

  • baalteemor ke inar haarbar

  • bethesda

  • bauvi

  • chesaapik city

  • college park

  • kanbaralaind

  • elikaut city

  • fredarik

  • gaitharsabarg

  • greenabelt

  • haigarsataaun

  • ek sada hara rahane wala vruksh

  • saagar city

  • prince fredarik

  • raukavile

  • silver spring

  • oopari maarlaboro

jalavaayu

is aakaar ke kisi raajya ke liye maireelaind ki jalavaayu ki saarani bahut vistrut hai. yeh vibhinn char vastuon par nirbhar hai, jaise ki paani ki niktata, oonche sthaan aur neeche ki or bahti havaaon ki vajah se thand se bachaav ke bandobast.

maireelaind ka aadha poorvi bhaag atalaantik tateeya samatal mein padta hai, jo bahut hi sapaat sthalaakruti aur bahut adhik reteeli ya keechad bhari hai. garmi, chipchipi garmi aur ek sankshipt halaki thandavaali sheet ritu ke saath is kshetr mein nam uposhnakatibandheeya jalavaayu hai. is kshetr mein sailisbari, annaapolis, osen city aur dakshini tatha poorvi greater baalteemor city shaamil hain.

patukseint nadi par kaardinl kov mein ek daladal par sooryaast.

is kshetr se pare pidmaant padta hai jo nam uposhnakatibandheeya jalavaayu kshetr aur uposhnakatibandheeya parvateeya kshetr (Köappen Cfb) ke sankraman kshetr ke beech avasthit hai, jahaan ki aabohava garm, chipchipi garami aur kaafi thand pada karti hai aur jahaan 20 inch tak barf gira karti hai aur taapamaan 10 °aF se neeche chala jaana har saal ki baat hai. is kshetr mein fredarik, haigarsataaun, vestaminstar, gaitharsabarg aur uttari aur pashchimi greater baalteemor shaamil hain.

eligeni County aur gairet County ke oonche sthaan par sthit dhur pashchimi maireelaind poori tarah se uposhnakatibandheeya parvateeya kshetr (Köappen Cfb)[20] mein padta hai, oonchaai ki vajah se (appalaachiyaai parvateeya kshetr ki khaasiyat) jara halki garami aur thand pada karti hai, aksar thand mein barf gira karti hai.

poorvi tat mein teji se varsha raajya ki visheshata hai. oonchaaiyon par adhik baarish ke saath vaarshik varsha 35 se 45 inch (890 se 1,140 mileemeetar) kram se hoti hai.[21] maireelaind ke lagbhag har bhaag mein prati maah 3.5–4.5 inch (89–114 mileemeetar) baarish hoti hai. ausat vaarshik barfabaari tateeya kshetron mein 9 inch (23 seinteemeetar) se lekar pashchimi pahaadon mein 100 inch (250 seinteemeetar) hua karti hai.[22]

atalaantik tat ke paas sthit hone ke kaaran mereelaind ushnakatibandheeya chakravaati toofaanon se ek had tak asurakshit hai, haalaanki delamarava praayadveep aur uttari kerolina ke baahya kinaaron se lekar dakshin tak ek vistrut pratirodhak ki vajah se bade toofaanon (shreni 3 ya usase adhik) ke kahar dhaane ki sambhaavana bahut kam ho jaati hai. aksar hi, maireelaind ke paas ek ushnakatibandheeya pranaali ka avashesh hai jo pehle se hi tat par lag chuka hai aur jo apni adhikaansh pavan oorja ke nirmukt karta hai. maireelaind mein varsh mein ausatan lagbhag 30-40 din toofaani baarish hua karti hai aur saal mein lagbhag chhah bavandar aate hain.[23]

maireelaind ke vibhinn shaharon ka maasik saamaanya uchch aur nimn taapamaan
city January fravari March April May June July August September October November December
haigarsataaun 38/21 42/23 52/31 63/41 74/51 82/60 86/64 84/62 77/55 66/43 54/35 43/27
fredarik 41/25 46/27 56/35 67/44 77/54 85/62 89/67 87/66 80/59 68/47 57/38 46/30
baalteemor 44/30 47/31 57/39 68/48 77/58 86/68 91/73 88/71 81/64 70/52 59/42 49/33
mahaasaagar city 44/28 46/30 53/35 61/44 70/53 79/62 84/67 83/67 78/62 68/51 58/41 49/32
[46]

vanaspati aur jeev-jantu

maireelaind raajya ke liye 2003 ke USDA sanyantr jon maanachitr

choonki vishishth roop se yeh poorvi tat ka raajya hai, iseeliye maireelaind ka vanaspati jeevan bahut hi samruddh aur svasth hai. achhi maatra mein saalaana baarish vibhinn tarah ki vanaspati ko panapane mein madad karti hai, samudri ghaas aur vishaalakaaya vae ok, safed ok ki misaal, raajya ka aisa ped jo atyadhik70 fut (21 meter) lanbaai mein ugata hai, ke pedon ke beech vibhinn tarah ke sarakande ugate hain. maireelaind mein sthaanik vanaspati jeevan mein prachoor maatra mein cheed aur maipel mein ped bhi hain. bahut saari videshi prajaatiyon ki kheti raajya mein hoti hai, inmein se kuchh sajaavati hai aur anya nai prajaati ki hain. inmein raajya ke ooshn hisson mein kraip martal, itaavali saaipras, live ok,[24] aur raajya ke madhya aur poorvi hisse mein khajoor ke ped hain.[25] raajya ke bilkul pashchimi hisse mein jon 5 se lekar madhya hisse mein 6 aur 7, tatha dakshini hisse ke tat, khaadi kshetr aur jyaadaatar baalteemor ka metropolitan kshetr raajya ka USDA majaboot vruksh kshetr hai. teji se failanevaale pedon ki prajaati jaise kudajoo, tri of haiven, malteeflora roj aur Japani steeltagraas sthaanik vrukshon ka vikaas rok dete hain.[26] maireelaind raajya ka fool black-aaid susain poore raajya bhar mein badi maatra mein jangali foolon ke samooh mein ugata hai. raajya keet, baalteemor chekaraspaut titli, bahut aam naheen hai, dakshin kinaare ke kareeb iska vistaar hai.[27] bataaya jaata hai maireelaind mein 435 prajaatiyon ke pakshi hain.[28]

hant valley par sooryaast, maireelaind

raajya mein, vishesh roop se jungle bahul aur raajya ke pashchimi pahaadi badi sankhya mein hiran hain, saal dar saal inki badhti hui sankhya samasya ban sakti hai. nakad fasal ke roop mein chesaapik khaadi raajya ko badi maatra mein[krupaya uddharan jodein] blue kekade, raukafish,[krupaya uddharan jodein] aur samudri pankshi muhaiya karaate hain.[krupaya uddharan jodein] pashchim ki pahaadiyon se lekar madhya kshetr mein bhaaloo,[29] baubakait,[30] lomadi, rakoon aur oodabilaav samet stanapaayi praani paaye jaate hain.[29]

maireelaind esaiteeg dweep mein paae jaane vaale virl[29][31] jangali ghodon ke liye prasiddh hai. har saal jangali ghode pakade jaate hain aur uthali khaadi ko paar kar varjiniya ke chinkoteeg bikri ke liye le jaae jaate hain. sanrakshan ki yeh takaneek is chhote se dweep mein ghodon ki bharamaar na hone dene ko sunishchit karti hai.

maireelaind mein vishuddh prajanit pashu chesaapik ve ritreevar (khaadi ka shikaar pakad kar laanevaala kutta) hai. jal kreeda ke liye, shikaar aur khoj aur raahat kaarya ke liye vishesharoop se anaka paalan-poshan kiya jaata hai.[32] chesaapik ve ritreevar pehli nasl hai jise 1878 mein American kenal club ne maanyata di.[32] university of maireelaind-baalteemor County (UMBC) ne ritreevar ko apna shubhankar banaaya hai.

maireelaind ke sarisrup aur ubhayachar ki aabaadi mein daayamandabaik teraapin kachhuaa sabse aage hain, jise university of maireelaind ne apna shubhankar banaaya hai. raajya baalteemor oriol ka kshetr hai, jo raajya ka aadhikaarik pankshi hai aur baalteemor oriolon ki MLB team ka shubhankar hai.[33]

maireelaind ke maidaani ilaakon mein vibhinn kism ke jeev hain, sankraman kshetr mein laun ghaas ke liye ye jyaadaatar yahaan paaye jaate hain. raajya ke pashchimi hisse mein itni thand hai ki kantuki neeleghaas aur utkrusht fesakyoo, jo pashchimi talahati mein door-door tak faile hain; ko falane-foolane mein yeh bahut hi madadgaar hai. chesaapik khaadi ke aaspaas ka kshetr aamtaur par sankraman prajaatiyon jaise jauyasiya, lambe fesakyoo aur baramuda ghaas se bhara pada hai. raajya ke jon 8 vaale hisse mein seint ogastin ghaas ugate hain. maireelaind ka ushn kshetr, khaastaur par poorvi tat aur baalteemor-Washington metropleks faair ents ke paryaakraman mein samasya jhel raha hai.[krupaya uddharan jodein]

paryaavaran ke prati jaagrukta

desh mein maireelaind paryaavaran ki drushti se sabse jyaada anukool hai. 2007 mein, Forbes.com ne teen pesifik states aur varamaunt ke theek peechhe, maireelaind ko desh ka paanchavaan "sabse haraabhara" raajya ka darja diya tha. raashtravyaapi oorja khapat mein maireelaind ka raink 40vaan hai aur yeh sabhi chhah raajyon ki tulana mein prati vyakti sabse kam jahareele koode-kachare ka prabandhan karta hai.[34] April 2007 mein maireelaind reejanal greenahaaus gas inishiyetiv (RGGI) se juda, greenahaaus gas ke utsarjan ko kam karne ke liye sabhi uttar-poorvi raajyon, Washington dee॰ see॰ aur Canada ke teen praanton ki pahal par iska gathan hua.

itihaas

sesil kaalavert, maireelaind colony ke 1 maalik.

1629 mein, aairish house of laurds ke pratham Lord baalteemor George kailavart ke nyoofaaundalaind ke evalaun colony ke saath sudoor uttar mein asafalata se Charles pratham ne prauvins of maireelaind ki sthiti ke liye naya shaahi ghoshanaapatr taiyaar kiya. kailavart ki roochi unke Catholic dharm ke prati aastha ke kaaran kaitholikon ki ek colony taiyaar karne ki thi aur ek nayi duniya mein kaitholikon ke liye svarg banaane ki unki ichha hui. iske alaava, nikat bhavishya mein varjiniya mein tanbaakoo se honevaale bhavishya mein laabh se ve parichit the aur shurooaati samay mein nyoofaaundalaind mein aupaniveshik udyam se hue vitteeya ghaate se ubarane ke liye ek ummeed jagi thi. George kailavart ki mrutyu April 1632 ko hui, lekin maireelaind colony ke liye ghoshanaapatr (laitin mein tera mariya) ki anudaan unke putr kaisilias kailavart, dviteeya Lord baalteemor ko 20 June 1632 ko mil chuki thi. nai colony ka naam Charles pratham ki patni raani hainarita Maria ke sammaan mein rakha gaya.[35] ghoshanaapatr mein vishesh naam ke taur par tera Maria, engleesal maireelaind diya gaya. spainish jesuit juon di maariyaana ke saath Maria ke avaanchhit sambandh ke kaaran laitin naam ke bajaae angreji naam ko pasand kiya gaya.[36][37] kaisiliys ke chhote bhaai liyonaard ko is abhiyaan ki jimmedaari di gayi, kyonki kailisiys vahaan naheen jaana chaahate the.

vahaan logon ko basaane ki koshish mein maireelaind ke liye hedaraait system ka upayog kiya tha, jiski vyutpatti jemsataaun mein hui. sarkaar ne un logon ko jameen muhaiya karaai jo upaniveshi maireelaind ki or gaye.

25 March 1634 ko baalteemor ne is kshetr mein pehle nivaasi ko bheja. haalaanki yahaan aakar base jyaadaatar nivaasi protesteint the, maireelaind jald hi british saamraajya ke kuchh hisson mein ek ban gaya, jahaan kaitholikon ka uchchatam raajaneetik prabhutv hai. das hajaar british aparaadhiyon ke mukhya gantavyon mein se ek maireelaind bhi hai. 1649 ka maireelaind taulareshan act pehla kaanoon hai jisne dhaarmik sahishnuta ko spasht kiya hai haalaanki sahishnuta trimoorti mein aastha rakhanevaale isaaiyon tak seemit thi.

shaahi ghoshanaapatr ne maireelaind ko potomaik nadi ke uttar mein poori lanbaai mein 40vein samaanaantar tak jameen muhaiya karaai. Charles dviteeya ne jab peinsilveniya ke liye chaartar ko anudaan diya to samasya paida hui. is anudaan ne peinsilveniya ke dakshini seema ko maireelaind ki uttari seema 40vaan samaanaantar ke samaan paribhaashit kiya. lekin anudaan shabd is baat ka sanket hai ki Charles dviteeya aur William pen ne maan liya tha ki 40vein samaanaantar delaaveyar, new kaisel ke kareeb se hokar gujarega, jabki daraasal, yeh filaadelafiya ke uttar mein padta hai, vah jagah jise pen ne pehle se hi apne upanivesh ki rajdhani ke liye chun liya tha. 1681 mein jab samasya ka pata lagne ke baad samjhauta kar liya gaya.

1682 mein Charles dviteeya dvaara prastaavit samjhauta, jisse maamale ka niptaara ho sakta tha, jise pen dvaara kam karke aanka gaya, ko atirikt anudaan delaaveyar ke roop mein mila, delaaveyar jo pehle maireelaind ka hissa tha.[38] ek sadi tak vivaad anasulajha rah gaya, tatha William pen aur Lord baalteemor ke vanshajon dvaara is vivaad ko jinda rakha gaya – kailavart parivaar maireelaind ko niyantrit karta tha aur pen parivaar peinsilveniya ko. is vivaad ki pariniti kresep yuddh ke roop mein hui, jo kaunajokular yuddh ke naam se jaana jaata hai, yeh seema sangharsh 1730 mein maireelaind aur peinsilveniya ke beech hua. 1730 mein sampatti aur kaanoon laagoo karne ko lekar hinsak ghatnaaon ki shrrunkhala ke baad yuddh ki sthiti bhadak gayi aur sadi ki shurooaati arddhadashak ka prathamaarddh mein sthiti tab bigdti chali gayi jab 1736 mein maireelaind dvaara 1737 mein peinsilveniya dvaara sainya bal ki tainaat ki gayi. samraat George dvateeya, jo yuddh viraam ka samjhauta karaane ke liye majaboor the, ke hastakshep ke baad sashastr sangharsh ka daur May 1738 mein khatm ho gaya. 1732 mein alpakaaleen samjhauta kiya gaya. 1760 mein antim karaaranaame par hastaakshar hone tak samjhauta jaari raha. karaaranaame ne maireelaind ki seema ko peinsilveniya ke saath hi saath ab jo delaaveyar hai, ke saath paribhaashit kiya. maireelaind aur peinsilveniya ke beech ki seema akshaansh rekha se house of filaadelafiya, ek rekha jo maisaun-diksan line ke naam se jaani jaati hai, ke sudoor dakshin se 15 meal tak hai. delaaveyar ke saath maireelaind ki seema new kaisel ke aaspaas traansapannisuelar line aur t‍aavelv-maail circle par aadhaarit thi.[38]

varjiniya dvaara nirmit upanivesh ka dharm aanglikainijm ki sthaapana ke baad badi sankhya mein shuddhataavaadi varjiniya se maireelaind chale aae aur unhein provideins naam ki basti (ab annaapolis) basaane ke liye bhoomi di gayi. 1650 mein, shuddhataavaadiyon ne jameendaar ki amalaadaari ke khilaaf vidroh kar diya aur ek nayi sarkaar ki sthaapana ki jisne kaitholikvaad aur aanglikvaad donon ko gairkaanooni ghoshit kar diya. March 1654 mein vidroh ko dabaane ke liye Lord baalteemor dviteeya ne Governor William ston ke netrutv mein sena ki ek tukadi bheji, annaapolis ke kareeb us jagah, jo sarvan ke yuddh ke naam se jaani jaati hai, mein shuddhataavaadi dvaara vah sena paraast ho gayi.[39][40] kaitholikon ke atyaachaar se shuddhataavaadi dvaara vidroh ke dauraan dakshin maireelaind ke sabhi mool Catholic charchon ko foonk daala gaya. 1658 mein kailavart parivaar ka upanivesh par fir se niyantran aur taulareshan act fir se laagoo ho jaane tak shuddhataavaadi ka vidroh chala. haalaanki 1688 mein England ke "glorius revalooshan" ke baad jab William of oreinj sinhaasan par baithe aur England, mein protesteint aastha ki sthaapana ki, ameriki revalooshanari vaar ke baad maireelaind mein kaitholikvaad ko gairkaanooni ghoshit kar diya gaya. bahut saare dhaneemaani Catholic baageecha maalikon ne dhaarmik karmakaand ke liye chhip-chhipa kar apni jameen par chaipal banavaaya.

seint meri'j city asli maireelaind upanivesh ki sabse bada sthal tha aur 1708 tak aupaniveshik sarkaar ka kendra tha. seint meri'j ab aitihaasik sthal hai, iske aaspaas aur bhi chhote paryatan kendra hain. 1780 mein, sarkaari kendra provideins chala gaya, jiska naamakaran annaapolis kiya gaya. 1694 mein nagar ka naamakaran raani aini ke sammaan mein kiya gaya.

jyaadaatar angrej upaniveshi anubandhit naukar ke roop mein maireelaind pahunche, unki sveekruti ke liye ek tay samay ke liye bhugataan kar shramik ke roop mein unhein majadoori par rakha gaya.[41] shurooaati varshon mein anubandhit naukar aur afreeki gulaam ya majadoor ke beech ki rekha bahut maheen thi aur ashvet tatha gore majadoor donon saath rahate aur kaam karte the. gulaami ke ek jeevan paryant sthiti ban jaane se pehle ke kuchh afreekiyon ko thodi-bahut aajaadi thi.

kraanti se pehle maireelaind mein jyaadaatar rangabhed ‍aviheen parivaar bana, ve naukaraani ya aajaad gori mahilaaon aur gulaam, naukar ya aajaad afreeki ya afreeki-ameriki purushon ke beech sambandh ya vivaah se utpann hue the. aise kai parivaar delaaveyar sthaanaantarit ho gaye, jahaan jameen sasti thi.[42] upanivesh mein badi taadaad mein anubandhit shramikon ke aane se England ki aarthik sthiti mein giraavat aane lagi, hajaaron gulaamon ka aayaat kiya gaya aur nasleeya jaatapaat ke niyamon ko sakht kar diya gaya. gulaam shram par aadhaarit arthavyavastha ka vikaas aur usaki samruddhi sabse pehle tanbaakoo ke utpaadan ke liye samarpit thi.

baalteemor mein fort maikahenari ki bamabaari, jismein sitaara bakhera banner ki rachana se prerit ka ek kalaakaar pratipaadan.

maireelaind terah upaniveshon mein ek tha, jisne ameriki kraanti mein british shaasan ke viruddh vidroh kiya. 2 fravari 1781 ko maireelaind 13vaan raajya jise aartikls of kaunfedareshan ke satyaapan ka anumodan mila, jisne sanyukt raashtra America ko sanyukt, samprabhu aur raashtreeya raajya banaaya. naya samvidhaan ke ban jaane ke baad ise saatavein raajya ke roop mein bhi U.S. mein shaamil kar liya gaya. agale varsh, December 1790 mein, raashtrapati George Washington dvaara maireelaind ki sattaantarit bhoomi ko sangheeya sarkaar ke liye Washington dee॰ see॰ ke nirmaan ke liye chuna gaya. mauntagomari aur prince George's kaauntiyon ke saath hi saath feyarafaiks County aur varjiniya mein elekjeindariya (haalaanki baad mein varjiniya ki bhoomi punarbeema ke jariye lauta di gayi) se bhoomi muhaiya karaayi gayi. Washington dee॰ see॰ ke liye muhaiya karaayi gayi bhoomi daraasal, maireelaind raajya (bhoomi jo ab siddhaant: nishkriya hai) ke antargat ka "ejalaas" hai.

1812 ke yuddh ke dauraan, british sainya ne baalteemor bandargaah, jo ki fort maikahenari dvaara sanrakshit tha, par kabja karne ki koshish ki. yeh bamabaari ke dauraan ki baat hai jab Francis Scott ki dvaara star sapaingld banner likha gaya.

revolooshanari vaar ke bees saalon ke baad delaaveyar ki tarah maireelaind mein bahut saare baageecha maalikon ne apne gulaamon ko aajaad kar diya tha. 1860 tak raajya mein afreeki-amerikiyon ka kul 49.1% maireelaind ke aajaad ashvet aabaadi thi.[43] isse ameriki ‍agruhayuddh ke dauraan union ke prati vafaadaar raajya ke antargat rah gaye. iske alaava, Governor Thomas hauleede hiks ne raajya vidhaayika ko asthaayi roop se nilambit kar diya aur raashtrapati Abraham Lincoln ne fir se sanyojit karne ke liye iske bahut saare fire itaron (diggajon) ko pehle hi giraftaar karva liya. kai itihaasakaaron ka daava hai ki vahaan foot ki kabhi koi paryaapt gunjaaish thi hi naheen.

gruhayuddh ke dauraan 115,000 purush sena mein shaamil hue the, unamein se 85,000 ya 77% ne union army mein gaye, jabki shesh kaunfedaret army mein gaye. maireelaind ko union mein shaamil karne ko sunishchit karne mein sahayago karne ke liye raashtrapati Abraham Lincoln ne haibeeyas kaupiys yaachika, ek adhiniyam jise maireelaind ke sthaaneeya mukhya nyaayaadheesh Roger taini dvaara gairkaanooni maana gaya tha, samet bahut saari naagrik svaatantrata ko nilambit kar diya tha. Lincoln ne baalteemor nagar ko dhamakaane ke liye topakhaane ko Federal hil mein lagaane ka aadesh U.S. sena ko diya aur nae union samarthak Governor aur vidhaayika ke chunaav ko sunishchit karne mein madad ki. Lincoln ne kuchh door aage jaakar south-samarthak raajya vidhaayika ke kuchh sadasyon fort maikahenari samet baalteemor ke mayor, George William brown ko jail mein daala. unamein Francis Scott ki ka pota bhi jail gaya. in kaarravaahiyon ki vaidhaanikta ko lekar aaj bhi bahas jaari hai.

kyonki maireelaind sangh mein raha, ise gulaami-virodhi praavadhaanon imainsapeshan prauklameshan (gulaami mukti ka ishtehaar keval vidrohi raajyon mein laagoo tha) se mukt rakha gaya tha. 1864 mein raajya mein samvaidhaanik sammelan hua, jismein raajya ke liye nae samvidhaan maarg avaruddh ho gaya. us dastaavej ke anuchhed 24 ne gulaami ko gairkaanooni ghoshit kiya. 1867 mein raajya ne ashvet purushon ko mataadhikaar pradaan ki.

janasaankhyikeeya

Historical populations
Census Pop. %±
1790 3,19,728
—
1800 3,41,548 6.8%
1810 3,80,546 11.4%
1820 4,07,350 7%
1830 4,47,040 9.7%
1840 4,70,019 5.1%
1850 5,83,034 24%
1860 6,87,049 17.8%
1870 7,80,894 13.7%
1880 9,34,943 19.7%
1890 10,42,390 11.5%
1900 11,88,044 14%
1910 12,95,346 9%
1920 14,49,661 11.9%
1930 16,31,526 12.5%
1940 18,21,244 11.6%
1950 23,43,001 28.6%
1960 31,00,689 32.299%
1970 39,22,399 26.5%
1980 42,16,975 7.5%
1990 47,81,468 13.4%
2000 52,96,486 10.8%
Est. 2009 56,99,478 [3] 7.6%
maireelaind janasankhya vitran

2006 tak maireelaind ki anumaanik aabaadi 5,615,727 hai, pichhle saal ki tulana mein 26,128 ya 0.5% vruddhi aur 2000 saal se 319,221 ya 6.0% vruddhi hui. ismein pichhli janaganana ke 189,158 log mein (ismein 464,251 janame logon mein 116,713 mrut) praakrutik vruddhi shaamil hai aur yeh vruddhi raajya mein kul 116,713 logon ke pravaasan ke kaaran hui hai. sanyukt raajya America se baahar ke apravaasan se kul vruddhi 129,730 hui hai aur desh ke bheetar pravaasan se desh mein kul 13,017 log kam hue hain.

2006 mein 645,744 videsh mein janme the, jo mukhya roop se laatin America aur Asia ke hain. lagbhag 4.0% bagair dastaavej ke (avaidh) apravaasi hain.[44] maireelaind mein badi aabaadi Koreai-amerikiyon ki bhi hai.[45] daraasal, poori aabaadi mein 1.7% Koreai aur lagbhag 6.0% Asiaee hain.[46]

maireelaind ki jyaadaatar aabaadi raajya ke keindreeya kshetr mein baalteemor metropolitan area aur Washington metropolitan area rahati hai, ye donon kshetr baalteemor-Washington metropolitan area ke hisse hain. pashchim aur dakshin maireelaind ke kaauntiyon ki tarah poorvi tat kam aabaadeevaala aur adhik graameen hai.

maireelaind ki do County elegani aur gairet pahaadi aur bikhri aabaadeevaali hain, poore maireelaind ki tulana mein pashchim varjiniya se yeh kaafi milta-julata hai.

maireelaind ki aabaadi ka kendra aini aroondel County aur hauvard County ke beech ke County line par jesap ke anigmit city mein basata hai.[47]

nasl

maireelaind mein bataaye gaye paanch sabse bade naslon mein jarman (15.7%), aairish (11.7%), angrej (9%), anirdisht ameriki (5.8%) aur itaavali (5.1%) hain.

2005 ki timaahi se raajya ki aabaadi mein afreeki mool ke ameriki badi sankhya mein hain. haalaanki jyaadaatar raajyon ki janaganana mein afreeki mool ke amerikiyon ki ghani aabaadi balteemor city,[krupaya uddharan jodein] prince jauj's County,[krupaya uddharan jodein] aur dakshin-poorvi taton[krupaya uddharan jodein] par paayi jaati hai.[krupaya uddharan jodein] poorvi tat aur dakshin maireelaind mein british nasl ke maireelaind nivaasiyon,[krupaya uddharan jodein] ke saath poorvi tat par paaramparik maithadist aur dakshin County Catholic ki aabaadi basati hai.[krupaya uddharan jodein] pashchimi aur uttari maireelaind mein jarman mool ke amerikiyon ki badi aabaadi hai. itaavali aur Poland nivaasi jyaadaatar baalteemor city mein keindrit hain.[krupaya uddharan jodein] yahoodi badi sankhya mein poore mauntagomari County[krupaya uddharan jodein] aur baalteemor ke uttar-pashchim mein pikesavile[krupaya uddharan jodein] aur ovings mils[krupaya uddharan jodein] hain. Asiaee mool ke ameriki mauntagomari County mein, vishesh roop se Koreai ameriki aur taaivaani ameriki samudaaya raukavile[krupaya uddharan jodein] aur filipino ameriki samudaaya fort Washington mein keindrit hain.[krupaya uddharan jodein] Spain mool ka ameriki badi sankhya mein hayaatsavile/laingali park,[krupaya uddharan jodein] vheetaun[krupaya uddharan jodein] aur gaitharsabarg[krupaya uddharan jodein] mein hain.[krupaya uddharan jodein]

desh ke nasleeya alpasankhyakon ka sabse bada anupaat maireelaind mein hai, keval chaar alpasankhyak-bahusankhyak raajya iske peechhe hain.[48]

dharm

keinsingtan ke beltave ke nikat prasiddh moramon church Washington di.si. ka mandir.

maireelaind ki sthaapana England ke roman Catholic alpasankhayakon ko dhaarmik sahanasheelata pradaan karne ke uddeshya se ki gayi thi. fir bhi, sansad ne us neeti ko badal diya aur maireelaind mein Catholic aacharan hatotsaahit kiya. aupaniveshik kaal ke shurooaat se apravaasi paitarn ke kaaran maireelaind mein Catholic bahusankhyak naheen rahe. iske baavajood maireelaind mein Catholic isaai sabse bada ekal sanpradaaya hai. 241,000 anuyaayiyon ya kul aabaadi ke 4.3% ke saath yahoodi dharm sabse bada gair-isaai dharm hai.[49] raajya ki vartamaan dhaarmik sanrachana neeche dikhaayi gayi hai:

maireelaind mein dharm
isaai anya
protesteint 56% roman Catholic 23% yahoodi 4%
baipatist 18% anya isaai 3% anya dharm 1%
methodist 11% gair-dhaarmik 13%
looteraan 6%
anya protesteint 21%

bahusankhyak mein protesteint hone ke baavajood, aanshik roop se U.S. Catholic parampara maireelaind mein vishisht hai, kyonki George kalavart dvaara ise english Catholic ki sharanasthali kaha gaya hai U.S. mein (1789) baalteemor Catholic vishp ka pehla seat tha aur emeestsabarg sant Elizabeth N setaun, pehle ameriki mool ki naagrik jinhein sant ki upaadhi mili, ka ghar aur kabragaah hai. jaurjataaun university, pehla Catholic university hai, jiski sthaapana 1789 mein jahaan hui vah maireelaind ka hi ek hissa hai.[50] baalteemor mein baasalika of the national shraain of the asampshan of the varjin mairi sanyukt raajya America mein bana pehla roman Catholic girjaaghar hai.

arthavyavastha

maireelaind timaahi ke rivers side annaapolis mein raajya sabha ke gunbad ko darshaata hai.

bureau of economics anailisis ka anumaan hai ki maireelaind ka 2006 mein sakal utpaad 257 billion ameriki dollar tha.[51] U.S. seinsas bureau ke anusaar, maujooda samay mein maireelaind desh ka sabse dhani raajya hai, jiski ghareloo aay 68,080 dollar hai,[4] jo ise new jersey aur Connecticut jo kramash: doosare aur teesare sthaan par hai, se aage le jaata hai. maireelaind ke do County – haavard aur mauntagomari desh mein kramash: teesare aur saatavein sabse dhani County hain. iske alaava, raajya ki daridrata dar bhi desh mein sabse kam 7.8% hai.[52][53][54] 2006 mein prati vyakti niji aay 43,500 ameriki dailar hai, jo raashtra mein paanchavaan hai.

January 2010 tak raajya ki berojgaari dar 7.5% hai.[55]

maireelaind ki aarthik sakriyta teesare seva kshetr mein keindrit hai aur parinaamasvaroop yeh kshetr par sthaan ka gahra prabhaav hai. ek pramukh sakriya seva parivhan hai, jiska kendra port of baalteemor aur isse jude rel aur truck tak pahunch sthaapit karna hai. tanabhaar ke anusaar bandargaah ka raink U.S. mein 10vaan hai (srot: U.S. army Corporation of engineers, "vaataraborn Commerce statistiks"). haalaanki bandargaah vibhinn tarah ke utpaadon ka sanchaalan karta hai, inmein sabse aam aayaatit kachcha maal aur thok saamaan, masalan; lauh ayask, petrolium, cheeni aur urvarak hai, kabhi-kabhi antardesheeya midvest ke apekshaakrut najadeeki nirmaan keindron mein sthal maarg ke jariye isse jude saamaan vitrit bhi karta hai. bandargaah mein vibhinn tarah ke brand ke aayaatit motor gaadiyaan bhi aati hain aur U.S. mein yeh doosra auto bandargaah hai.[56]

doosari seva Washington dee॰ see॰aamein sarkaar ke kendra ke kareeb sthit hone ka laabh uthaati hai aur raksha/antariksh prodyogiki udyog aur jaiv anusandhaan prayogashaalaaon ke takaneeki prashaasanik kaaryon par jor deti hai, saath hi saath upanagaron ya baalteemor/Washington ke nae viksit kshetr mein sarkaari mukhyaalayon mein karmachaariyon ki bharti karna hai. iske alaava, raajya mein bahut saare shaikshanik aur medical anusandhaan sansthaan bhi hain. daraasal, jauns haupakins university ke vibhinn ghatak aur iske chikitsa anusandhaan suvidhaaen baalteemor kshetr ka sabse bada ekal niyokta hai. kul mila kar safedaposh takaneeki aur prashaasanik karmachaariyon mein 25% maireelaind ke shram bal hai, jo ki desh mein raajya ka sarvaadhik pratishat hai.

maireelaind ek bada khaadya utpaadan kshetr hai. vyaavasaayik roop se machhali pakadne ke bade ghatak chesaapik be mein keindrit hai, lekin saath mein atalaantik samudra tat se door ki gatividhiyaan ismein shaamil hai. sabse adhik jo prajaatiyaan pakadi jaati hai ve hain neele kekade, ghongha, dhaareedaar parsh, mainahaiden. khaadi mein jaada bitaane ke liye laakhon ki sankhya vanyajeev jalapakshi sharan lete hain. jabki agar imaandaari se kaha jaae to vyaavasaayik khaadya sansaadhan ki tarah naheen, lekin jalapakshi yahaan khilaadiyon ke paryatan kshetr ka aadhaar hain.

krushi raajya ki arthavyavastha ka ek mahatvapoorn hissa hai.

maireelaind ki tateeya bhoomi aur pidmaunt kshetr mein upajaaoo krushi bhoomi ka bahut bada kshetr hai, haalaanki iski bhoomi ka shahareekaran ke upayog ke liye atikraman kiya ja raha hai. krushi ko dairy unmukh kar diya gaya, (vishesh roop se nichle pahaadi aur pidmaunt kshetr mein) udyaan ke nasht ho jaanevaale fal, masalan; kheera, tarabooj, sveet kaurn, tamaatar, kharabooj, skvaas aur matar ko city ke kareeb goshaalon ke liye (srot: USDA fasal profaails). iske alaava, chesaapik be ke pashchimi tat ke dakshini County aur tanbaakoo jaise nakadi fasal kshetr ke liye kaafi ushn hain, jo upanivesh kaal se astitv mein hain, lekin 1990 mein raajya sarkaar ke khareed liye jaane ke kaaran ismein bahut giraavat aayi hai. raajya ke dakshini hisse mein svachaalit murgi-paalan kshetr hai, saalee‍aaberi mein paradyoo firm hain. maireelaind ke khaadya prasanskaran sanyantr raajya mein sabse mahatvapoorn kism ka vinirmaan taatparyapoorn hai.

dollar moolya mein vishaal hone se nirmaan kshetr bahut hi vividhtaapoorn hai, kisi bhi upakshetr ka yogadaan kul sankhya mein 20 feesadi se adhik ka naheen hai. vinirmaan ke vishisht roopon mein electronics, computer upakaran aur rasaayan shaamil hain. ek jamaane mein yeh praathamik dhaatuon ka shaktishaali upakshetr raha hai, jismein kisi samay us jmaane ki duniya ki sabse badi steel factory spairo pvauint mein thi, ab bhi vidyamaan hai, lekin videshi pratispardha, divaaliyaapan aur company ke vilyon se dabaav ki sthiti mein hai. doosare mahaayuddh ke dauraan eksis ke kareeb glen L. Martin company (ab laukaheed Martin ka hissa hai) havaai jahaaj ka kaarkhaana hai, jahaan MD ne lagbhag 40,000 logon ko niyukt kiya hai.

khanan ke alaava, nirmaan saamagri vastut: koyale tak seemit hai, jo raajya ke pahaadi ilaake ke pashchimi hisse mein sthit hai. poorv mein bhoora baluaa patthar ka khadaan hai, jisne 1800 ke dashak mein baalteemor aur Washington ke vaastukala ko khaas banaaya, kabhi pramukh praakrutik sansaadhan tha. aitihaasik roop se, maireelaind mein sone ka bhi chhota khadaan tha, inmein se kuchh aashcharyajanak roop se, Washington ke kareeb bhi tha, jo ab naheen hai.

maireelaind mein niji aay par paanch aayakar koshthak 2% se 6.25% tak ke range ke lagaaye gaye hain.[57] maireelaind kar yogya aay baalteemor city aur maireelaind ke 23 County ki sthaanik ugaahi pigeebaik aayakar ki dar 1.25% aur 3.2% hai. sthaaneeya adhikaari dar nirdhaarit karte hain aur sthaaneeya sarkaar ko raajasv traimaasik lautaayi jaati hai. paanchavaan sarvochch aayakar koshthak 9.45% hai jo desh mein sthaaneeya aur sabhi raajya ko milaakar iske aayakar ki dar hai, yeh New York city ke 11.35%, California ke 10.3%, rode aailaind ke 9.9% aur varamaunt ke 9.5% ke sirf peechhe hai.[58] maireelaind raajya ka bikri kar 6% hai. maireelaind mein sabhi achal sampatti par sanpitt kar lagta hai. aamtaur par, aisi sampatti jo niji aur dhaarmik upayogaki, dharmaarth, ya shaikshanik sansthaanon ya sangheeya maalikaana ya sthaaneeya sarkaar ki sampatti hai, ko chhoot di gayi hai. sampatti kar ki dar vyaapak roop se badalti hain. sampatti kar mein raajya dvaara koi pratibandh ya seema naheen laagoo kiya gaya hai, taatparya yeh hai ki city aur County us star par jahaan unhein lage ki sarkaari sevaaon ke liye dhan aavashyak hai kar dar ko nirdhaarit kar sakte hain. in daron mein vruddhi kami ho sakti hai ya saalon-saal ek jaisi bhi rah sakti hain. agar prastaavit kar dar se kul sampatti kar raajasv mein vruddhi hoti hai to shaasi nikaaya ko us tath‍aaya ko vijnyaaapit karna padta hai aur nae kar dar par sarvaajanik sunavaai hoti hai. yeh kaunsteint yeeld tax rate (nirantar laabh kar dar) prakriya kahalaati hai.

baalteemor city raashtra ka aathavaan sabse bada bandargaah hai aur yeh February 2006 ko dubai ports world saude mein vivaad ka kendra raha, kyonki saamarik mahatva ke liye yeh jaana jaata raha hai. kul mila kar raajya badhti hui arth-vyavastha aur prabhaavashaali takaneeki keindron ke saath bahut hi audyogeekrut hai. sanyukt raajya America mein iska computer udyog bahut hi parishkrut hai aur sangheeya sarkaar ne is kshetr mein bhaari nivesh kiya hai. maireelaind mein bahut saare sainya thikaane hain aur yahaan uchch star ki sarkaari naukriyaan milti hain.

parivhan

maireelaind dipaartameint of transport ka mukhyaalaya anigmit aini arundel County ke hanovar kshetr mein hai,[59] jo raajya ke transport ki chaukasi karta hai.

sadkein

maireelaind raajya raajamaargon ke hastaakshar karne ke liye nishaan.
chitr:National-atlas-maryland.png
maireelaind, pramukh siteeon aur sadkein

I-95, jo raajya ke uttar-poorvi bhaag mein pravesh karti hai, samet maireelaind antarraajyeeya raajamaarg baalteemor hokar jaati hai aur kaiptil beltave ke poorvi khand se vudaro Wilson brij ka hissa ban jaati hai. I-68 raajya ke pashchimi hisse ko hainakauk ke chhote nagar ke I-70 se jodti hai. I-70 poorv se baalteemor jaakar haigarsataaun aur fredarik se aage ke raaste ko jodti hai. I-83 baalteemor ko dakshin-madhya peinsilveniya (haireejabarg aur yaurk, peinsalveniya) se jodti hai. maireelaind mein I-81 ka ek hissa hai jo raajya se hokar haigarsataaun ke kareeb tak jaati hai. I-97 poori tarah se aini arundel County mein padta hai aur havaai ke baahar sabse chhota ek ya do dijit ka antarraajyeeya raajamaarg hai, jo baalteemor kshetr ko annaapolis kshetr se jodta hai.

maireelaind mein aur bhi kai sahaayak antarraajyeeya raajamaarg hain. inmein se do beltave pramukh city ke chakkar lagaati hain: I-695 maikakeladin (baalteemor) beltave hai jo baalteemor ka chakkar lagaati hai; I-495 ka ek hissa aur kaiptil beltave, jo Washington dee॰ see॰ ka chakkar lagaati hai; I-270, jo fredarik kshetr ko uttari varjiniya aur Columbia jile ko pramukh upanajaron ke jariye Washington dee॰ see॰ ke uttar-pashchim ko jodti hai, yeh yaatriyon ka maarg hai aur is sthal par chaudah laainon jitni chaudi ho jaati hai. vartamaan samay mein I-270 aur kaiptil beltave donon hi bheedbhaad waali sadak hai; haalaanki ICC aur antar-County kanektar, jiska nirmaan November 2007 mein shuroo hua; se samay ke saath bheed kam hone ki ummeed hai. ICC ka nirmaan poorv Governor Robert iralich, jinka kaaryakaal 2003 se 2007 tak tha aur unke uttaraadhikaari Governor Martin O'maale ke chunaav abhiyaan ka pramukh hissa tha.

Chesapeake khaadi pul hai, jo hai maireelaind poorvi aur pashchimi Shores jodta paryatakon ke liye sabse lokapriya root karne ke liye mahaasaagar city ke sahaara city tak pahuainchane ke liye hai.

maireelaind ki raajya raajamaarg pranaali bhi hai jiske atanrgat kramaankit 2 se 999 tak root hai, haalaanki uchch sankhya vaale jyaadaatar root ya to shuroo naheen hue hain ya jald hi shuroo honevaale hain. pramukh raajya raajamaargon mein root 2 (Governor richi haaive/soloman aailaind road), 4 (soloman aailaind road), 5 (branch aivanyoo/liyonaardataaun road/pvauint lukaaaut road), 32, 45 (yaurk road), 97 (jaurjiya aivanyoo), 100 (paul ti. pichr memoriyl haaive), 210 (Indian head haaive), 235 (three nauch road), 295 (baalteemor-Washington paarkave), 355, 404 aur 650 (new Hampshire aivanyoo) hai.

earaport

earaport maireelaind ka sabse bada earaport baalteemor-Washington international thargud maarshal earaport hai, (pehle yeh freindaship earaport ke naam se jaana jaata tha aur haal hi mein baalteemor mein janame aur pehle afreeki ameriki Supreme court Justice thargud maarshal ke naam par iska fir se naamakaran kiya gaya). vyaavasaayik seva ke saath anya earaporton mein haigarsataaun aur saileesabari hain. Washington dee॰ see॰ ke upanagar maireelaind ke is kshetr mein aur bhi do earaport hainronaald Reagan Washington national earaport aur dales international earaport, donon hi uttari varjiniya mein hain.

railway

tej gati ke eksela express samet emtraik train baalteemor ke pen station, BWI earaport, new kaarolaton ke liye aur ebaradeen ke saath hi saath Washington dee॰ see॰ se Boston naurthaist kaureedor ke liye chalti hai. iske alaava train seva Washington dee॰ see॰ se Chicago kaipitol limited dvaara raukavile aur kamabaralaind ke liye hain. maireelaind traansajit edamini‍astreshan (MTA) dvaara MARC yaatriyon ke liye train ka sanchaalan hota hai, jo Washington dee॰ see॰ ke kareeb fredarik, baalteemor aur madhyavarti nagaron ko jodti hai. WMATA Washington metro raipid traansajit/sabave aur bas system mauntagomari aur prince jauj's ke County ke liye seva pradaan karti hai. MTA laait rel aur metro sabave system baalteemor city aur usase lage upanagaron ke liye seva pradaan karti hai.

pot-parivhan nahare

chesaapik aur delaaveyar maireelaind ke poorvi tat par sthit hai. iski pratisthaapana uttari delaaveyar be ko chesaapik be se jodne ke liye ki gayi thi. maireelaind ke chesaapik city mein nirmaan kaarya shuroo hua.

kaanoon aur sarkaar

mereelaind sarkaar raajya samvidhaan ke anusaar kaam karti hai. sanyukt raajya America ke samvidhaan dvaara seemaabaddh apavaad ko chhod kar, maireelaind sarkaar, anya 49 raajya sarkaaron ki tarah raajya ki seema ke antargat aanevaale maamalon ki vishisht praadhikran hai. maireelaind ek ganaraajya hai, sanyukt raajya America ke samvidhaan ne "ganaraajya dhaanche ki sarkaar" ki guaranty deta hai,[60] haalaanki is vaakyaansh ke paryaaya ko lekar asahamati barkaraar hai.

maireelaind ki satta sarkaar ke vibhinn vibhaagon: kaaryakaarini, vidhaayi aur nyaayik mein vibhaajit hai. maireelaind general eseinbali maireelaind house of deleegets aur maireelaind senate se gathit hai. bajat mein maireelaind Governor daftar ullekhaneeya praadhikaari hone ke kaaran sanyukt raajya mein maireelaind ka Governor ekdam adviteeya hai Governor dvaara prastaavit bajat vyaya mein vidhaanasabha vruddhi naheen kar sakta hai. anya jyaadaatar raajyon ki tarah maireelaind ki bahut saari kaauntiyon ko ullekhaneeya svaayattata pradaan ki gayi hai.

jyaadaatar sarkaari maamale raajya ki rajdhani anaapolis dvaara sanchaalit hoti hain. vastut: sabhi raajyon aur County ke chunaav chaar se vibhaajya naheen honevaale vism sankhya vaale saalon mein hote hain, jismein sanyukt raajya ke raashtrapati chune naheen jaate hain – jaisa ki anya raajyon mein, iske peechhe raajya aur sangheeya raajaneeti mein antar karne ki mansha hai.

raajya sarkaar ki nyaayik shaakha ek maireelaind ke jila nyaayaalaya, ki har County aur raajya sarkaar ka nyaayik vibhaag distrik kaart of maireelaind se sangathit hai, jo harek County aur baalteemor city mein baithati hai; iseeke saath harek County aur baalteemor mein 24 sarkit court hain, iske saamaanya adhikaar-kshetr ke antargat 30,000.00 dollar se adhik ke naagrik vivaadon, sabhi apakshapaati kshetraadhikaar aur pramukh aaparaadhik kaaryavaahi aate hain. ant:kaaleen appealeeya adaalat court of special appeal ke roop mein jaani jaati hai aur raajya ki sarvochch adaalat court of appeal hai. maireelaind court of appeal ke nyaayaadheesh ka roop anootha hota hai, maireelaind akela raajya hai jahaan nyaayaadheesh laal rang ka labaada pahanate hain.[61]

raajaneeti

gruhayuddh ke pehle se hi maireelaind ki raajaneeti bade had tak demokreton dvaara niyantrit thi, yahaan tak ki party ke manch ke roop mein bhi yeh us samay se kaafi badla hua hai. raajya ki raajaneeti par baalteemor aur Washington dee॰ see॰ ke seemaavarti ghani aabaadeevaale mauntagomari aur prince George ke upanagareeya County ka prabhutv tha. raajya ki 43 pratishat aabaadi in teen adhikaar-kshetr mein basati hai, inmein se pratyek mein bade paimaane par paaramparik democratic voting block (blaukas) hain: baalteemor aur prince George's mein afreeki ameriki, prince George's aur mauntagomari mein sangheeya karmachaari tatha mauntagomari mein snaatakottar hain. raajya ke baaki, vishesh roop se pashchimi maireelaind aur poorvi tat ripbliknon ke samarthak hain.

speero agnev, sanyukt raajya America ke poorv up raashtrapati aur maireelaind ke itihaas mein sarvochch ranking raajaneetik neta

pichhle paanch raashtrapati chunaavon mein se pratyek mein maireelaind ne democratic ummeedavaar ka ausatan 15.4% ke antar se samarthan kiya. 1980 mein, keval chhah raajyon mein yeh ek tha, jisne Jimmy Carter ko vote diya tha. democratic ummeedavaaron ke liye maireelaind hamesha se sarvottam raajya raha hai. 1992 mein, bill Clinton ne aarakaansas ke anya raajyon ki tulana mein maireelaind mein bahut hi achha kiya tha. 1996 mein, maireelaind Clinton ka chhah mein sarvottam, 2000 mein gor ke liye maireelaind chautha aur 2004 mein John keri ne apna paanchavaan sabse badhiya pradarshan maireelaind mein kiya.

2008 mein John maikakain ke 36.5% ki tulana mein Barack Obama ne raajya ka 10 chunaavi vote 61.9% se jeeta. maireelaind ke donon yooes senator aur iske Congress ke saat riprejeintetiv democrat hain tatha raajya ke senate aur house of deleegets mein demokreton ka shaanadaar bahumat hai. poorv Governor Robert eralich pehle Republican hain jo us pad par chaar dashak mein chune gaye the aur ek kaaryakaal ke baad ve baalteemor ke mayor Martin J. O'maale se haar gaye.

U.S. Congress ke democrat steni doyar (MD-5) ko house of riprejeintativs ka 110vaan aur 111vaan Congress ka bahumat ka neta chuna gaya, January 2007 tak is pad par rahe. inke jile ke antargat dakshin maireelaind ka Charles, kailavart aur seint meri's ke County ke alaava aini arundel ka kuchh hissa aur prince jauj's ke County aate hain.[62]

2006 ka chunaav chakr democratic prabhutv ke paitarn mein koi ullekhaneeya parivartan naheen lekar aaya. democratic senator paul sarabens ke sannyaas ki ghoshana ke baad democratic Congress ke beinjaamin kaardin ne 55% vote ki tulana mein Republican lieutenant Governor maaikel S. steel ko 44% vote se haraaya. Governor ka pad bhi dilchaspi ka kendra hai, kyonki baalteemor ke mayor domekretik pratidvandvi Martin O'maale ne Republican padaadhikaari Robert iralich ko 53% ki tulana mein 46% se haraaya. democratic ke liye praathamik taur par bahut hi apekshit pramukh ummeedavaar mauntagomari County ekjeekyootiv dog danakan ko vaapas bula liya gaya, 22 June 2006 ko unhonne nai‍aadaanik avasaad ka havaala dete hue apna naam vaapas lene ki ghoshana ki.

haalaanki maireelaind democratic party ka gadh hai, lekin iske sarvottam gyaat vyaktitv ‍aek Republican – poorv Governor supriyo egnyoo hain, jo richrd Nixon ke adheen sanyukt raajya ke uparaashtrapati ke pad par rahe. 1969 se 1973 tak ve uparaashtrapati the, maireelaind ka Governor rahate hue rishvat lene ke rahasyodghaatan ke baad unhonne isteefa de diya. 1973 ke ant tak adaalat ne egnyoo ko kar kaanoon ke ullanghan ka doshi paaya.

shiksha

praathamik aur maadhyamik shiksha

mereelaind vishvavidyaalaya par chaipal ka smaarak, college park, maireelaind ke sabse bade vishvavidyaalaya

maireelaind mein saarvajanik praathamik aur maadhyamik shiksha maireelaind state dipaartameint of edukeshan ki dekharekh mein hota hai, jiska mukhyaalaya baalteemor mein hai.[63] raajya mein sarvochch shaikshanik adhikaari state suparinteindeint of school ki dau॰ Nancy graasamik hain jo state board of edukeshan dvaara chaar saal ke kaaryakaal ke liye niyukt ki gayi hain. saarvajanik shiksha ke kshetr mein rojamarra ke kaaryakalaapon mein apne prabhaav ko kam karte hue suparinteindeint end state board ne shiksha se jude faisale lene ke liye maireelaind general eseinbali ko svaayattata pradaan ki hai. sthaaneeya board of edukeshan ke paas maireelaind mein pratyek County aur County ke samatulya saarvajanik school ko uske adhikaar-kshetr mein chalaane chalaane ki jimmedaari di gayi hai.

2009 mein shiksha ke liye bajat 5.5 million dollar tha, ismein lagbhag 40% raajya ki saamaanya nidhi shaamil hai.[64]

maireelaind mein praathamik se lekar maadhyamik tak ke niji board hai. inmein se kai dhaarmik sanpradaaya se sanbanddh hain, jismein Catholic church ke graamya school, kvekar school, seveintinth-de aidaveintarist school aur yahoodi school shaamil hai. 2003 mein saarvajanik nidhi se poshit chaartad schoolon ke nirmaan ki anumati dene ke liye maireelaind ka kaanoon badla gaya, haalaanki sthaaneeya board of education ki maanyata praapt karna chaartad schoolon ke liye jaroori hai aur saamoohik saudaakaari kaanoon samet raajya shikshan kaanoon se ye achhoote naheen hain.

2008 mein advance plesameint pareeksha mein chhaatron ke utteern hone ke pratishat ke maamale mein raajya ne poore desh ka netrutv kiya. May 2008 mein diye gaye AP pareeksha mein 23.4 pratishat chhaatron ne utteernata ka gred haasil kiya. yeh pehla saal tha jab maireelaind ne yeh sammaan haasil kiya.[65] maireelaind ke teen haai schoolon (mauntagomari County mein) ne County aadhaarit pareeksha ke ankon mein sheersh 100 mein raink praapt kiya.[66]

college aur university

maireelaind ka sabse puraana college aur sanyukt raajya America ka teesara sabse puraana college seint John's college ki sthaapana 1696 mein King William's school ke roop mein hui thi. maireelaind mein 18 doosare niji college aur university hain, inmein sabse jyaada pramukh jauns haupakins university hai, jiski sthaapana 1876 mein baalteemor ke udyami jauns haupakins ke anudaan se hui.

raajya ka pehla aur sabse bada saarvajanik university university of maireelaind, college park hai, jo maireelaind egreekalcharal college ke roop mein 1856 mein hui aur 1864 mein saarvajanik bhoomi anudaan college bana. 1866 mein sthaapit tauvasan university raajya ka doosra sabse bada university hai. maireelaind Institute college of Arts ka ghar baalteemor hai. raajya ke jyaadaatar saarvajanik university university system of maireelaind se sanbanddh hai. raajya ke vitteeya sahayog se chalanevaale do sansthaan maurgan state university aur seint meri'j college of maireelaind ke saath hi saath yunifaurmad service university of the helth saainsej aur United states neval ekaadami jaise do sangheeya vitteeya sahayog se chalanevaale sansthaan, university system of maireelaind se sanbanddh naheen hain.

khelakood

do pramukh mahaanagareeya kshetron ke saath, maireelaind mein kaafi sankhya mein pradhaan aur gaun peshevar khelakood frainchaaiji hain. do national football league team maireelaind mein khelati hai, baalteemor city mein baalteemor raivaans aur prince jauj's County mein Washington redsaskeens. Washington dee॰ see॰ ke kareeb sthit Washington neshalans ke saath baalteemor oriole raajya ki major league besabaul frainchaaiji hain. 1997 mein Washington arena (moolat: MCI center ke roop mein jaana jaata tha, 2006 mein iska naam badal kar vereejaun center rakh diya gaya) ka nirmaan hone tak national hockey league ka Washington kaipitls aur national baasketabaul esoshiyeshan ka Washington vijrt pehle maireelaind ke liye khelta tha. kail ripken junior aur bebe ruth samet maireelaind ki aitihaasik pratishtha ateet mein iske pratibhaashaali khilaadiyon ke liye thi.

kaimaden yaards par oriyl park

raajya mein paanch sanbanddh besabaul team ki laghu league samet ek svatantr league besabaul team baalteemor blaast indor saukar team, do indor football team aur teen nimn-star ke aautador saukar teeme anya peshevar khel frainchaaiji hain.

1962 se maireelaind ki aadhikaarik raajya khel vibhaag ki dikhaave bhar ki hai, 2004 mein aadhikaarik khel team laikraus hai.[67] 2008 mein, sabhi umr ke liye shaareerik fitness ko badhaava dene ki mansha se paidal chalne ko raajya ka aadhikaarik vyaayaam bana diya gaya. maireelaind pehla raajya hai jahaan raajya ka aadhikaarik vyaayaam hai.[68]

inhein bhi dekhein

saaaincha:North America portal saaaincha:United States portal saaaincha:Maryland portal

sandarbh

  1. ↑ "Maryland's quality of life ranks high compared to other states". FindArticles.com. The Daily Record (Baltimore). December 11, 2004. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4183/is_20041211/ai_n10064724/. abhigman tithi: 2009-06-04.
  2. ↑ "Maryland Facts". Maryland Office of Tourism. http://www.visitmaryland.org/Students/Pages/MarylandFacts.aspx. abhigman tithi: June 2, 2009.
  3. ↑ a aa "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2010-01-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20100104221821/http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2009-01.csv. abhigman tithi: 2009-12-30.
  4. ↑ a aa i U.S. Census Bureau, August 26, 2008
  5. ↑ a aa "Elevations and Distances in the United States". U.S Geological Survey. 29 April 2005. http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest. abhigman tithi: November 6, 2006.
  6. ↑ un ke liye jo unamein bhed karte hain, maireelaind ka uchchaaran meri /ˈmɛaari/ ke roop mein kiya jaata hai, na ki mairi ke naam se /ˈmɛaaəaari/. (raindam house shabdakosh)
  7. ↑ "Belgium". CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2008-05-15. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/be.html. abhigman tithi: 15 May 2008. "Area – comparative: about the size of Maryland"
  8. ↑ Les Christie (September 22, 2009). "Where to find the fattest paychecks". money.cnn.com. Cable News Network. http://money.cnn.com/2009/09/21/news/economy/highest_income_census/?postversion=2009092203. abhigman tithi: November 8, 2009.
  9. ↑ "Business in Maryland: Biosciences". Maryland Department of Business & Economic Development. http://choosemaryland.com/businessinmd/Biosciences/bio.html. abhigman tithi: 2007-10-15.
  10. ↑ "Maryland Facts". Kids Room. Maryland Office of Tourism. http://www.mdisfun.org/planningamarylandvisit/kidsroom/Kids%20Room%20Maryland%20Facts1.html. abhigman tithi: 2008-05-19.
  11. ↑ http://dnrweb.dnr.state.md.us/download/gp_coastal_west.pdf
  12. ↑ "Maryland's Lakes and Reservoirs: FAQ". Maryland Geological Survey. January 24, 2007. http://www.mgs.md.gov/esic/fs/fs15.html. abhigman tithi: 2008-02-03.
  13. ↑ "The South As It's [sic] Own Nation". League of the South. 2004. http://dixienet.org/New%20Site/thesouthasitsownnation.shtml. abhigman tithi: 2008-05-23. "On the other hand, areas beyond these thirteen States maintain their Southern culture to varying degrees. Much of Missouri remains basically Southern, as do parts of southern Maryland and Maryland's eastern shore."
  14. ↑ Beck, John; Randall, Aaron; and Frandsen, Wendy (2007-06-27). "Southern Culture: An Introduction" (PDF). Carolina Academic Press. pp. 14–15. http://www.cap-press.com/pdf/1517.pdf. abhigman tithi: 2008-05-23. "Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia [...] and Maryland —aslaveholding states and regions before the Civil War that did not secede from the Union – are also often included as part of the South. As border states, these states always were crossroads of values and customs, and today [...] parts of Maryland seem to have become part of the “aNortheast."
  15. ↑ "Regions of the United States". American Memory. The Library of Congress. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/rrhtml/regdef.html. abhigman tithi: 2009-08-11.
  16. ↑ "Region 3: The Mid-Atlantic States". www.epa.gov. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/region03/index.htm. abhigman tithi: 2009-08-11.
  17. ↑ "Your Local FBI Office". www.fbi.gov. Federal Bureau of Investigation. http://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htm. abhigman tithi: 2009-08-11.
  18. ↑ "Routes Serving the Northeast". National Railroad Passenger Corporation. http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/Page/Browse_Routes_Page&c=Page&cid=1081256321410&ssid=134. abhigman tithi: 2009-08-11.
  19. ↑ "Best Regional Colleges". www.princetonreview.com. The Princeton Review. http://www.princetonreview.com/best-regional-colleges.aspx. abhigman tithi: 2009-08-11.
  20. ↑ world kaupen maip
  21. ↑ varsha maanachitr
  22. ↑ barfabaari maanachitr
  23. ↑ [1] NOAA raashtreeya jalavaayu data kendra. 24 October 2006 ko pun:praapt.
  24. ↑ praire frontier ke maadhyam se jon haardeenes maip
  25. ↑ 1633 mein maireelaind ke itihaas se, apne pehle niptaan se, 1660 mein parichay ke saath ek prachur aur nots aur chitr.
  26. ↑ maireelaind mein chinta ka inavesiv prajaati
  27. ↑ yoofyadryas fitin (druri, 1773) bataraflaaij end moths of north America
  28. ↑ "Official list of the birds of Maryland". Maryland/District of Columbia Records Committee. http://www.mdbirds.org/mddcrc/pdf/mdlist.pdf. abhigman tithi: 2009-05-04.
  29. ↑ a aa i [2]maireelaind's pablik informeshan network 4-9-2008 ko pun:praapt.
  30. ↑ Therres, Glenn (Fall 2007). "Lions in our mountains? The mystery of cougars in Maryland" (PDF). Wildlife and Heritage. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. http://www.dnr.state.md.us/naturalresource/fall2007/lions.pdf. abhigman tithi: 6 July 2009. "Historically bobcats were distributed statewide but during the post colonization period densities began to plummet. By the mid-1900s, populations had probably reached all-time lows, with remnant populations existing only in western Maryland. This prompted the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) to classify them as a state-listed “aSpecies of Special Concern.” During the past quarter century, occupied range and densities have increased markedly. Results from the annual Bowhunter Survey and the Hunter Mail survey have identified bobcat sightings in 14 of Maryland's 23 counties. Currently, bobcats have dual legal classification in Maryland. In addition to the Species of Special Concern designation, they are also defined as a Game Animal / Furbearer with a closed harvest season."
  31. ↑ aissatigue aailaind naishanal seeshor wild ponij
  32. ↑ a aa chesaapik be ritraaivar history
  33. ↑ maireelaind gavarmeint website - maireelaind state bird
  34. ↑ Forbes.com - America's greenest states
  35. ↑ "Maryland's Name". Maryland at a Glance. Maryland State Archives. http://www.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/name.html. abhigman tithi: 2008-01-21.
  36. ↑ Neill, Edward Duffield (1871), The English Colonization of America During the Seventeenth Century, Strahan & Co., pa॰ 214–215, http://books.google.com/books?id=WrerRiQXet4C&pg=RA1-PA215&lpg=RA1-PA215&dq=%22terra+mariae%22+mariana&source=web&ots=RECDMqsSDO&sig=WFluhB076Cz3bL2_nF423v3iw6o, abhigman tithi: 2007-12-09
  37. ↑ Stewart, George R. (1967) [1945]. Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States (Sentry edition (3rd) san॰). Houghton Mifflin. pp. 42–43.
  38. ↑ a aa Hubbard, Bill, Jr. (2009). American Boundaries: the Nation, the States, the Rectangular Survey. University of Chicago Press. pp. 21–23. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-0-226-35591-7.
  39. ↑ John Esten Cooke (1883). Virginia, a history of the people. Houghton, Mifflin. pp. 208–216. http://books.google.com/books?id=5U4IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA208&lpg=PA208&dq=%22battle+of+the+severn%22&source=web&ots=pRTUk3UwBY&sig=sq1jbSeEAr3Gho-X_2ngpvvhVt4.
  40. ↑ "History - Seventeenth Century through the Present". Anne Arundel County—aCitizens Information Center. 2003. http://www.aacounty.org/AboutAACo/history.cfm.
  41. ↑ "indeinchard sarvents end the parasoots of haipeenes". krandal shiflet, varjeeniya tech .
  42. ↑ paul heineg.free afreekan amerikns in varjeeniya, North kairolina, dakshin kairolina, maireelaind aur delaaveyar 15 fravari 2008 ko pun:praapt.
  43. ↑ Peter kolchin, American slevari: 1619-1877, new yaurk: hil aur vaing, 1993, peepi.81-82
  44. ↑ turner brintan, "April-editions/060405-Wednesday/ImmigrateDebate_CNS-UMCP.html Immigration Bill Could Impact Maryland," rajdhani news service, 5 April 2006. 22 July 2007 ko pun:praapt.
  45. ↑ Yau, Jennifer (2007). "The Foreign Born from Korea in the United States". Migration Policy Institute. http://www.migrationinformation.org/USfocus/display.cfm?id=273. abhigman tithi: 2007-12-23.
  46. ↑ "About Us: Korean Americans in Maryland". Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. http://www.jhsph.edu/kacp/about_us.html. abhigman tithi: 2007-12-23.
  47. ↑ "Population and Population Centers by State – 2000". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt. abhigman tithi: 2008-12-05.
  48. ↑ "Minority population surging in Texas". msnbc.com. Associated Press. August 18, 2005. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8902484/. abhigman tithi: December 7, 2009.
  49. ↑ [3]
  50. ↑ yeh 1790s jile ka hissa ki ek ban gaya hai jab Columbia mein banaaya gaya city tha.
  51. ↑ "State Economic Growth Widespread in 2006" (PDF). bea.gov. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of Economic Analysis. http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_state/2007/pdf/gsp0607.pdf. abhigman tithi: 2009-08-11.
  52. ↑ America gareebi dar; girta badho apoorvadrusht raink washingtonpost.com.
  53. ↑ maireelaind raajya ke sabse dhani ke roop mein maana jaata hai baltmioresun.com.
  54. ↑ America gareebi dar mein kaafi giraavat FOXNews.com.
  55. ↑ Bls.gov; lokal area berojgaari saankhyiki
  56. ↑ "Port of Baltimore". Automotive Logistics Buyers' Guide 2007. Ultima Media. http://www.automotivelogisticsmagazine.com/aml/buyersguide/baltimore.shtml. abhigman tithi: 2008-01-21.
  57. ↑ "Maryland State taxes". BankRate.com. http://www.bankrate.com/brm/itax/edit/state/profiles/state_tax_Md.asp. abhigman tithi: 2008-04-09.
  58. ↑ "Maryland Income Tax Information - Local Tax Rates". Individuals.marylandtaxes.com. http://individuals.marylandtaxes.com/incometax/localtax.asp. abhigman tithi: 2008-09-22.
  59. ↑ "MDOT vibhaagon." maireelaind dipaartameint of traansaporteshan . 23 March 2009 ko pun:praapt.
  60. ↑ "Article IV". United States Constitution. Legal Information Institute. http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.articleiv.html#section4. abhigman tithi: 2008-01-21.
  61. ↑ [4][mrut kadiyaaain]
  62. ↑ steni hoyer, maireelaind ke paanchave jila Congress. ameriki sabha ke pratinidhi. http://hoyer.house.gov se 8 December 2006 ko pun:praapt
  63. ↑ "abaaut MSDE." maireelaind state dipaartameint of edukeshan . 22 March 2009 ko pun:praapt.
  64. ↑ "Slicing education?". gazette.net. The Gazette. October 30, 2009. p. A-9. http://www.gazette.net/stories/10302009/poliedi181547_32521.shtml. abhigman tithi: November 12, 2009. "As it stands, the $5.5 billion Maryland spends on education makes up about 40 percent of the general fund budget...."
  65. ↑ de Vise, Daniel (5 fravari 2009). "Md. Leads U.S. in Passing Rates on AP Exams". Washington Post. pp. B1. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/04/AR2009020401459.html. abhigman tithi: 2009-02-18.
  66. ↑ "Best High Schools: Gold Medal List". usnews.com. U.S. News & World Report. http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2008/12/04/best-high-schools-gold-medal-list.html?PageNr=1. abhigman tithi: November 7, 2009.
  67. ↑ "State Symbols". Maryland State Archives. http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/symbols/sport.html. abhigman tithi: 2007-12-06.
  68. ↑ dll/article?AID=/20080930/NEWS01/80930067 STATE SYMBOLS: maireelaindars tech a vauk, end it cake tu. 30 sitmbar 2008 ko pun:praapt.

aage padhein

  • ' Robert J. brugar.maireelaind, a midl temparaameint: 1634-1980 (1996)
  • sujen ileri greeni chapale, jeen H. bekar, deen aar. eslingar aur vhaaitamain H. rijve. maireelaind: a history of its peepal (1986)
  • Lawrence deintan.' a southern star for maireelaind (1995)

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