maidaani hockey
 maidaani hockey ka ek khel |
|
| sarvochch niyantran nikaaya | antarraashtreeya hockey mahaasangh |
|---|---|
| upanaam | hockey, ghaas ki hockey |
| sabse pehle khela gaya | 19veen sadi, England |
| visheshataaeain | |
| anubandh | haaain |
| dal ke sadasya | 11 field khilaadi |
| vargeekaran | aautador, inador |
| upakaran | hockey baul, hockey stick, maauthagaard, shingaard, I guard |
| olanpik | 1908, 1920, 1928–jaari |
maidaani hockey athva feeld hockey (Field hockey) athaava saamaanyat: hockey, hockey parivaar ka team ka khel hai. khel ka udbhav madhyakaal mein skautalaind, needaralaind aur inglaind mein maana jaata hai.[1] yeh khel ghaas ke maidaan athva krutrim ghaas ke maidaan par khela ja sakta hai. pratyek team mein goalkeeper sahit gyaaharah khilaadi hote hain. khilaadi gol aur drudh jaisi rabar ki geind par prahaar karne ke liye lakdi athva faayabar kaaainch ki bani yashtik (stick) ka prayog karte hain. yashtik ki lambaai khilaadi ki vyaktigat lambaai par nirbhar karti hai.[2] maidaani hockey mein baayein haath ki koi yashtik naheen hoti aur yashtik ke ek or se hi maara ja sakta hai. iski poshaak mein shin-gaards (ghutne ke neeche saamane ki or baaaindhi jaane waali gaddi), kleet, skart ya neekar aur jersey shaamil hain. 21veen sadi tak aate-aate yeh vaishvik roop se khela jaane laga. iska prachalan mukhya roop se pashchimi Europe, bhaarateeya upamahaadveep aur Australia mein hua. hockey Pakistan ka raashtreeya khel hai aur saamaanyat: Bhaarat ke bhi raashtreeya khel ke roop mein gina jaata hai yadyapi aadhikaarik roop se Bhaarat ka koi raashtreeya khel naheen hai.[3] shabd "field hockey" praathamik roop se Canada, sanyukt raajya America, poorvi Europe aur vishv ke anya hisso mein lokapriya hua jahaaain aais hockey khela jaata hai.
anukram
itihaas
hockey laathi (stick) va geind se khele jaane vaale praacheenatam khelon mein se ek hai. aitihaasik tathya hamein bataate hain ki yeh kaafi praacheen sabhyataaon mein bhi khela jaata tha. aadhunik hockey madhya 18veen shataabdi mein ubhar kar I par yeh 19veen shataabdi mein hi dhang se sthaapit ho pai jab black heeth naam ka club dakshin-poorv London mein bana. pehle yeh ghaas par khela jaata tha aur fir 1970 se krutrim ghaas(paalaastik turf) par khela jaane laga[4] jisne khel ke kaafi pahaluon mein badlaav la diya. ab Asiaee deshon ka bolabaala kam ho gaya. khel ki gati, khelne ke saamaan mein badlaav aane se naye naye niyam, yojanaayein banane lageen aur sthaapit ho gain.
khel ka maidaan
pehle hockey maidaan mein upayog kiye jaane vaale paimaane shaahi niyamon ke anusaar hote the. antararaashtreeya hockey mahaasangh (FIH) ke gathan ke pashchaat meetrik maapan ko aadhikaarik roop se sveekaar kiya gaya. ab meetrik maapan ki ikaaiyon ke saath koshthak mein shaahi ikaaiyon ka upayog kiya jaata hai. maidaan 91.40 meter × 55 meter (100 × 60 yaard) ke aayataakaar kshetr ka hota hai. donon chhor par gol post hote hain jinki 2.14 meter (7 feet) hai oonchaai aur 3.66 meter (12 foot) chaudaai hoti hai, yeh khilaadi ke liye lakshya hota hai. iske saath 23.90 meter (25 yaard ) donon chhor par line hoti hain aur itni hi lambaai ki line maidaan ke madhya mein(center line) rahati hai. penalty stroke ke liye ek 0.15 meter (6 inch) ke vyaas ka ek spot hota hai jo ki gol post ke madhya se 6.40 meter (7 yaard) par sthit hota hai. 'shooting circle' base line se 15 meter (16 yaard ) ki doori par hota hai.
paramparaagat ghaas pichon sabse hockey ke saath kam aadhunik hockey mein aam door ja raha hai sinthetik satahon par nibhaai. 1970 ke dashak ke baad se, ret aadhaarit pichon ke roop mein ve naatakeeya roop se is khel ki gati gati isht the. haalaanki, haal ke varshon mein vahaaain "jal aadhaarit" krutrim trukhaachhaadit maidaan ki sankhya mein bhaari vruddhi hui hai. paani aadhaarit sinthetik trukhaachhaadit maidaan geind saksham karne ke liye adhik se adhik mool ret aadhaarit satahon par jaldi se sthaanaantarit kar diya hai aur yeh is visheshata hai ki unhein pasand ki satah antarraashtreeya aur raashtreeya league pratiyogitaaon ke liye banaaya gaya hai. paani aadhaarit satahon bhi kam ret aadhaarit kism ki tulana mein gharshan aur isliye khilaadiyon jab ve satah ke saath sampark mein aane ke liye chot ke star ko kam. FIH ab prastaav kar rahe hain ki nae satahon ek sankar kism hai jo kam paani ki aavashyakta hoti hai kiya jaana chaahiye rakha ja raha hai. is paani aadhaarit sinthetik kshetr ke uchch paani ki aavashyakataaon ki nakaaraatmak paaristhitik prabhaav ke kaaran hai.
saamaan
pratyek khilaadi ek "chhadi", ya to saamaanya roop se 36.5 ya 37.5 inch lambi hai, lekin ve unhein kam aur lambe samay tak vahan karein aur paramparaagat lakdi ka bana lekin ab aksar sheese resha ke saath banaaya hai, kevalar aur ek gol sanbhaal, par chapata ke saath kaarban faaibar kanpojit, chhod diya aur neeche ek huk ke saath taraf. laathi dhaatu hockey mein upayog se mana kiya hai. not: baaen haath ke chipk maujood naheen hai.
vahaaain paaramparik ek maamooli (vakr dhanush kaha jaata hai, ya jeli oopar se) chhadi ke chehare paksh ke neeche karne ke liye aur doosra 'heel' sanbhaal ke sheersh karne ke liye kinaare par (aamtaur par kon ke hisaab se banaaya gaya tha jo mein hissa sanbhaal lakdi ke sir ke bhaag ke vivaah mein sammilit kiya gaya tha) hai, jo geind ke sambandh mein lakdi sir ki sthiti mein sahaayata pradaan ki aur geind ko aasaani se aur adhik sateek hadtaali banaaya hai.
lakdi ke tal par huk keval haal hi mein tang (vakr bhaarateeya shaili) hai ki ham aajkal gaya tha. ab ek mod puraane angreji tha chipk, yeh bahut mushkil rivers par chhadi ka upayog karne ke liye. is kaaran khilaadiyon ke liye ab tang ghumaavadaar prayog chipk jaata hai.
ise haal hi mein pata chala ki chehare ki gaharaai badhti aasaan dragflick se uchch gati laane ke liye aur aasaan kar diya stroke nishpaadit karne ke liye banaaya dhanush. sabse pehle, ke baad yeh suvidha shuroo ki gayi thi, hockey niyam board ki ek seema rakha mimi dhanush ki adhiktam gaharaai par 50 chhadi ki lanbaai lekin anubhav se adhik jaldi se is atyadhik hone ke liye pradarshan kiya. nae niyamon ko ab bijli ke saath jo geind flicked kiya ja sakta hai seema ke roop mein 25 mimi ke tahat to is vakr ki seema.
[] hockey geind ko sanpaadit geind golaakaar hai, kathin hai aur plastic ki ek kaag kor par kabhi kabhi () banaaya hai aur aksar indentations ke saath kavar karne ke liye hydroplaning paida kar sakta hai ki kam hai ek asangat geind geeli satahon par gati.
[] general khilaadi upakaranon ko sanpaadit kai khilaadiyon muainh guard pahanane ke prabhaavon se geind ya chhadi se daanton aur masoodon ki raksha karna. kuchh sthaaneeya niyamon ko unke upayog ki aavashyakta hai. kai khilaadiyon ko bhi pindali rakshakon pahanate hain aur fir in upakaranon ke kuchh kshetron mein jaane ki aavashyakta ho sakti hai. kai khilaadiyon khagol dastaane pahanana: ek gaddedaar dastaana jo (jameen ke saath sampark mein aane se gharshan se haath khaaskar ki ret aadhaarit khagol pichon ke) aur kuchh bhi ek geind ya ek chhadi se prabhaav ke khilaaf ki raksha ki raksha ke liye banaaya gaya hai. kuchh pratiyogitaaon kaale chashme aankhon ki raksha ke liye aavashyakta hoti hai. rakshakon kabhi kabhi kam kone maask ka upayog karein; sakta hai in chhote konon se ek kheenchein jhaad ke prabhaav ko kam karne ke liye design kiye hain, haalaanki ve guaranty suraksha pradaan naheen karte hain.
ek goalkeeper banaata hai ek dastaana bachaane ke liye. yahaaain ek upakaran pahana goalkeeper.The 2007 niyam pustika ke liye vishisht hai giyr pramukh goalkeepers ke baare mein parivartan dekha hai. ek poori tarah susajjit goalkeeper ek helamet, leg guard aur kickers pahanana chaahiye. aamtaur par ve vyaapak atirikt seene guard, gaddedaar shaurts, bhaari gaddedaar haath sanrakshak, oosandhi sanrakshak, gardan guard, baanh guard sahit suraksha upakaran pahanate hain aur sabhi khilaadiyon ki tarah, ek lakdi le jaana chaahiye. haalaanki, is tarah ke ek khilaadi ko 23 meter line ko paar naheen kar sakte hain, agar is kshetr goalkeeper hai, jab ghadi band kar diya hai ke doosare chhor par ja raha hai ek dand stroke lene ke liye ekamaatr apavaad. goalkeeper bhi is kaarravaai ke liye apne helamet nikaal sakte hain. haalaanki, agar goalkeeper elects keval ek (helamet aur ek alag rang ka shart pahanane ke liye), ve 23 meter line paar agar ve khel ke maidaan se baahar surakshit apne (helamet aur ise rakha hata diya hai) ho sakta hai. agar bina unhein khelne ke chakr ke liye return ke liye helamet, is khilaadi ko abhi bhi hai "goalkeeping" visheshaadhikaaron ki jagah avsar raha hai, vah yeh hai ki ve apni chhadi ka upayog karne geind whilst ise ghere mein hai khelne ke liye seemit naheen hain. helamet dand konon aur dand stroke ki raksha whilst pahana hona chaahiye.
ab yeh bhi sambhav teemon ke ek poorn gyaarah aautafeeld khilaadi hain - aur sab par koi goalkeeper ke liye. koi khilaadi ek helamet ya anya upakaranon goalkeeping pahanate hain aur na hi ho sakta hai kisi bhi khilaadi ko apni chhadi ke saath ke alaava anya geind khelne ke liye saksham ho jaaega. yeh ek rananeetik laabh, ya shuroo karne ke liye khelne ke liye anumati hai ya agar koi goalkeeper kit upalabdh hai peshakash istemaal kiya ja sakta
sandarbh
- ↑ "History of Field Hockey [feeld hockey ka itihaas]" (angreji mein). I-sport: feeld hockey. http://fieldhockey.isport.com/fieldhockey-guides/history-of-field-hockey. abhigman tithi: 19 October 2014.
- ↑ "Length of Stick [yashtik ki lambaai]" (angreji mein). longstareth. http://www.longstreth.com/How-to-Choose-a-Stick/products/1951/. abhigman tithi: 19 October 2014.
- ↑ "Hockey not India's national sport [hockey Bhaarat ka raashtreeya khel naheen]" (angreji mein). NDTV. 2 August 2012. http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/hockey/194578-hockey-is-not-indias-national-game-sports-ministry. abhigman tithi: 19 October 2014.
- ↑ "hockey ke baare mein rochak jaankaari". vebaduniya. http://hindi.webdunia.com/general-knowledge/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-112071300045_1.htm. abhigman tithi: 17 October 2014.