mahaatma Gandhi

mohanadaas karamachand gaandhi
janm	2 October 1869 porabandar, kaathiyaavaad, Gujarat, Bhaarat
mrutyu	30 January 1948 (78 varsh ki aayu mein) nai Delhi, Bhaarat
mrutyu ka kaaran	hatya
raashtreeyata	bhaarateeya
anya naam	mahaatma gaandhi, baapu, Gandhiji
shiksha	yunivrsiti kaulij, London
prasiddhi kaaran	bhaarateeya svatantrata sangraam
raajanaitik party	bhaarateeya raashtreeya Congress
dhaarmik maanyata	hindu
jeevanasaathi	kastooraba gaaaindhi
bachche	harilaal, manilaal, raamadaas, devadaas
hastaakshar

mohanadaas karamachand Gandhi (2 October 1869 - 30 January 1948) Bhaarat evam bhaarateeya svatantrata aandolan ke ek pramukh raajanaitik evam aadhyaatmik neta the. ve satyaagrah (vyaapak savinya avajnyaa) ke maadhyam se atyaachaar ke pratikaar ke agrani neta the, unki is avadhaarana ki neenv sampoorn ahinsa ke siddhaant par rakhi gayi thi jisne Bhaarat ko aajaadi dilaakar poori duniya mein janta ke naagrik adhikaaron evam svatantrata ke prati aandolan ke liye prerit kiya. unhein duniya mein aam janta mahaatma Gandhi ke naam se jaanti hai. sanskrut bhaasha mein mahaatma athva mahaan aatma ek sammaan soochak shabd hai. Gandhi ko mahaatma ke naam se sabse pehle 1915 mein raajavaidya jeevaraam kaalidaas ne sambodhit kiya^[1]. unhein Bapu (gujaraati bhaasha mein બaaાaaપaaુ Bapu yaani pita) ke naam se bhi yaad kiya jaata hai. subhaash chandr Bose ne 6 July 1944 ko rangoon radio se gaandhi ji ke naam jaari prasaaran mein unhein raashtrapita kehkar sambodhit karte hue aajaad hind fauj ke sainikon ke liye unka aasheervaad aur shubhakaamanaaeain maaaingeen theen.^[2] prati varsh 2 October ko unka janm din Bhaarat mein Gandhi jayanti ke roop mein aur poore vishv mein antarraashtreeya ahinsa diwas ke naam se manaaya jaata hai.

sabse pehle gaandhi ne pravaasi vakeel ke roop mein dakshin Africa mein bhaarateeya samudaaya ke logon ke naagrik adhikaaron ke liye sangharsh hetu rojagaar karna shuroo kiya. 1915 mein unki Bhaarat vaapasi hui. uske baad unhonne yahaaain ke kisaanon, majadooron aur shahari shramikon ko atyadhik bhoomi kar aur bhedabhaav ke viruddh aavaaj uthaane ke liye ekajut kiya. 1921 mein bhaarateeya raashtreeya Congress ki baagdor sambhaalne ke baad unhonne deshbhar mein gareebi se raahat dilaane, mahilaaon ke adhikaaron ka vistaar, dhaarmik evam jaateeya ekta ka nirmaan va aatmanirbharata ke liye asprush‍aayata ke virodh mein anekon kaaryakram chalaaye. in sabamein videshi raaj se mukti dilaane wala Swaraj ki praapti wala kaaryakram hi pramukh tha. gaaaindhi ji ne british sarkaar dvaara bhaarateeyon par lagaaye gaye namak kar ke virodh mein 1930 mein namak satyaagrah aur iske baad 1942 mein angrejo Bhaarat chhodo aandolan se khaasi prasiddhi praapt ki. dakshin Africa aur Bhaarat mein vibhinn avsaron par kai varshon tak unhein jail mein bhi rahana pada.

gaandhi ji ne sabhi paristhitiyon mein ahinsa aur satya ka paalan kiya aur sabhi ko inka paalan karne ke liye vakaalat bhi ki. unhonne saabaramati aashram mein apna jeevan gujaara aur paramparaagat bhaarateeya poshaak dhoti va soot se bani shaal pahani jise ve swayam charakhe par soot kaatakar haath se banaate the. unhonne saada shaakaahaari bhojan khaaya aur aatmashuddhi ke liye lambe-lambe upavaas rakkhe.

san 1876 mein kheencha gaya gaandhi ke bachapan ka chitr jab unki aayu 7 varsh ki rahi hogi

mohanadaas karamachand gaandhi ka janm pashchimi Bhaarat mein vartamaan Gujarat ke ek tateeya shahar porabandar naamak sthaan par 2 October san 1869 ko hua tha. unke pita karamachand gaandhi sanaatan dharm ki pansaari jaati se sambandh rakhate the aur british raaj ke samay kaathiyaavaad ki ek chhoti si riyaasat (porabandar) ke deevaan arthaat pradhaan mantri the. gujaraati bhaasha mein gaandhi ka arth hai pansaari^[3] jabki hindi bhaasha mein gandhi ka arth hai itr fulel bechne wala jise angreji mein parafyoomar kaha jaata hai.^[4] unki maata putaleebaai paranaami vaishya samudaaya ki theen. putaleebaai karamachand ki chauthi patni thi. unki pehli teen patniyaaain prasav ke samay mar gayeen theen. bhakti karne waali maata ki dekharekh aur us kshetr ki jain paramparaaon ke kaaran yuva mohanadaas par ve prabhaav praarambh mein hi pad gaye the jinhonne aage chalakar unke jeevan mein mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhaayi. in prabhaavon mein shaamil the durbalon mein josh ki bhaavana, shaakaahaari jeevan, aatmashuddhi ke liye upavaas tatha vibhinn jaatiyon ke logon ke beech sahishnuta.

kam aayu mein vivaah

May 1883 mein saadhe 13 saal ki aayu poorn karte hi unka vivaah 14 saal ki kastooraba maakhanaji se kar diya gaya. patni ka pehla naam chhota karke kastooraba kar diya gaya aur use log pyaar se ba kehte the. yeh vivaah unke maata pita dvaara tay kiya gaya vyavasthit baal vivaah tha jo us samay us kshetr mein prachalit tha. lekin us kshetr mein yahi reeti thi ki kishor dulhan ko apne maata pita ke ghar aur apne pati se alag adhik samay tak rahana padta tha. 1885 mein jab gaandhi ji 15 varsh ke the tab inki pehli santaan ne janm liya. lekin vah keval kuchh din hi jeevit rahi. aur isi saal unke pita karamachand gandhi bhi chal base. mohanadaas aur kastooraba ke chaar santaan huin jo sabhi putr the. hareelaal gaandhi 1888 mein, manilaal gaandhi 1892 mein, raamadaas gaandhi 1897 mein aur devadaas Gandhi 1900 mein janme. porabandar se unhonne middle aur Rajkot se haai school kiya. donon pareekshaaon mein shaikshanik star vah ek ausat chhaatr rahe. maitrik ke baad ki pareeksha unhonne bhaavanagar ke shaamaladaas college se kuchh pareshaani ke saath utteern ki. jab tak ve vahaaain rahe aprasann hi rahe kyonki unka parivaar unhein bairistar banaana chaahata tha.

videsh mein shiksha va videsh mein hi vakaalat

gaandhi va unki patni kastooraba (1902 ka photo)

apne 19vein janmadin se lagbhag ek maheene pehle hi 4 sitmbar 1888 ko gaandhi university college landan mein kaanoon ki padhaai karne aur bairistar banane ke liye England chale gaye. Bhaarat chhodte samay jain bhikshu bechaaraji ke samaksh hinduon ko maans, sharaab tatha sankeern vichaaradhaara ko tyaagane ke liye apni apni maata ji ko diye gaye ek vachan ne unke shaahi rajdhani London mein bitaaye gaye samay ko kaafi prabhaavit kiya. haalaanki Gandhi ji ne angreji reeti rivaajon ka anubhav bhi kiya jaise udaaharan ke taur par nrutya kakshaaon mein jaane aadi ka. fir bhi vah apni makaan maalakin dvaara maans evam patta gobhi ko hajam.naheen kar sake. unhonne kuchh shaakaahaari bhojanaalayon ki or ishaara kiya. apni maata ki ichhaaon ke baare mein jo kuchh unhonne padha tha use seedhe apnaane ki bajaay unhonne bauddhikta se shaakaahaari bhojan ka apna bhojan sveekaar kiya. unhonne shaakaahaari samaaj ki sadasyata grahan ki aur iski kaaryakaari samiti ke liye unka chayan bhi ho gaya jahaaain unhonne ek sthaaneeya adhyaaya ki neenv rakhi. baad mein unhone sansthaaeain gathit karne mein mahatvapoorn anubhav ka parichay dete hue ise shreya diya. ve jin shaakaahaari logon se mile unamein se kuchh thiyosofikl society ke sadasya bhi the. is society ki sthaapana 1875 mein vishv bandhutv ko prabal karne ke liye ki gayi thi aur ise bauddh dharm evam sanaatan dharm ke saahitya ke adhyayan ke liye samarpit kiya gaya tha.

unhon logon ne gaandhi ji ko shreemadbhagavadgeeta padhne ke liye prerit kiya. hindu, isaai, bauddh, islaam aur anya dharmon .ke baare mein padhne se pehle gaanndhi ne dharm mein vishesh ruchi naheen dikhaayi. England aur vels baar association mein vaapas bulaave par ve Bhaarat laut aaye kintu Mumbai mein vakaalat karne mein unhein koi khaas safalta naheen mili. baad mein ek haai school shikshak ke roop mein anshakaalik naukri ka praarthana patra asveekaar kar diye jaane par unhonne jarooratamandon ke liye mukadame ki arjiyaaain likhne ke liye Rajkot ko hi apna sthaayi mukaam bana liya. parantu ek angrej adhikaari ki moorkhata ke kaaran unhein yeh kaarobaar bhi chhodna pada. apni aatmakatha mein unhonne is ghatna ka varnan apne bade bhaai ki or se paropakaar ki asafal koshish ke roop mein kiya hai. yahi vah kaaran tha jis vajah se unhonne san 1893 mein ek bhaarateeya farm se netaal dakshin Africa mein, jo un dinon british saamraajya ka bhaag hota tha, ek varsh ke karaar par vakaalat ka kaarovaar sveekaar kar liya.

Gandhi dakshin Africa mein (1895)

dakshin Africa mein gaandhi ko bhaarateeyon par bhedabhaav ka saamana karna pada. aarambh mein unhein pratham shreni coach ki vaidh ticket hone ke baad teesari shreni ke dibbe mein jaane se inkaar karne ke liye train se baahar feink diya gaya tha. itna hi naheen paayadaan par shesh yaatra karte hue ek yooropiyn yaatri ke andar aane par chaalak ki maar bhi jhelni padi. unhonne apni is yaatra mein anya bhi kai kathinaaiyon ka saamana kiya. Africa mein kai hotelon ko unke liye varjit kar diya gaya. isi tarah hi bahut si ghatnaaon mein se ek yeh bhi thi jismein adaalat ke nyaayaadheesh ne unhein apni pagadi utaarane ka aadesh diya tha jise unhonne naheen maana. ye saari ghatanaaeain gaandhi ke jeevan mein ek mod ban gain aur vidyamaan saamaajik anyaaya ke prati jaagarukata ka kaaran bani tatha saamaajik sakriyta ki vyaakhya karne mein madadgaar siddh huin. dakshin Africa mein bhaarateeyon par ho rahe anyaaya ko dekhte hue gaandhi ne angreji saamraajya ke antargat apne deshvaasiyon ke sammaan tatha desh mein swayam apni sthiti ke liye prashn uthaaye.

1906 mein, julu (Zulu) dakshin Africa mein nae chunaav kar ke laagoo karne ke baad do angrej adhikaariyon ko maar daala gaya. badle mein angrejon ne jooloo ke khilaaf yuddh chhed diya. Gandhi ji ne bhaarateeyon ko bharti karne ke liye british adhikaariyon ko sakriya roop se prerit kiya. unka tark tha apni naagarikta ke daavon ko kaanooni jaama pahanaane ke liye bhaarateeyon ko yuddh prayaason mein sahayog dena chaahiye. tathaapi, angrejon ne apni sena mein bhaarateeyon ko pad dene se inkaar kar diya tha. iske baavajood unhone Gandhi ji ke is prastaav ko maan liya ki bhaarateeya ghaayal angrej sainikon ko upachaar ke liye stechar par laane ke liye svaichha poorvak kaarya kar sakte hain. is kor ki baagdor Gandhi ne thaami.21 July (July 21), 1906 ko Gandhi ji ne Indian opiniya (Indian Opinion) mein likha ki 23 bhaarateeya^[5] nivaasiyon ke virooddh chalaae gaye aapreshan ke sambandh mein prayog dvaara netaal sarkaar ke kehne par ek kor ka gathan kiya gaya hai.dakshin Africa mein bhaarateeya logon se Indian opiniyn mein apne kaulamon ke maadh‍aayam se is yuddh mein shaamil hone ke liye aagrah kiya aur kaha, yadi sarkaar keval yahi mahasoos karti he ki aarakshit bal bekaar ho rahe hain tab ve iska upayog kareinge aur asli ladaai ke liye bhaarateeyon ka prashikshan dekar iska avsar deinge.^[6]

Gandhi ki rai mein, 1906 ka masauda adhyaadesh bhaarateeyon ki sthiti mein kisi nivaasi ke neeche vaale star ke samaan laane jaisa tha. isliye unhonne satyaagrah (Satyagraha), ki tarj par "kaafir (Kaffir)s " .ka udaaharan dete hue bhaarateeyon se adhyaadesh ka virodh karne ka aagrah kiya. unke shabdon mein, " yahaaain tak ki aadhi jaatiyaan aur kaafir jo hamse kam aadhunik hain ne bhi sarkaar ka virodh kiya hai. paas ka niyam un par bhi laagoo hota hai kintu ve paas^[7] naheen dikhaate hain.

1915 mein, Gandhi dakshin Africa se Bhaarat mein rahane ke liye laut aaen. unhonne bhaarateeya raashtreeya Congress ke adhiveshanon par apne vichaar vya‍aakt kiye, lekin ve Bhaarat ke mukhya muddon, raajaneeti tatha us samay ke Congress dal ke pramukh bhaarateeya neta gopaal Krishna gokhale (Gopal Krishna Gokhale), jo ek sammaanit neta the par hi aadhaarit the. .

chanpaaran aur kheda

1918 mein kheda aur chanpaaran satyaagrah ke samay 1918 mein Gandhi

Gandhi ki pehli badi upalabdhi 1918 mein champaaran (Champaran) aur kheda satyaagrah, aandolan mein mili haalaanki apne nirvaah ke liye jaroori khaadya fasalon ki bajaae neel (indigo) nakad paisa dene waali khaadya fasalon ki kheti vaale aandolan bhi mahatvapoorn rahe. jameendaaron (adhikaansh angrej) ki taakat se daman hue bhaarateeyon ko naamamaatr bharpaai bhatta diya gaya jisse ve atyadhik gareebi se ghir gaye. gaanvon ko buri tarah ganda aur asvaasthyakar (unhygienic); aur sharaab, asprushyata aur parda se baandh diya gaya. ab ek vinaashakaari akaal ke kaaran shaahi kosh ki bharpaai ke liye angrejon ne damanakaari kar laga diye jinka bojh din pratidin badhata hi gaya. yeh sthiti niraashajanak thi. kheda (Kheda), Gujarat mein bhi yahi samasya thi. Gandhi ji ne vahaan ek aashram (ashram) banaaya jahaaain unke bahut saare samarthakon aur nae svechhik kaaryakartaaon ko sangathit kiya gaya. unhonne gaanvon ka ek vistrut adhyayan aur sarvekshan kiya jismein praaniyon par hue atyaachaar ke bhayaanak kaandon ka lekhaajokha rakha gaya aur ismein logon ki anutpaadakeeya saamaanya avastha ko bhi shaamil kiya gaya tha. graameenon mein vish‍aavaas paida karte hue unhonne apna kaarya gaanvon ki safaai karne se aarambh kiya jiske antargat school aur aspataal banaae gaye aur uparokt varnit bahut si saamaajik buraaiyon ko samaapt karne ke liye graameen netrutv prerit kiya.

lekin iske pramukh prabhaav us samay dekhne ko mile jab unhein ashaanti failaane ke liye police ne giraftaar kiya aur unhein praant chhodne ke liye aadesh diya gaya. hajaaron ki taadaad mein logon ne virodh pradarshan kiye or jail, police station evam adaalaton ke baahar rallyan nikaalkar Gandhi ji ko bina shart riha karne ki maang ki. Gandhi ji ne jameendaaron ke khilaaf virodh pradarshan aur hadtaalon ko ka netrutv kiya jinhonne angreji sarkaar ke maargadarshan mein us kshetr ke gareeb kisaanon ko adhik kshatipoorti manjoor karne tatha kheti par niyantran, raajasv mein badhotari ko radd karna tatha ise sangrahit karne vaale ek samjhaute par hastaakshar kiye. is sangharsh ke dauraan hi, Gandhi ji ko janta ne Bapu pita aur mahaatma (mahaan aatma) ke naam se sambodhit kiya. kheda mein sardaar Patel ne angrejon ke saath vichaar vimarsh ke liye kisaanon ka netrutv kiya jismein angrejon ne raajasv sangrahan se mukti dekar sabhi kaidiyon ko riha kar diya gaya tha. iske parinaamasvaroop, Gandhi ki khyaati desh bhar mein fail gayi.

Gandhi ji ne asahayog, ahinsa tatha shaantipoorn pratikaar ko angrejon ke khilaaf shastr ke roop mein upayog kiya. Punjab mein angreji fojon dvaara bhaarateeyon par jaliyaavaanla narasanhaar jise amrutasar narasanhaar ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai ne desh ko bhaari aaghaat pahunchaaya jisse janta mein krodh aur hinsa ki jvaala bhadak uthi. Gandhiji ne british raaj tatha bhaarateeyon dvaara ‍apratikaaraatmak ravaiya donon ki ki. unhonne british naagrikon tatha dangon ke shikaar logon ke prati samvedna vyakt ki tatha party ke aaranbhik virodh ke baad dangon ki bhanrtsana ki. Gandhi ji ke bhaavanaatmak bhaashan ke baad apne siddhaant ki vakaalat ki ki sabhi hinsa aur buraai ko nyaayochit naheen thaharaaya ja sakta hai.^[8] kintu aisa is narasanhaar aur uske baad hui hinsa se Gandhi ji ne apna man sampoorn sarkaar aar bhaarateeya sarkaar ke kabje waali sansthaaon par sampoorn niyantran laane par keindrit tha jo jal‍aadi hi Swaraj athva sampoorn vyaktigat, aadh‍aayaatmik evam raajanaitik aajaadi mein badalne wala tha.

saabaramati aashram : Gujarat mein Gandhi ka ghar

December 1921 mein Gandhi jo bhaarateeya raashtreeya Congress.ka kaaryakaari adhikaari niyukt kiya gaya. unke netrutv mein Congress ko Swaraj.ke naam vaale ek nae uddesh‍aaya ke saath sangathit kiya gaya. paardi mein sadasyata saanketik shulk ka bhugataane par sabhi ke liye khuli thi. party ko kisi ek kuleen sangathan ki na banaakar ise raashtreeya janta ki party banaane ke liye iske andar anushaasan mein sudhaar laane ke liye ek padasopaan samiti gathit ki gayi. Gandhi ji ne apne ahinsaatmak manch ko svadeshi neeti — mein shaamil karne ke liye vistaar kiya jismein videshi vastuon visheshakar angreji vastuon ka bahishkaar karna tha. isse judne waali unki vakaalat ka kehna tha ki sabhi bhaarateeya angrejon dvaara banaae vastron ki apeksha hamaare apne logon dvaara haath se banaai gayi khaadi pahanein. Gandhi ji ne svatantrata aandolan^[9] ko sahayog dene ke liyepurooshon aur mahilaaon ko pratidin khaadi ke liye soot kaatane mein samay bitaane ke liye kaha. yeh anushaasan aur samarpan laane ki aisi neeti thi jisse anichha aur mahatvaakaaksha ko door kiya ja sake aur inke sthaan par us samay mahilaaon ko shaamil kiya jaae jab aise bahut se vichaar aane lage ki is prakaar ki gatividhiyaan mahilaaon ke liye sammaanajanak naheen hain. iske alaava Gandhi ji ne Britain ki shaikshik sansthaaon tatha adaalaton ka bahishkaar aur sarkaari naukariyon ko chhodne ka tatha sarkaar se praapt tamagon aur sammaan (honours) ko vaapas lautaane ka bhi anurodh kiya.

asahayog ko door-door se appeal aur safalta mili jisse samaaj ke sabhi vargon ki janta mein josh aur bhaageedaari badh gayi. fir jaise hi yeh aandolan apne sheersh par pahuncha vaise February 1922 mein iska ant chori - chora (Chauri Chaura), uttarapradesh mein bhayaanak dvesh ke roop mein ant hua. aandolan dvaara hinsa ka rukh apnaane ke dar ko dh‍aayaan mein rakhate hue aur is par vichaar karte hue ki isse uske sabhi kaaryon par paani fir jaaega, Gandhi ji ne vyaapak asahayog^[10] ke is aandolan ko vaapas le liya. Gandhi par giraftaar kiya gaya 10 March, 1922, ko raajadroh ke liye Gandhi ji par mukadama chalaaya gaya jismein unhein chhah saal kaid ki saja sunaakar jail bhed diya gaya. 18 March, 1922 se lekar unhonne keval 2 saal hi jail mein bitaae the ki unhein February 1924 mein aanton (appendicitis) ke operation ke liye riha kar diya gaya.

Gandhi ji ke ekta vaale vyaktitv ke bina Indian national Congress uske jail mein do saal rahane ke dauraan hi do dalon mein bantane lagi jiske ek dal ka netrutv sadan mein party ki bhaageedaari ke paksh vaale chitt ranjan das (Chitta Ranjan Das) tatha Motilal Nehru ne kiya to doosare dal ka netrutv iske vipreet chalne vaale chakravarti raajagopaalaachaarya aur sardaar vallabh bhaai Patel ne kiya. iske alaava, hinduon aur musalmaanon ke beech ahinsa aandolan ki charam seema par pahunchakar sahayog toot raha tha. Gandhi ji ne is khaai ko bahut se saadhanon se bharne ka prayaas kiya jismein unhonne 1924 ki basant mein seemit safalta dilaane vaale teen saptaah ka upavaas karna bhi shaamil tha.^[11]

daandi mein gaaaindhi, 5 April, 1930, ke ant mein namak March

Gandhi ji sakriya raajaneeti se door hi rahe aur 1920 ki adhikaansh avadhi tak ve Swaraj party aur Indian national Congress ke beech khaai ko bharne mein lage rahe aur iske atirikt ve asprushyata, sharaab, ajnyaaanata aur gareebi ke khilaaf aandolan chhedte bhi rahe. unhonne pehle 1928 mein laute .ek saal pehle angreji sarkaar ne sar John Simon ke netrutv mein ek naya sanvedhaanik sudhaar aayog banaaya jismein ek bhi sadasya bhaarateeya naheen tha. iska parinaam bhaarateeya raajanaitik dalon dvaara bahishkaar nikla. December 1928 mein Gandhi ji ne Calcutta mein aayojit Congress ke ek adhiveshan mein ek prastaav rakha jismein bhaarateeya saamraajya ko satta pradaan karne ke liye kaha gaya tha athva aisa na karne ke badle apne uddeshya ke roop mein sampoorn desh ki aajaadi ke liye asahayog aandolan ka saamana karne ke liye taiyaar rahein. Gandhi ji ne na keval yuva varg subhaash chandra Bose tatha javaaharalaal Nehru jaise purooshon dvaara tatkaal aajaadi ki maang ke vichaaron ko faleebhoot kiya balki apni swayam ki maang ko do saal^[12] ki bajaae ek saal ke liye rok diya. angrejon ne koi javaab naheen diya..naheen 31 December1929, Bhaarat ka jhanda faharaaya gaya tha Lahore mein hai.26 January 1930 ka din Lahore mein bhaarateeya svatantrata diwas ke roop mein Indian national Congress ne manaaya. yeh din lagbhag pratyek bhaarateeya sangathanon dvaara bhi manaaya gaya. iske baad Gandhi ji ne March 1930 mein namak par kar lagaae jaane ke virodh mein naya satyaagrah chalaaya jise 12 March se 6 aprel tak namak aandolan ke yaad mein 400 kilometer (248 meal) tak ka safar Ahmedabad se daandi, Gujarat tak chalaaya gaya taaki swayam namak utpann kiya ja sake. samudra ki or is yaatra mein hajaaron ki sankh‍aaya mein bhaarateeyon ne bhaag liya. Bhaarat mein angrejon ki pakad ko vichlit karne wala yeh ek sarvaadhik safal aandolan tha jismein angrejon ne 80,000 se adhik logon ko jail bheja.

laard Edward iravin dvaara pratinidhitv waali sarkaar ne Gandhi ji ke saath vichaar vimarsh karne ka nirnaya liya. yeh iravin Gandhi ki sandhi March 1931 mein hastaakshar kiye the. savinya avajnyaa aandolan ko band karne ke liye british sarkaar ne sabhi raajanaitik kaidiyon ko riha karne ke liye apni rajaamandi de di. is samjhaute ke parinaamasvaroop Gandhi ko bhaarateeya raashtreeya Congress ke ekamaatr pratinidhi ke roop mein London mein aayojit hone vaale golamej sammelan mein bhaag lene ke liye aamantrit kiya gaya. yeh sammelan Gandhi ji aur raashtreeyavaadi logon ke liye ghor niraashaajanak raha, iska kaaran satta ka hastaantaran karne ki bajaay bhaarateeya keematon evam bhaarateeya alpasankh‍aayakon par keindrit hona tha. iske alaava, laard iravin ke uttaraadhikaarilaard vilingatan, ne raash‍aatravaadiyon ke aandolan ko niyantrit evam kuchalane ka ek naya abhiyaan aarambh karadiya. Gandhi fir se giraftaar kar liye gaye aur sarkaar ne unke anuyaaiyon ko unase poornataya door rakhate hue Gandhi ji dvaara prabhaavit hone se rokane ki koshish ki. lekin, yeh yukti safal naheen thi.

1932 mein, dalit neta bi aar ambedakar ke chunaav prachaar ke maadhyam se, sarkaar ne achhooton ko ek nae samvidhaan ke antargat alag nirvaachan manjoor kar diya. iske virodh mein Gandhi ji ne September 1932 mein chh: din ka anashan le liya jisne sarkaar ko safalataapoorvak dalit cricketer se raajanaitik neta bane palavankar baaloo dvaara ki gayi madh‍aayasta waali ek samaan vyavastha ko apnaane par bal diya. achhooton ke jeevan ko sudhaarane ke liye Gandhi ji dvaara chalaae gaye is abhiyaan ki shurooaat thi. Gandhi ji ne in achhooton ko harijn ka naam diya jinhein ve Bhagwan ki santaan maanate the. 8 May 1933 ko Gandhi ji ne harijn aandolan^[13] mein madad karne ke liye aatm shuddhikran ka 21 din tak chalne wala upavaas kiya. yeh naya abhiyaan daliton ko pasand naheen aaya tathaapi ve ek pramukh neta bane rahe.bi aar ambedakar ne Gandhi ji dvaara harijn shabd ka upayog karne ki ninda ki ki dalit saamaajik roop se aparipkv hain aur suvidhaasanpann jaati vaale bhaarateeyon ne pitrusattaatmak bhoomika nibhaai hai. ambedakar aur uske sahayogi dalon ko bhi mahasoos hua ki Gandhi ji daliton ke raajaneetik adhikaaron ko kam aank rahe hain. haalaanki Gandhi ji ek vaishya jaati mein paida hue fir bhi unhonein is baat par jor diya ki vah ambedakar jaise dalit kaaryakarta ke hote hue bhi vah daliton ke liye aavaaj utha sakta hai. bhaarateeya svatantrata sangraam ke dinon mein Hindustan ki saamaajik buraaiyon mein mein chhuaachhoot ek pramukh buraai thi jiske ke virooddh mahaatma Gandhi aur unke anuyaayi sangharsharat rahate the. us samay desh ke pramukh mandiron mein harijnon ka pravesh poornat: pratibandhit tha. Kerala raajya ka janapad trishur dakshin Bhaarat ki ek pramukh dhaarmik nagari hai. yaheen ek pratishthit mandir hai guruvaayur mandir, jismein Krishna Bhagwan ke baalaroop ke darshan karaati Bhagwan guroovaayurappan ki moorti sthaapit hai. aajaadi se poorv anya mandiron ki bhaanti is mandir mein bhi harijnon ke pravesh par poorn pratibandh tha.

Kerala ke Gandhi samarthak shri kelappan ne mahaatma ki aajnyaa se is pratha ke virooddh aavaaj uthaayi aur antat: iske liye san 1933 i0 mein savinya avajnyaa praarambh ki gayi. mandir ke trastiyon ko is baat ki taakeed ki gayi ki naye varsh ka pratham diwas arthaat 1 January 1934 ko antim nishchaya diwas ke roop mein manaaya jaayega aur is tithi par unke star se koi nishchaya na hone ki sthiti me mahaatma Gandhi tatha shri kelappan dvaara aandolanakaariyon ke paksh mein aamaran anashan kiya ja sakta hai. is kaaran guroovaayoor mandir ke trastiyo ki or se baithak bulaakar mandir ke upaasako ki rai bhi praapt ki gayi. baithak me 77 pratishat upaasako ke dvaara diye gaye bahumat ke aadhaar par mandir mein harijnon ke pravesh ko sveekruti de di gayi aur is prakaar 1 January 1934 se Kerala ke shri guroovaayoor mandir mein kiye gaye nishchaya diwas ki safalta ke roop mein harijnon ke pravesh ko saidvaantik sveekruti mil gayi. guroovaayoor mandir jismein aaj bhi gair hinduon ka pravesh varjit hai tathaapi kai gharmo ko maanane vaale Bhagwan Bhagwan guroovaayoorappan ke param bhakt hain. mahaatma Gandhi ki prerana se January maah ke pratham diwas ko nishchaya diwas ke roop mein manaaya gaya aur kiye gaye nishchaya ko praapt kiya gaya. ^[14]. 1934 ki garmiyon mein, unki jaan lene ke liye un par teen asafal prayaas kiye gaye the.

jab Congress party ke chunaav ladne ke liye chuna aur sangheeya yojana ke antargat satta sveekaar ki tab Gandhi ji ne party ki sadasyata se isteefa dene ka nirnaya le liya. vah party ke is kadam se asahamat naheen the kintu mahasoos karte the ki yadi ve isteefa dete hain tab bhaarateeyon ke saath usaki lokapriyta party ki sadasyata ko majaboot karne mein aasaani pradaan karegi jo ab tak kamyooniston, samaajavaadiyon, vyaapaar sanghon, chhaatron, dhaarmik netaaon se lekar vyaapaar sanghon aur vibhinn aavaajon ke beech vidyamaan thi. isse in sabhi ko apni apni baaton ke sun jaane ka avsar praapt hoga. Gandhi ji raaj ke liye kisi party ka netrutv karte hue prachaar dvaara koi aisa laksh‍aaya siddh naheen karna chaahate the jise raaj^[15] ke saath asthaayi taur par raajanaitik vyavas‍aatha ke roop mein sveekaar kar liya jaae.

Gandhi ji Nehru prejeedensi aur Congress ke Lahore adhiveshan ke saath hi 1936 mein Bhaarat laut aae. haalaanki Gandhi ki poorn ichha thi ki ve aajaadi praapt karne par apna sampoorn dh‍aayaan keindrit karein na ki Bhaarat ke bhavishya ke baare mein atkalon par. usane Congress ko samaajavaad ko apne uddesh‍aaya ke roop mein apnaane se naheen roka. 1938 mein raashtrapati pad ke liye chune gaye subhaash Bose ke saath Gandhi ji ke matabhed the. Bose ke saath matabhedon mein Gandhi ke mukhya bindu Bose ki lokatantr mein pratibaddhata ki kami tatha ahinsa mein vishvaas ki kami thi. Bose ne Gandhi ji ki aalochna ke baavajood bhi doosari baar jeet haasil ki kintu Congress ko us samay chhod diya jab sabhi bhaarateeya netaaon ne Gandhi^[16] ji dvaara laagoo kiye gaye sabhi siddhaaton ka parityaag kar diya gaya.

dviteeya vishv yuddh 1939 mein jab chhidne naaji Germany aakraman Poland.aarambh mein Gandhi ji ne angrejon ke prayaason ko ahinsaatmak naitik sahayog dene ka paksh liya kintu doosare Congress ke netaaon ne yuddh mein janta ke pratinidhiyon ke paraamarsh liye bina ismein ektarfa shaamil kiye jaane ka virodh kiya. Congress ke sabhi chayanit sadasyon ne saamoohik taur^[17] par apne pad se isteefa de diya. lambi charcha ke baad, Gandhi ne ghoshana ki ki jab swayam Bhaarat ko aajaadi se inkaar kiya gaya ho tab lokataantrik aajaadi ke liye baahar se ladne par Bhaarat kisi bhi yuddh ke liye party naheen banegi. jaise jaise yuddh badhata gaya Gandhi ji ne aajaadi ke liye apni maang ko angrejon ko Bhaarat chhodo aandolan naamak vidheyak dekar teevr kar diya. yeh Gandhi tatha Congress party ka sarvaadhik spasht vidroh tha jo bhaarateeya seema^[18] se angrejon ko khadedne par lakshit tha.

Gandhi ji ke doosare number par baithe javaaharalaal Nehru ki party ke kuchh sadasyon tatha kuchh anya raajanaitik bhaarateeya dalon ne aalochna ki jo angrejon ke paksh tatha vipaksh donon mein hi vish‍aavaas rakhate the. kuchh ka maanana tha ki apne jeevan kaal mein athva maut ke sangharsh mein angrejon ka virodh karna ek nashvar kaarya hai jabki kuchh maanate the ki Gandhi ji paryaapt koshish naheen kar rahe hain. Bhaarat chhodo is sangharsh ka sarvaadhik shaktishaali aandolan ban gaya jismein vyaapak hinsa aur giraftaari hui.^[19] police ki goliyon se hajaaron ki sankh‍aaya mein svatantrata senaani ya to maare gaye ya ghaayal ho gaye aur hajaaron giraftaar kar liye gaye. Gandhi aur unke samarthakon ne spasht kar diya ki vah yuddh ke prayaason ka samarthan tab tak naheen deinge tab tak Bhaarat ko tat‍aakaal aajaadi na de di jaae. unhonne spasht kiya ki is baar bhi yeh aandolan band naheen hoga yadi hinsa ke vyaktigat krutyon ko moort roop diya jaata hai. unhonne kaha ki unke chaaron or araajakata ka aadesh asli araajakata se bhi bura hai. unhonne sabhi kaangresiyon aur bhaarateeyon ko ahinsa ke saath karo ya maro (angreji mein doo or daaya) ke dvaara antim svatantrata ke liye anushaasan banaae rakhane ko kaha.

Gandhi ji aur Congress kaaryakaarani samiti ke sabhi sadasyon ko angrejon dvaara mubani mein 9 August 1942 ko giraftaar kar liya gaya. Gandhi ji ko Pune ke aanga Khan mahal mein do saal tak bandi banaakar rakha gaya. yahi vah samay tha jab Gandhi ji ko unke niji jeevan mein do gahre aaghaat lage. unka 50 saal puraana sachiv mahaadev Desai 6 din baad hi dil ka daura padne se mar gaye aur Gandhi ji ke 18 maheene jail mein rahane ke baad 22 February 1944 ko unki patni kastooraba Gandhi ka dehaant ho gaya. iske chh: saptaah baad Gandhi ji ko bhi maleriya ka bhayankar shikaar hona pada. unke kharaab svaasth‍aaya aur jaroori upachaar ke kaaran 6 May 1944 ko yuddh ki samaapti se poorv hi unhein riha kar diya gaya. raaj unhein jail mein dam todte hue naheen dekhna chaahate the jisse desh ka krodh badh jaae. haalaanki Bhaarat chhodo aandolan ko apne uddeshya mein aashink safalta hi mili lekin aandolan ke nish‍aathur daman ne 1943 ke ant tak Bhaarat ko sangathit kar diya. yuddh ke ant mein, british ne spasht sanket de diya tha ki santta ka hastaantaran kar use bhaarateeyon ke haath mein sonp diya jaaega. is samay Gandhi ji ne aandolan ko band kar diya jisse Congressi netaaon sahit lagbhag 100,000 raajanaitik bandiyon ko riha kar diya gaya.

Gandhi ji ne 1946 mein Congress ko british kebeenet mission (British Cabinet Mission) ke prastaav ko thukaraane ka paraamarsh diya kyoki use muslim baahulata vaale praanton ke liye prastaavit samooheekaran ke prati unka gahan sandeh hona tha isliye Gandhi ji ne prakaran ko ek vibhaajan ke poorvaabhyaas ke roop mein dekha. haalaanki kuchh samay se Gandhi ji ke saath Congress dvaara matabhedon waali ghatna mein se yeh bhi ek ghatna bani (haalaanki uske nettv ke kaaran naheen) choonki Nehru aur Patel jaante the ki yadi Congress is yojana ka anumodan naheen karti hai tab sarkaar ka niyantran muslim league ke paas chala jaaega. 1948 ke beech lagbhag 5000 se bhi adhik logon ko hinsa ke dauraan maut ke ghaat utaar diya gaya. Gandhi ji kisi bhi aisi yojana ke khilaaf the jo Bhaarat ko do alag alag deshon mein vibhaajit kar de. Bhaarat mein rahane vaale bahut se hinduon aur sikkhon evam muslimon ka bhaari bahumat desh ke bantavaare^{[tathya vaanchhit]} ke paksh mein tha. iske atirikt muhammad Ali jinna, muslim league ke neta ne, pashchim Punjab, sindh, uttar pashchim seemaant praant aur poorvi Bengal^{[tathya vaanchhit]} mein vyaapak sahayog ka parichay diya. vyaapak star par failane vaale hindu muslim ladaai ko rokane ke liye hi Congress netaaon ne bantavaare ki is yojana ko apni manjoori de di thi. kaanges neta jaante the ki Gandhi ji bantavaare ka virodh kareinge aur usaki sahamati ke bina Congress ke liye aage bajhana basanbhav tha chuki paatarthi mein Gandhi ji ka sahayog aur sampoorn Bhaarat mein unki sthiti majaboot thi. Gandhi ji ke kareebi sahayogiyon ne bantavaare ko ek sarvottam upaaya ke roop mein sveekaar kiya aur sardaar Patel ne Gandhi ji ko samajhaane ka prayaas kiya ki naagrik ashaanti vaale yuddh ko rokane ka yahi ek upaaya hai. majboor Gandhi ne apni anumati de di.

unhonne uttar Bhaarat ke saath-saath Bengal mein bhi muslim aur hindu samudaaya ke netaaon ke saath garm ravaiye ko shaant karne ke liye gahan vichaar vimarsh kiya. 1947 ke Bhaarat-Pakistan yuddh ke baavajood unhein us samay pareshaan kiya gaya jab sarkaar ne Pakistan ko vibhaajan parishad dvaara banaae gaye samjhaute ke anusaar 55 karod roo0 na dene ka nirnaya liyaatha. sardaar Patel jaise netaaon ko dar tha ki Pakistan is dhan ka upayog Bhaarat ke khilaaf jang chhedne mein kar sakta hai. jab yeh maang uthane lagi ki sabhi muslimon ko Pakistan bheja jaae aur muslimon aur hindu netaaon ne is par asantosh vya‍aakt kiya aur ek doosare^[20] ke saath samjhauta karne se mana karne se Gandhi ji ko gahra sadama pahuncha. unhonne Delhi mein apna pehla aamaran anashan aarambh kiya jismein saampradaayik hinsa ko sabhi ke liye tatkaal samaapt karne aur Pakistan ko 55 karod roo0 ka bhugataan karne ke liye kaha gaya tha. Gandhi ji ko dar tha ki Pakistan mein asthirta aur asuraksha se Bhaarat ke prati unka gussa aur badh jaaega tatha seema par hinsa fail jaaegi. unhein aage bhi dar tha ki hindu aur muslim apni shatruta ko fir se naya kar deinge aur usase naagrik yuddh ho jaane ki aashanka ban sakti hai. jeevan bhar Gandhi ja ka saath dene vaale sahayogiyon ke saath bhaavuk bahas ke baad Gandhi ji ne baat ka maanane se inkaar kar diya aur sarkaar ko apni neeti par adig rahana pada tatha Pakistan ko bhugataan kar diya. hindu muslim aur sikkh samudaaya ke netaaon ne unhein vish‍aavaas dilaaya ki ve hinsa ko bhula kar shaanti laaenge. in samudaayon mein raashtreeya swayamsevak sangh aur hindu mahaasabha shaamil the. is prakaar Gandhi ji ne santare ka joos^[21] peekar apna anashan tod diya.

raaj ghaat (Raj Ghat):aaga Khan pailes mein Gandhi ki asthiyaan (Pune, Bhaarat) .

Manchester gaarjiyn, 18 February, 1948, ki galiyon se le jaate hua dikhaaya gaya tha.

30 January, 1948, Gandhi ki us samay goli maarkar hatya kar di gayi jab ve nai Delhi ke bidla bhavan (Birla house ke maidaan mein raat chahalakadami kar rahe the. Gandhi ka hatyaara Nathuram gaudse hindu raashtravaadi the jinke kattarpanthi hindu mahaasabha ke saath sambandh the jisne Gandhi ji ko Pakistan^[22] ko bhugataan karne ke mudde ko lekar Bhaarat ko kamjor banaane ke liye jimmedaar thaharaaya tha. godse aur uske unke sah shadyantrakaari Narayan aapte ko baad mein case chalaakar saja di gayi tatha 15 November 1949 ko inhein faansi de di gayi. raajadhaat, nai Delhi, mein Gandhi ji ke smaarak par "devanaagari mein he Ram " likha hua hai. aisa vyaapak taur par maana jaata hai ki jab Gandhi ji ko goli maari gayi tab unke mukh se nikalne vaale ye antim shabd the. haalaanki is kathan par vivaad uth khade hue hain.^[23]javaaharalaal Nehru ne radio ke maadhyam se raashtra ko sambodhit kiya :

Gandhi ji ki raakh ko ek asthi-rakh diya gaya aur unki sevaaon ki yaad dilaane ke liye sampoorn Bhaarat mein le jaaya gaya. inmein se adhikaansh ko Allahabad ke sangam par 12 February 1948 ko jal mein visrjit kar diya gaya kintu kuchh ko alag^[24] pavitra roop mein rakh diya gaya. 1997 mein, tushaar gaaaindhi ne bank mein napaae gaye ek asthi-kalash ki kuchh saamagri ko adaalat ke maadhyam se, Allahabad mein sangam^[24][25] naamak sthaan par jal mein visrjit kar diya. 30 January2008 ko dubai mein rahane vaale ek vyaapaari dvaara Gandhi ji ki raakh vaale ek anya asthi-kalash ko Mumbai sangrahaalaya^[24] mein bhejane ke uparaant unhein girgaam chaupaati naamak sthaan par jal mein visrjit kar diya gaya. ek anya asthi kalash aaga Khan jo Pune^[24] mein hai, (jahaaain unhonne 1942 se kaid karne ke liye kiya gaya tha 1944) vahaan samaapt ho gaya aur doosra aatmabodh failoship jheel mandir mein loss enjils.^[26] rakha hua hai. is parivaar ko pata hai ki is pavitra raakh ka raajaneetik uddeshyon ke liye durupyog kiya ja sakta hai lekin unhein yahaan se hataana naheen chaahati hain kyonki isse mandiron .^[24] ko todne ka khatra paida ho sakta hai.

inhein bhi dekhein: gaandheevaad

satya

Gandhi ji ne apna jeevan satya, ya sachchaai ki vyaapak khoj mein samarpit kar diya. unhonne is lakshya ko praapt karne karne ke liye apni swayam ki galtiyon aur khud par prayog karte hue seekhane ki koshish ki. unhonne apni aatmakatha ko satya ke prayog ka naam diya.

Gandhi ji ne kaha ki sabse mahatvapoorn ladaai ladne ke liye apne dushtaatmaaon , bhaya aur asuraksha jaise tatvon par vijay paana hai. .Gandhi ji ne apne vichaaron ko sabse pehle us samay sankshep mein vya‍aakt kiya jab unhonne kaha Bhagwan hi satya hai baad mein unhone apne is kathan ko satya hi Bhagwan hai mein badal diya. is prakaar , satya mein Gandhi ke darshan hai " parameshvar " .

ahinsa

haalaanki Gandhi ji ahinsa ke siddhaant ke pravartak bilkul naheen the fir bhi ise bade paimaane ^[27]par raajanaitik kshetr mein istemaal karne vaale ve pehle vyakti the. ahinsa (nonviolence), ahinsa (ahimsa) aur apratikaar (nonresistance)ka bhaarateeya dhaarmik vichaaron mein ek lamba itihaas hai aur iske hindu, bauddh, jain, yahoodi aur isaai samudaayon mein bahut si avadhaaranaaen hain. Gandhi ji ne apni aatmakatha the story of maaya eksaperimeints vith truth " (The Story of My Experiments with Truth)mein darshan aur apne jeevan ke maarg ka varnan kiya hai. unhein kehte hue bataaya gaya tha:

jab main niraash hota hoon tab main yaad karta hoon ki haalaanki itihaas satya ka maarg hota hai kintu prem ise sadaiv jeet leta hai. yahaan atyaachaari aur hatayaare bhi hue hain aur kuchh samay ke liye ve aparaajaya lagte the kintu ant mein unka patan hi hota hai -iska sadaiv vichaar karein.

" mrutakon, anaath tatha begharon ke liye isse kya fark padta hai ki svatantrata aur lokatantr ke pavitra naam ke neeche sanpoornavaad ka paagal vinaash chhipa hai.

ek aankh ke liye doosari aankh poori duniya ko andha bana degi.

marne ke liye maire paas bahut se kaaran hai kintu mere paas kisi ko maarane ka koi bhi kaaran naheen hai.

in siddhaaton ko laagoo karne mein Gandhi ji ne inhein duniya ko dikhaane ke liye sarvaadhik taarkik seema par le jaane se bhi munh naheen moda jahaan sarkaar, police aur senaae bhi ahinsaatmak ban gain theen. " for pasifists."^[28] naamak pustak se uddharan liye gaye hain.

vigyaan ka yuddh kisi vyakti ko taanaashaahi , shuddh aur saralata ki or le jaata hai. ahinsa ka vigyaan akele hi kisi vyakti ko shuddh lokatantr ke maarg ki or le ja sakta hai.prem par aadhaarit shakti saja ke dar se utpann shakti se hajaar guna adhik aur sthaayi hoti hai. yeh kehna ninda karne jaisa hoga ki ki ahinsa ka abhyaas keval vyaktigat taur par kiya ja sakta hai aur vyaktivaadita vaale desh iska kabhi bhi abhyaas naheen kar sakte hain. shuddh araajakata ka niktatam drushtikon ahinsa par aadhaarit lokatantr hoga;;;;;;sampoorn ahinsa ke aadhaar par sangathit aur chalne wala koi samaaj shuddh araajakata

wala samaaj hoga.

main ne bhi sveekaar kiya ki ek ahinsak raajya mein bhi police bal ki jaroorat anivaarya ho sakti hai. police rainkon ka gathan ahinsa mein vish‍aavaas rakhane vaalon se kiya jaaega. log unki har sambhav madad kareinge aur aapasi sahayog ke maadhyam se ve kisi bhi upadrav ka aasaani se saamana kar leinge ...shram aur poonji tatha hadtaalon ke beev hinsak jhagade bahut kam honge aur ahinsak raajyon mein to bahut kam honge kyonki ahinsak samaaj ki baahulata ka prabhaav samaaj mein pramukh tatvon ka sammaan karne ke liye mahaan hoga. isi prakaar saampradaayik avyavastha ke liye koi jagah naheen hogi;;;;;;

. shaanti evam avyavastha ke samay sashastr sainikon ki tarah sena ka koi

ahinsaatmak kaarya unka yeh kartavya hoga ki ve vijay dilaane vaale samudaayon ko ekajut karein jismein shaanti ka prasaar, tatha aisi gatividhiyon ka samaavesh ho jo kisi bhi vyakti ko uske church athva khand mein sampark banaae rakhate hue apne saath mila lein. is prakaar ki saina ko kisi bhi aapaat sthiti se ladne ke liye taiyaar rahana chaahiye tatha bheed ke krodh ko shaant karne ke liye uske paas marne ke liye sainikon ki paryaapt nafari bhi honi chaahiye;;;;;;satyaagrah (satyabal) ke bigred ko pratyek gaanv tatha shahar tak bhavanon ke pratyek block mein sangathit kiya ja sakta haiyadi ahinsaatmak samaaj par hamla kiya jaata hai tab ahinsa ke do maarg khulate hain. adhikaar paane ke liye hamlaavar se sahayog na karein balki samarpan karne ki apeksha mrutyu ko gale lagaana pasand karein. doosra tareeka hoga aisi janta dvaara ahinsak pratirodh karna ho sakta hai jinhein ahinsak tareeke se prashikshit kiya gaya ho ...is apratyaashit pradarshan ki anant raahon par aadamiyon aur mahilaaon ko hamlaavar ki ichha liye aatmasamarpan karne ki bajaae aasaani se marana achha lagta hai aur antant: use tatha usaki sainik bahaaduri ke samaksh pighlana jaroor padta hai;;;;. aise kisi desh athva samooh jisne anhinsa ko apni antim neeti bana liya hai use parmaanu bam bhi apna das naheen bana sakta hai. us desh mein ahinsa ka star khushi-khushi gujarata hai tab vah praakrutik taur par itna adhik badh jaata hai ki use saarvabhomik aadar

milne lagta hai.

in vichaaron ke anuroop 1940 mein jab naaji Germany dvaara angrejon ke dveepon par kiye gaye hamle aasann dikhaai diye tab Gandhi ji ne angrejon ko shaanti aur yuddh ^[29]mein ahinsa ki nimnalikhit neeti ka anusaran karne ko kaha.

main aapse hathiyaar rakhane ke liye kehna pasand karoonga kyonki ye aapko athva maanavata ko bachaane mein bekaar hain.aapko her hitlar aur signor musolini ko aamatrit karna hoga ki unhein deshon se jo kuchh chaahiye aap unhein apna adhikaar kehte hain.yadi in sajjanon ko apne ghar par rahane ka chayan karna hai tab aapko unhein khaali karna hoga.yadi ve tumhein aasaani se raasta naheen dete hain tab aap apne aapko , purooshon ko mahilaaon ko aur bachchon ki bali dene ki anumati deinge kintu apni nishtha ke prati jhukane se inkaar kareinge.

1946 mein yuddh ke baad diye gaye ek saakshaatkaar mein unhonne isse bhi aage ek vichaar ka prastuteekaran kiya.

yahoodiyon ko apne liye swayam kasaai ka chaakoo de dena chaahiye tha.unhein apne aap ko samudri chattaanon se samudra ke andar faink dena chaahiye tha.

fir bhi Gandhi ji ko pata tha ki is prakaar ke ahinsa ke star ko atoot vishvaas aur saahas ki jaroorat hogi aur iske liye usane mahasoos kar liya tha ki yeh har kisi ke paas naheen hota hai. isliye unhonne pratyek vyakti ko paraamarsh diya ki unhein ahinsa ko apne paas rakhane ki jaroorat naheen hai khaas taur par us samay jab ise kaayarata ke sanrakshan ke liye upayog mein kiya gaya ho.

Gandhi ji ne apne satyaagrah aandolan mein aise logon ko door hi rakha jo hathiyaar uthaane se darate the athva pratirodh karne mein swayam ki akshamata ka anubhav karte the. unhonne likha ki main maanata hoon ki jahaan darapok aur hinsa mein se kisi ek ko chunana ho to main hinsa ke paksh mein apni rai doonga.^[30]

pratyek sabha par main tab tak chetaavani doharaata rahata tha jab tak vanhein yeh ehsaas naheen ho jaata hai ki ve ek aise anhisaatmak bal ke adhikaar mein aa gaye hain jiske adhikaar mein ve pehle bhi the aur ve us prayog ke aadi ho chuke the aur unka maanana tha ki unhein ahinsa se kuchh lena dena naheen hain tatha fir se hathiyaar utha liye the. khudaai khidmatagaar (Khudai Khidmatgar)ke baare mein aisa kabhi naheen kehna chaahiye ki jo ek baar itne bahaadur the ki baadshah Khan (Badshah Khan)ke prabhaav mein ab ve darapok ban gaye. veerata keval achhe nishaane vaalon mein hi naheen hoti hai balki mrutyu ko hara dene vaalon mein tatha apni chhaatiyon ko goli ^[31]

khaane ke liye sada taiyaar rahane vaalon mein bhi hoti hai.

shaakaahaari ravaiya

baalyaavastha mein Gandhi ko maans khaane ka anubhav mila. aisa unki uttaraadhikaari jijnyaaasa ke kaaran hi tha jismein uske utsaahavardhak mitr shekh mehataab ka bhi yogadaan tha. vejeeteriynijm ka vichaar Bhaarat ki hindu aur jain prathaaon mein koot-koot kar bhara hua tha tatha unki maatrubhoomi Gujarat mein jyaadaatar hindu shaakaahaari hi the. isi tarah jain bhi the. Gandhi ka parivaar bhi isse achhoota naheen tha. padhaai ke liye London aane se poorv Gandhi ji ne apni maata putaleebaai aur apne chaacha bechaaraji svaami se ek vaayada kiya tha ki ve maans khaane, sharaab peene se tatha sankeenata se door raheinge. unhone apne vaayade rakhane ke liye upavaas kiye aur aisa karne se saboot kuchh aisa mila jo bhojan karne se naheen mil sakta tha, unhonne apne jeevan paryant darshan ke liye aadhaar jo praapt kar liya tha. jaise jaise Gandhi ji vyask hote gaye ve poornataya shaakaahaari ban gaye. unhonne the moral basis of vejeeteriynijm tatha is vishay par bahut si lekh bhi likhein hain jinmein se kuchh London vejeeteriyn society ke prakaashan the vejeeteriyn ^[32]mein prakaashit bhi hue hain. Gandhi ji swayam is avadhi mein bahut si mahaan vibhootiyon se prerit hue aur London vejeeteriyn society ke chaiyaramen dau0 josiya oldafeeld ke mitr ban gaye.

henari Stefan ‍asaalt (Henry Stephens Salt)ki krutiyon ko padhane aur prashansha karne ke baad yuva mohanadaas Gandhi shaakaahaari prachaarak se mile aur unke saath patraachaar kiya. Gandhi ji ne London mein rahate samay aur uske baad shaakaahaari bhojan ki vakaalat karne mein kaafi samay bitaaya. Gandhi ji ka kehna tha ki shaakaahaari bhojan na keval shareer ki jarooraton ko poora karta hai balki yeh aarthik prayojan ki bhi poorti karta hai jo maans se hoti hai aur fir bhi maans anaaj, sabjiyon aur falon se adhik manhaga hota hai. iske alaava kai bhaarateeya jo aay kam hone ki vajah se sangharsh kar rahe the, us samay jo shaakaahaari ke roop mein dikhaai de rahe the vah aadhyaatmik parampara hi naheen vyaavahaarikta ke kaaran bhi tha.ve bahut der tak khaane se parahej rakhate the , aur raajanaitik virodh ke roop mein upavaas rakhate the unhonne apni mrutyu tak khaane se inkaar kiya jab tak unka maang pura nahi hota unki aatmakatha mein yeh not kiya gaya hai ki shaakaahaari hona brahmacharya mein gahari pratibaddhata hone ki shurooaati seedhi hai, bina kul niyantran brahmacharya mein unki safalta lagbhag asafal hai.

gaaaindhi ji shuroo se falaahaar (frutarian),^[33] karte the lekin apne chikitsak ki salaah se bakari ka doodh peena shuroo kiya tha.ve kabhi bhi dugdh -utpaad ka sevan nahi karte the kyonki pehle unka maanana tha ki doodh manushya ka praakrutik aahaar naheen hota aur unhein gaaya ke cheetkaar seghruna (cow blowing),^[34] thi aur sabse mahatvapoorn kaaran tha shapath jo unhonne apni svargeeya maaain se kiya tha

brahmacharya

jab gaaaindhi ji solah saal ke hue tab unke pitaashri ki tabiyat bahut khraab thi unke pita ki beemaari ke dauraan ve hamesha upasthit rahate the kyonki ve apne maata-pita ke prati atyant samarpit the. yadyapi, gaaaindhi ji ko kuchh samay ki raahat dene ke liye ek din unke chaacha ji aae ve aaraam ke liye shayanakaksh pahunche jahaaain unki shaareerik abhilaashaaen jaagrut hui aur unhonne apni patni se prem kiya naukar ke jaane ke pashchaat thodi hi der mein khabar I ki gaaaindhi ke pita ka abhi abhi dehaant ho gaya hai.gaaaindhi ji ko jabaradast aparaadh mahasoos hua aur iske liye ve apne aap ko kabhi maaf naheen kar sakte the unhonne is ghatna ka jikr dohari sharm mein kiya is ghatna ka gaaaindhi par mahatvapoorn prabhaav pada aur ve 36 varsh ki umr mein brahmacharya (celibate) ki aur mudne lage, jabki unki shaadi ho chuki thi.^[35]

yeh nirnaya brahmacharya (Brahmacharya) ke darshan se puri tarah prabhaavit tha aadhyaatmik aur vyavahaarik shuddhata bade paimaane par brahmacharya aur vairaagyavaad (asceticism) se juda hota hai.gaaaindhi ne brahmacharya ko bhagavaan ke kareeb aane aur apne ko pahachaanane ka praathamik aadhaar ke roop mein dekha tha apni aatmakatha mein ve apni bachapan ki dulhan kastooraba (Kasturba) ke saath apni kaamechha aur irshya ke sangharsho ko bataatein hain unhonne mahasoos kiya ki yeh unka vyaktigat daayitv hai ki unhein brahmacharya rahana hai taaki ve bajaay havas ke prem ko sikh paayein gaaaindhi ke liye, brahmacharya ka arth tha "indriyon ke antargat vichaaron, shabd aur karm par niyantran".^[36]

saadagi

gaaaindhi ji ka maanana tha ki agar ek vyakti samaaj seva mein kaaryarat hai to use saadhaaran jeevan (simple life) ki aur hi badhna chaahiye jise ve brahmacharya ke liye aavashyak maanate the. unki saadagi (simplicity) ne pashchami jeevan shaili ko tyaagane par majaboor karne laga aur ve dakshin Africa mein failane lage the ise ve "khud ko shunya ke sthiti mein laana" kehte hain jisme anaavashyak kharch, saadhaaran jeevan shaili ko apanaana aur apne vastr swayam dhona aavashyak hai.^[37]ek avsar par janmadaar ki aur se sammudaya ke liye unki anvarat seva ke liye pradaan kiye gaye upahaar ko bhi vaapas kar dete hain.^[38]

gaaaindhi saptaah mein ek din maun dhaaran karte the.unka maanana tha ki bolne ke parahej se unhein aatanrik shaanti (inner peace) milaati hai. unapar yeh prabhaav hindu maun siddhaant ka hai, (sanskrut: - maun) aur shaanti (sanskrut: -shaanti)vaise dinon mein ve kaagaj par likhkar doosaron ke saath sampark karte the 37 varsh ki aayu se saadhe teen varshon tak Gandhi ji ne akhbaaron ko padhne se inkaar kar diya jiske javaab mein unka kehna tha ki jagat ki aaj jo sthir avastha hai usane use apni swayam ki aantarik ashaanti ki tulana mein adhik bhramit kiya hai.

John raskin (John Ruskin) ki antoo dis laast (Unto This Last), padhane ke baad unhonne apne jeevan shaili mein parivartan karne ka faisala kiya tatha ek samudaaya banaaya jise amarapakshi avasthaapan kaha jaata tha.

dakshin Africa, jahaaain se unhonne vakaalat poori ki thi tatha dhan aur safalta ke saath jude the vahaan se lautane ke pashchaat unhonne pashchami shaili ke vastron ka tyaag kiya.unhonne Bhaarat ke sabse gareeb insaan ke dvaara jo vastr pahane jaate hain use sveekaar kiya, tatha ghar mein bane hue kapde (khaadi) pahanane ki vakaalat bhi ki.gaaaindhi aur unke anuyaayiyon ne apne kapde soot ke dvaara khud bunane ke abhyaas ko apnaaya aur doosaro ko bhi aisa karne ke liye protsaahit kiya haalaaainki bhaarateeya shramik berojgaari ke kaaran bahudha aalasi the, ve aksar apne kapde un audyogik nirmaataaon se khareedte the jiska uddeshya british hiton ko pura karna tha. gaaaindhi ka mat tha ki agar bhaarateeya apne kapde khud banaane lage, to yeh Bhaarat mein base britishon ko aarthik jhatka lagega. falasvaroop, baad mein charakha (spinning wheel) ko bhaarateeya raashtreeya jhanda mein shaamil kiya gaya. apne saadhaaran jeevan ko darshaane ke liye unhonne baad mein apni baaki jeevan mein dhoti pahani

vishvaas

gaaaindhi ka janm hindu dharm mein hua, unke pure jeevan mein adhiktar sidhaanton ki utpati hindutv se hua. saadhaaran hindu ki tarah ve saare dharmon ko samaan roop se maanate the, aur saare prayaason jo unhein dharm parivartan ke liye koshish kiye ja rahe the use asveekaar kiya. ve brahmajnyaaan ke jaankaar the aur sabhi pramukh dharmo ko vistaar se padhtein the. unhonne hindu dharm ke baare mein nimnalikhit kaha hai.

hindu dharm ke baarein mein jitna main jaanta hooain yeh meri aatma ko santusht karti hai, aur saari kamiyon ko poora karti hai jab mujhe sandeh gher leti hai, jab niraasha mujhe ghoorane lagti hai, aur jab mujhe aasha ki koi kiran najar nahi aati hai, tab main Bhagwad geeta ko padh leta hooain aur tab mere man ko aseem shaanti milti hai aur tunrat hi mere chehare se niraasha ke baadal chhant jaatein hain aur main khush ho jaata hooain.mera pura jeevan traasadiyon se bhara hai aur yadi vo drushyaatmak aur amit prabhaav mujh par nahi chhodta, main iske liye bhagavat geeta ke upadeshon ka rini hooain.

gaaaindhi smruti ( jis ghar mein gaaaindhi ne apne antim 4 maheene bitaaen vah aaj ek smaarak ban gaya hai ,nai Delhi)

gaaaindhi ne bhagavad geeta ki vyaakhya gujaraati mein bhi ki hai.mahaadev Desai ne gujaraati paandulipi ka atirikt bhoomika tatha vivran ke saath angreji mein anuvaad kiya hai gaaaindhi ke dvaara likhe gaye praakkathan ke saath iska prakaashan 1946 mein hua tha .^[39][40]

gaaaindhi ka maanana tha ki pratyek dharm ke mool mein satya aur prem hota hai ( samvedna, ahinsa aur svarn niyam (the Golden Rule)) dhong, kupratha aadi par bhi unhonne sabhi dharmo ke sidhaanton se savaal kiye aur ve ek athak samaaj sudhaarak the.unki kuchh tippaniyaan vibhinn dharmo par hai ;

yadi main isaai dharm ko aadarsh ke roop mein ya mahaanatam roop mein sveekaar naheen kar sakta to kabhi bhi main hindutv ke prati is prakaar drud nishchayi naheen ban paata. hindu dosh duraagrahpurvak mujhe dikhaai deti thi yadi asprushyata hindutv ka hissa hota to vah iska sabse sada ang hota.sampradaayon ki anek jaatiyon aur unke astitv ko main kabhi samajh naheen sakta iska kya arth hai ki ved parameshvar ke shabd se prerit hai?yadi vein prerit the to kyon naheen baaibal aur Quraan ?isaai dost mujhe parivrtit karne ka prayaas karte hain to muslim dost kya kareinge abdullaah sheth mujhe hamesha islaam ka adhyayan karne ke liye prerit karte the aur nishchit roop se hamesha islaam ki sundarata ka hi bakhaan karte the ( srot : unki aatmakatha (his autobiography))

jitna jaldi ham naitik aadhaar se haareinge utana hi jaldi hamame dhaarmik yuddh samaapt ho jaayegi aisi koi baat naheen hai ki dharm naitikta ke upar ho udaaharan ke taur par koi manushya asatyavaadi, kroor ya asanyami ho aur vah yeh daava kare ki parameshvar uske saath hain kabhi ho hi naheen sakta

muhammad ki baatein gyaan ka khajaana hai sirf musalmaanon ke liye hi naheen balki poori maanav jaati ke liye

baad mein unke jeevan mein jab poochha gaya ki kya tum hindu ho, unhonne kaha:

"haaain main hooain.main bhi ek isaai, muslim, bauddh aur yahoodi hooain."

ek doosare ke prati gahra aadar bhaav hone ke baavajood gaaaindhi aur rabindranaath Tagore ek se adhik baar lambi bahas mein lage rahe. ye vaad vivaad donon ke daarshanik matabhed ko darshaati hai aur ye donon hi us samay ke prasiddh bhaarateeya daarshanik the 15 January 1934 mein Bihar mein ek bhookamp aaya aur jiske kaaran vyaapak nuksaan hua aur kai jaanein gain gaaaindhi ji ne apne aap ko sambhaala kyonki yeh paap hindu dharm ke uchch jaati vargon ke dvaara kiya gaya tha jo apne mandiron mein achhooton ko andar jaane se mana karte the ( gaaaindhi ke kaaran hi chhuaachhut mein vruddhi hui thi kyonki unhonne unhein harijn (Harijan), Krishna ke log kaha tha, gaaaindhi ke vichaaron ka tagor (Tagore) ne jordaar virodh kiya aur kaha ki bhookamp naitik kaaranon se nahi praakrutik shaktiyon se hoti hain, chaahe vah asprushyata ki pratha ke kitne hi viruddh ho.^[41]

gaaaindheeji dvaara sampaadit patra-patrikaaeain

gaaaindhi ji ek safal lekhak the. kai dashakon tak ve anek patron ka sanpaadan kar chuke the jisme harijn, Indian opiniyn, yang India aadi sammilit hain. jab ve Bhaarat mein vaapas aae tab unhonne 'navajeevan' naamak maasik patrika nikaali. baad mein navajeevan ka prakaashan hindi mein bhi hua.^[42] iske alaava unhonne lagbhag har roj vyaktiyon aur samaachaar patron ko patra likha

gaaaindhi ne kuchh kitaabein bhi likhi apni aatmakatha ke saath, ek aatmakatha ya satya ke saath mere prayog (An Autobiography or My Experiments with Truth), dakshin Africa mein satyaagrah, vahaan ke sangharsho ke baarein mein, hind Swaraj ya Indian hom rul, raajanaitik prachaar patrika aur John raskin ki antoo dis laast (Unto This Last) ki gujaraati mein vyaakhya ki hai.^[43] antim nibandh ko unka arthashaastr se sambandhit kaaryakram kaha ja sakta hai unhonne shaakaahaar, bhojan aur svaasthya, dharm, saamaajik sudhaar par bhi vistaar se likha hai. gaaaindhi aamtaur par gujaraati mein likhtein the parantu apni kitaabon ka hidi aur angreji mein bhi anuvaad karte the.

gaaaindhi ka poora kaarya mahaatma gaaaindhi ke sanchit lekh naam se 1960 mein Bhaarat sarkaar dvaara prakaashit kiya gaya hai. yeh lekhan lagbhag 50000 pannon mein samaavisht hai aur takreeban sau khandon mein prakaashit hai. san 2000 mein gaaaindhi ke pura kaaryon ka sanshodhit sanskaran vivaadon ke ghere mein aa gaya kyonki gaaaindhi ke anuyaayiyon ne sarkaar par raajanitik udeshyon ke liye parivartan shaamil karne ka aarop lagaaya.^[44]

gaaaindhi par pustakein

kai jeevani lekhakon ne gaaaindhi ke jeevan varnan ka kaarya liya hai unamein se do kaarya alag hain;deeji Tendulkar apne mahaatma ke saath. mohanadaas karamachand gaaaindhi ka jeevan aath khandon mein hai aur mahaatma gaaaindhi ke saath pyaarelaal aur susheela Nair 10 khandon mein hai. Colonel ji bi ameriki sena ke Singh ne kaha ki apne tathyaatmak shodh pustak gaaaindhi: behaayind the maask of diviniti ke mool bhaashan aur lekhan ke liye unhonne apne 20 varsh^[45] laga diye

kathit samalaingik prem sambandh

2011 mein prakaashit kitaab great sol: mahaatma Gandhi end hij struggle vid India mein pulitjr puraskaar vijeta lekhak josef leleeveld ne mahaatma gaaaindhi aur unke dakshin afreeka mein rahe sahayogi harman kelenabaakh ke rishton ko ananya prem sambandh bataaya hai. pustak ke prakaashan ke samay is kaaran se Bhaarat mein vivaad ho gaya, aur gaaaindhi ke gruh raajya Gujarat ki vidhaan sabha ne ek sankalp ke maadhyam se is pustak ki bikri pr rok laga di.^[46] leleeveld ke mutaabik, unki pustak ke aadhaar par gaaaindhi ki samalaingi ya dvilingi hone ke lagaae ja rahe aankalan galat hain. unhonne kaha, "yeh kitaab ye naheen kehti ki gaaaindhi samalaingik ya dvilingi the.yeh [kitaab] kehti hai ki [gaaaindhi] brahmachaari the, aur kailenabaakh se gahre [dil] se jude the. aur yeh koi nai jaankaari naheen hai." ^[47](yathaashabd).

mahaatma Gandhi aur unke dakshin afreeki mitr haraman kaalenabaakh se sambandhit dastaavejon ko 1.28 million dollar (kareeb 6.88 karod rupae) mein khareed kar Bhaarat laaya gaya hai. 2012 mein neelaam hone se pehle Bhaarat sarkaar ne inhein sodabi neelaami ghar se gopaneeya karaar mein khareeda tha. kaalenabaakh dakshin Africa mein jimnaast, baudi bildar aur aarkitekt the. unhonne MK Gandhi ko kuchh aise bhi patra bheje the jinhein kuchh sameekshak 'prem patra' kehte hain. in donon logon ka rishta kaafi vivaadit raha tha.^[48]

mahatvapoorn neta aur raajaneetik gatividhiyaaain gaaaindhi se prabhaavit theen. America ke naagrik adhikaar aandolan ke netaaon mein Martin loothar King aur James laavsan gaaaindhi ke lekhan jo unheen ke siddhaant ahinsa ko viksit karti hai, se kaafi aakarshit hue the.^[49] virodhi-rangabhed kaaryakarta aur dakshin Africa ke poorv raashtrapati nelsan mandela, gaaaindhi ji se prerit the.^[50] aur dusare log Khan abdul gaffer Khan,^[51]Steve biko aur aung soo kai (Aung San Suu Kyi) hain.^[52]

gaaaindhi ka jeevan tatha upadesh kai logon ko prerit karti hai jo gaaaindhi ko apna guru maanate hai ya jo gaaaindhi ke vichaaron ka prasaar karne mein apna jeevan samarpit kar dete hain. Europe ke, romen rollaand pehla vyakti tha jisne 1924 mein apne kitaab mahaatma gaaaindhi mein gaaaindhi ji par charcha ki thi aur Brazil ki araajakataavaadi (anarchist) aur naareevaadi Maria laasarda de maura ne apne kaarya shaantivaad mein gaaaindhi ke baarein mein likha.1931 mein ullekhaneeya bhautik vigyaani alabart aainstaain, gaaaindhi ke saath patraachaar karte the aur apne baad ke patron mein unhein "aane vaale peedhiyon ka aadarsh" kaha.^[53]laanja del vasto (Lanza del Vasto) mahaatma gaaaindhi ke saath rahane ke iraade se san 1936 mein Bhaarat aaya; aur baad mein gaaaindhi darshan ko failaane ke liye vah Europe vaapas aaya aur 1948 mein usane kamyuniti of the aark ki sthaapana ki.(gaaaindhi ke aashram se prabhaavit hokar)madeline sled (meeraaben) british nausenaapati ki beti thi jisne apna adhik se adhik vyask jeevan gaaaindhi ke bhakt ke roop mein Bhaarat mein bitaaya tha.

iske atirikt, british sangeetakaar John lenan ne gaaaindhi ka havaala diya jab ve ahinsa par apne vichaaron ko vyakt kar rahe the.^[54] 2007 mein kens lions antar raashtreeya vigyaapan mahotsav (Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival), America ke poorv uparaashtrapati aur paryaavaranavid al gor ne un par gaaaindhi ke prabhaav ko bataaya.^[55]

shat varsheeya mahaatma gaaaindhi ki moorti vyaapaarik kshetr ke keindreeya sthaan piyetermaaritjburg (Pietermaritzburg), dakshin Africa mein hai.

2 October gaaaindhi ka janmadin hai isliye gaaaindhi jayanti ke avsar par Bhaarat mein raashtreeya avakaash hota hai 15 June 2007 ko yeh ghoshana ki gayi thi ki "sayunkt raashtra maha sabha " ek prastaav ki ghoshana ki, ki 2 October (2 October) ko "antarraashtreeya ahinsa diwas" ke roop mein manaaya jaaega.^[56]

aksar pashchim mein mahaatma shabd ka arth glat roop mein le liya jaata hai unke anusaar yeh sanskrut se liya gaya hai jisme maha ka arth mahaan aur aatm ka arth aatma hota hai. jyaadaatar sootron ke anusaar jaise datta aur robinsan ke rabindranaath tagor: sankalan mein kaha gaya hai ki rabindranaath tagor ne sabse pehle gaaaindhi ko mahaatma ka khitaab diya tha.^[57] anya sootron ke anusaar nautaamalaal bhagavaanaji Mehta ne 21 January 1915 mein unhein yeh khitaab diya tha.^[58] haalaaainki gaaaindhi ne apni aatmakatha mein kaha hai ki unhein kabhi nahi laga ki ve is sammaan ke yogya hain.^[59] maanapatr ke anusaar, gaaaindhi ko unke nyaaya aur satya ke saraahaneeye balidaan ke liye mahaatma naam mila hai.^[60]

1930 mein time patrika ne mahaatma gaaaindhi ko varsh ka puroosh ka naam diyaaI 1999 mein gaaaindhi alabart aainstaain jinhe sadi ka puroosh naam diya gaya ke mukaabale dviteeya sthaan jagah par the. time patrika ne dalaai laama, lech vaalesa, Dr Martin loothar King, junior, sesar shaavej, aung saan soo kai, benigno akuino junior, desamand tootoo aur nelsan mandela ko gaaaindhi ke putr ke roop mein kaha aur unke ahinsa ke aadyaatmik utaraadhikaari.^[61] Bhaarat sarkaar prati varsh ullekhaneeya saamaajik kaaryakartaaon, vishv ke netaaon aur naagrikon ko mahaatma gaaaindhi shaanti puruskaar se puruskrut karti hai. nelsan mandela, saaooth Africa ke neta jo ki jaateeya matabhed aur paarthakya ke unmoolan mein sangharsharat rahe hain, is purooskaar ke liye ek pravaasi bhaarateeya ke roop mein prabal daavedaar hain.

1996 mein, Bhaarat sarkaar ne mahaatma gaaaindhi ki shrrunkhala ke noton ke mudran ko 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 aur 1000 ke ankan ke roop mein aarambh kiya. aaj jitne bhi not istemaal mein hain unapar mahaatma gaaaindhi ka chitr hai. 1969 mein United kingadam ne daak tiket ki ek shrrunkhala mahaatma gaaaindhi ke shatvarshik jayanti ke upalakshya mein jaari ki.

nai Delhi mein gaaaindhi smruti par sahaadat stambh us sthaan ko chinhit karta hai jahaaain par unki hatya huyi.

United kingadam mein aise anek gaaaindhi ji ki pratimaaeain un khaas sthaanon par hain jaise landan vishvavidyaalaya kaalej ke paas taavistok chauk, landan jahaaain par unhonne kaanoon ki shiksha praapt ki. United kingadam mein January 30 ko “araashtreeya gaaaindhi smruti divsa” manaaya jaata hai.sanyukt raajya mein, gaaaindhi ki pratimaaeain new yaark shahar mein union square ke bahaar aur Atlanta mein Martin loothar King junior raashtreeya aitihaasik sthal aur Washington di.si mein bhaarateeya dootaavaas ke sameep mesaasushaits maarg mein hain. bhaarateeya dootaavaas ke sameep pitrmaritjbarg, dakshin Africa, jahaaain par 1893 mein gaaaindhi ko pratham-shreni se nikal diya gaya tha vahaan unki smruti mein ek pratima sthaapit ki gaye hai. gaaaindhi ki pratimaaeain madaam tusaud ke mom sangrahaalaya, landan mein, new yaark aur vishv ke anek shaharon mein sthaapit hain.

gaaaindhi ko kabhi bhi shaanti ka Nobel puraskaar praapt nahi hua, haalaaainki unako 1937 se 1948 ke beech, paaainch baar manoneet kiya gaya jisme American freinds service committee dvaara diya gaya naamaankan bhi shaamil hai .^[62] dashako uparaant Nobel samiti ne saarvajaanik roop mein yeh ghoshit kiya ki unhein apni is bhool par khed hai aur yeh sveekaar kiya ki purooskaar na dene ki vajah vibhaajit raashtreeya vichaar the. mahaatma gaaaindhi ko yeh puruskaar 1948 mein diya jaana tha, parantu unki hatya ke kaaran ise rok dena pada.us saal do nae raashtra Bhaarat aur Pakistan mein yuddh chhid jaana bhi ek jatil kaaran tha.^[63] gaaaindhi ke mrutyu varsh 1948 mein puraskaar is vajah se nahi diya gaya ki koi jeevit yogya ummeedavaar nahi tha aur jab 1989 mein dalaai laama ko purushkrut kiya gaya to samiti ke adhyaksh ne ye kaha ki "yeh mahaatma gaaaindhi ki yaad mein shradhaanjali ka hi hissa hai."^[64]

raaj ghaat, nai-Delhi, Bhaarat mein, us sthaan ko chinhit karta hai jahaaain par 1948 mein gaaaindhi ka daah-sanskaar hua tha

Birla bhavan (ya Birla hauus), nai Delhi jahaaain par 30janvari, 1948 ko gaaaindhi ki hatya ki gayi ka adhigrahan Bhaarat sarkaar ne 1971 mein kar liya tatha 1973 mein gaaaindhi smruti ke roop mein janta ke liye khol diya. yeh us kamre ko sanjoya hue hai jahaaain gaaaindhi ne apne aakhir ke chaar maheene bitaaye aur vah maidaan bhi jahaaain raat ke tahalane ke liye jaate vakt unki hatya kar di gayi. ek shaheed stambh ab us jagah ko chinhit karta hain jahaaain par unki hatya kar di gayi thi.

prati varsh 30 January ko, mahaatma gaaaindhi ke punyatithi par kai deshon ke schoolon mein ahinsa aur shaanti ka schooli din (DENIP manaaya jaata hai jiski sthaapana 1964 Spain mein huyi thi. ve desh jinmein dakshini golaardh calendar istemaal kiya jaata hain, vahaan 30 March ko ise manaaya jaata hai.

mahaatma Gandhi (Jóazef Gosłaawski, 1932)

gaaaindhi ke kathor ahinsa ka nateeja shaantivaad (pacifism) hai, jo ki raajanaitik kshetr se aalochna ka ek mool aadhaar hai.

vibhaajan ki sankalpana

niyam ke roop mein gaaaindhi vibhaajan ki avadhaarana ke khilaaf the kyonki yeh unke dhaarmik ekta ke drushtikon ke pratikool thi.^[65] 6 October 1946 mein harijn mein unhonne Bhaarat ka vibhaajan Pakistan banaane ke liye, ke baare mein likha:

(Pakistan ki maang) jaisa ki musleem league dvaara prastut kiya gaya gair-islaami hai aur main ise paapayukt kehne se nahi hichkoongaaislaam maanav jaati ke bhaaichaare aur ekta ke liye khada hai, na ki maanav parivaar ke ekya ka avarodh karne ke liye.is vajah se jo yeh chaahate hain ki Bhaarat do yuddh ke samoohon mein badal jaae ve Bhaarat aur islaam donon ke dushman hain. ve mujhe tukadon mein kaat sakte hain par mujhe us cheej ke liye raaji naheen kar sakte jise main glat samajhta hooain[...] hamein aas nahi chhodani chaahiye, iske baavajood ki khyaali baate ho rahi hain ki hamein musalmaanon ko apne prem ke kaid mein abalaambit kar lena chaahiye.^[66]

fir bhi, Jack homar gaaaindhi ke jinna ke saath Pakistan ke vishay ko lekar ek lambe patraachaar par dhyaan dete hue kehte hain- "haalaaainki Gandhi vaiyaktik roop mein vibhaajan ke khilaaf the, unhonne sahamati ka sujhaav diya jiske tahat Congress aur muslim league asthaayi sarkaar ke neeche samjhauta karte hue apni aajaadi praapt karein jiske baad vibhaajan ke prashn ka faisala un jilon ke janamat dvaara hoga jahaaain par musalmaanon ki sankhya jyaada hai."^[67].

Bhaarat ke vibhaajan ke vishay ko lekar yeh dohari sthiti rakhana, gaaaindhi ne isse hinduon aur musalmaanon donon taraf se aalochna ke aayaam khol diye. muhammad Ali jinna tatha samakaaleen Pakistaniyon ne gaaaindhi ko muslamaan raajanaitik hak ko kam kar aankane ke liye ninda ki.vinaayak Damodar saavarakaar aur unke sahayogiyon ne gaaaindhi ki ninda ki aur aarop lagaaya ki ve raajanaitik roop se musalmaanon ko manaane mein lage hue hain tatha hinduon par ho rahe atyaachaar ke prati ve laaparavaah hain aur Pakistan ke nirmaan ke liye sveekruti de di hai (haalaaainki saarvajaanik roop se unhonne yeh ghoshit kiya tha ki vibhaajan se pehle mere shareer ko do hisson mein kaat diya jaaega).^[68] yeh aaj bhi raajanaitik roop se vivaadaspad hai, jaise ki Pakistani-Amreeki itihaasakaar aayesha jalaal yeh tark deti hain ki vibhaajan ki vajah gaaaindhi aur Congress musleem league ke saath satta baantane mein ikhuk nahi the, dusare masalan hindu raashtravaadi raajaneta praveen togadiya bhi gaaaindhi ke is vishay ko lekar netrutv ki aalochna karte hain, yeh bhi ingit karte hain ki unke hisse ki atyadhik kamjori ki vajah se Bhaarat ka vibhaajan hua.

gaaaindhi ne 1930 ke ant-ant mein vibhaajan ko lekar Israel ke nirmaan ke liye filisteen ke vibhaajan ke prati bhi apni aruchi jaahir ki thi. 26 October 1938 ko unhonne harijn mein kaha tha:

mujhe kai patra praapt hue jinme mujhse poochha gaya ki main ghoshit karuain ki Germany mein yahoodiyon ke utpeedan aur arab-yahoodiyon ke baare mein kya vichaar rakhata hooain (persecution of the Jews in Germany). aisa nahi ki is kathin prashn par apne vichaar main bina jhijhak ke de paauainga. meri sahaanubhooti yahudion ke saath hai. main unase dakshin Africa se hi najadeeki roop se parichit hooain kuchh to jeevan bhar ke liye mere saathi ban gaye hain. in mitron ke dvaara hi mujhe lambe samay se ho rahe utpeedan ke baare mein jaankaari mili. ve isaai dharm ke achhoot rahe hain par meri sahaanubhooti mujhe nyaaya ki aavashyakta se vivekashoonya nahi karti yahoodiyon ke liye ek raashtra ki duhaai mujhe jyaada aakarshit nahi karti. jiski manjoori baaibal mein di gayi aur jis jid se ve apni vaapasi mein filisteen ko chaahane lage hain. kyon nahi ve, pruthvi ke dusare logon se prem karte hain, us desh ko apna ghar banaate jahaaain par unka janm hua aur jahaaain par unhonne jeevikopaarjan kiya. filisteen arabon ka hain, theek usi tarah jis tarah inalaind angrejon ka aur France fransision ka. yahoodiyon ko arabon par adhiropit karna anuchit aur amaanaveeya hai jo kuchh bhi aaj filisteen mein ho raha hain use kisi bhi aachaar sanhita se sahi saabit nahi kiya ja sakta.^[69][70]

hinsak pratirodh ki asveekruti

jo log hinsa ke jariye aajaadi haasil karna chaahate the gaaaindhi unki aalochna ke kaaran bhi thoda sa raajanaitik aag ki lapet mein bhi aa gaye bhagat Singh, sukhadev, udam Singh, raajaguru ki faansi ke khilaaf unka inkaar kuchh dalon mein unki ninda ka kaaran bani.^[71][72]

is aalochna ke liye gaaaindhi ne kaha,"ek aisa samay tha jab log mujhe suna karte the ki kis tarah angrejo se bina hathiyaar lada ja sakta hai kyonki tab hathayaar nahi the...par aaj mujhe kaha jaata hai ki meri ahinsa kisi kaam ki nahi kyonki isse hindu-musalmaanon ke dango ko nahi roka ja sakta isliye aatmaraksha ke liye sashastr ho jaana chaahiye."^[73]

unhonne apni bahas kai lekho mein ki, jo ki homar jaiks ke the gaaaindhi reedar: ek srot unke lekhani aur jeevan ka . 1938 mein jab pehli baar "yahoodeevaad aur semeteesam virodhi" likhi gayi, gaaaindhi ne 1930 mein hue Germany mein yahoodiyon par hue utpeedan (persecution of the Jews in Germany) ko satyaagrah ke antargat bataaya unhonne Germany mein yahoodiyon dvaara sahe gaye kathinaaiyon ke liye ahinsa ke tareeke ko istemaal karne ki peshakash yeh kehte hue ki

agar main ek yahoodi hota aur Germany mein janma hota aur apna jeevikopaarjan vaheen se kar raha hota to Germany ko apna ghar maanata iske vaavajood ki koi sabhya jarman mujhe dhamakaata ki vah mujhe goli maar dega ya kisi andhakoopakaaraagaar mein feink dega, main tadeepaar aur matabhedeeye aacharan ke adheen hone se inkaar kar dooainga . aur iske liye main yahoodi bhaaiyon ka intajaar naahe karoonga ki ve aayein aur mere vaidhaanik praitrodh mein mujhse judein, balki mujhe aatmavishvaas hoga ki aakhir mein sabhi mera udahaaran maanane ke liye baadhya ho jaayeinge. yahaaain par jo nuskha diya gaya hai agar vah ek bhi yahoodi ya saare yahoodi sveekaar kar lein, to unki sthiti jo aaj hai usase badatar nahi hogi. aur agar diye gaye peeda ko ve svechhaapoorvak sah lein to vah unhein androoni shakti aur aanand pradaan karega aur hitlar ki suvichaarit hinsa bhi yahoodiyon ki ek saadhaaran nar sanhaar ke roop mein nishkarshit ho tatha yeh uske atyaachaaron ki ghoshana ke khilaaf pehla javaab hogi. agar yahoodiyon ka dimaag svechhayaapoorvak peeda sahane ke liye tayaar ho, meri kalpana hai ki sanhaar ka din bhi dhanyavaad gyaapan aur aanand ke din mein badal jaaega jaisa ki jihova ne gadha.. ek atyaachaari ke haath mein apni jaati ko dekar kiya. ishvar ka bhaya rakhane vaale, mrutyu ke aatank se nahi darate.^[74]

gaaaindhi ki in vaktavyon ke kaaran kaafi aalochna huyi jinka javaab unhonne "yahoodiyon par prashn" lekh mein diya saath mein unke mitron ne yahoodiyon ko kiye gaye mere appeal ki aalochna mein samaachaar patra ki do kartane bhejeen do aalochanaaeain yeh sanket karti hain ki mainne jo yahoodiyon ke khilaaf hue anyaaya ka upaaya bataaya, vah bilkul naya nahi hai....mera keval yeh nivedan hain ki agar hrudaya se hinsa ko tyaag de to nishkarshat: vah abhyaas se ek shakti srujit karega jo ki bade tyaag ki vajah se hai.^[75] unhonne aalochanaaon ka uttar "yahoodi mitro ko javaab"^[76] aur "yahoodi aur filisteen"^[77] mein diya yeh jaahir karte hue ki "mainne hrudaya se hinsa ke tyaag ke liye kaha jisse nishkarshat: abhyaas se ek shakti srujit karega jo ki bade tyaag ki vajah se hai.^[75]

yahoodiyon ki aasann aahuti ko lekar gaaaindhi ke bayaan ne kai teekaakaaron ki aalochna ko aakarshit kiya.^[78]Martin boobar (Martin Buber), jo ki swayam yahoodi raajya ke ek virodhi hain ne gaaaindhi ko 24 February, 1939 ko ek teekshn aalochanaatmak patra likha. boobar ne drudhta ke saath kaha ki angrejon dvaara bhaarateeya logon ke saath jo vyavahaar kiya gaya vah naajiyon dvaara yahoodiyon ke saath kiye gaye vyavahaar se bhinn hai, iske alaava jab bhaarateeya utpeedan ke shikaar the, gaaaindhi ne kuchh avsaron par bal ke prayog ka samarthan kiya.^[79]

gaaaindhi ne 1930 mein Germany mein yahoodiyon (persecution of the Jews in Germany) ke utpeedan ko satyaagrah ke bheetar hi sandarbhit kaha. November 1938 mein uparaavit yahoodiyon ke naaji utpeedan ke liye unhonne ahinsa ke upaaya ko sujhaaya:

aabhaas hota hai ki yahoodiyon ke jarman utpeedan ka itihaas mein koi saamaanaantar nahi. puraane jamaane ke taanaashaah kabhi itne paagal nahi hue jitna ki hitlar hua aur ise ve dhaarmik utsaah ke saath karte hain ki vah ek aise ananya dharm aur jangi raashtra ko prastut kar raha hai jiske naam par koi bhi amaanaveeyata maanaveeyata ka niyam ban jaati hai jise abhi aur bhavishya mein puruskrut kiya jaayega. jaahir si baat hai ki ek paagal parantu nidr yuva dvaara kiya gaya aparaadh saari jaati par avishvasaneeya ugrata ke saath padega.yadi kabhi koi nyaayasangat yuddh maanavata ke naam par, to ek puri com ke prati Germany ke dheeth utpeedan ke khilaaf yuddh ko poorn roop se uchit kaha ja sakta hain. par main kisi yuddh mein vishvaas nahi rakhata. ise yuddh ke nafa-nuksaan ke baare mein charcha mere adhikaar kshetr mein nahi hai. parantu Germany dvaara yahoodiyon par kiye gaye is tarah ke aparaadh ke khilaaf yuddh nahi kiya ja sakta to Germany ke saath gathabandhan bhi nahi kiya ja sakta yeh kaise ho sakta hain ki aise deshon ke beech gathabandhan ho jisme se ek nyaaya aur prajaatantr ka daava karta hain aur doosra jise donon ka dushman ghoshit kar diya gaya hai?"^[80][81]

dakshin Africa ke praarambhik lekh

gaaaindhi ke dakshin Africa ko lekar shuruaati lekh kaafi vivaadaspad hain 7 March, 1908 ko, gaaaindhi ne Indian opiniyn mein dakshin Africa mein unke kaaraagaar jeevan ke baare mein likha "kaafir shaasan mein hi asabhya hain - kaidi ke roop mein to aur bhi. ve kashtadaayak, gande aur lagbhag pashuon ki tarah rahate hain."^[82] 1903 mein apravaas ke vishay ko lekar gaaaindhi ne tippani ki ki "main maanata hooain ki jitna ve apni jaati ki shuddhata par vishvaas karte hain utana ham bhi...ham maanate hain ki dakshin Africa mein jo gori jaati hai use hi shresht jaati honi chaahiye."^[83] dakshin Africa mein apne samay ke dauraan gaaaindhi ne baar-baar bhaarateeyon ka ashveton ke saath saamaajik vargeekaran ko lekar virodh kiya, jinke baare mein ve varnan karte hain ki " nisandeh poorn roop se kaafiron se shreshth hain".^[84] yeh dhyaan dene yogya hain ki gaaaindhi ke samay mein kaafir ka vartamaan mein (a different connotation) istemaal ho rahe arth se ek alag arth tha (its present-day usage). gaaaindhi ke in kathanon ne unhein kuchh logon dvaara nasalavaadi hone ke aarop ko lagaane ka mauka diya hai.^[85]

itihaas ke do profesar surendr bhaana aur gulaam vaahed, jo dakshin Africa ke itihaas par mahaarat rakhate hain, ne apne moolagranth the meking of a politikl riformaar : gaaaindhi in saaooth Africa, 1893 - 1914 mein is vivaad ki jaanch ki hai.(nai Delhi:manohar,2005).^[86] adhyaaya ek ke kendra mein,"gaaaindhi, aupaniveshik sthiti mein janme afreeki aur bhaarateeya" jo ki "shvet aadhiptya" mein afreeki aur bhaarateeya samudaayon ke sambandhon par hai tatha un neetiyon par jinki vajah se vibhaajan hua (aur ve tark dete hain ki in samudaayon ke beech sangharsh laajimi sa hai) is sambandh ke baare mein ve kehte hain, "yuva gaaaindhi 1890 mein un vibhaajeeya vichaaron se prabhaavit the jo ki us samay prabal theen."^[87] saath hi saath ve yeh bhi kehte hain, "gaaaindhi ke jail ke anubhav ne unhein un logon ki sthiti ke prati adheek samvedansheel bana diya tha...aage gaaaindhi drudh ho gaye the; ve afreekiyon ke prati apne abhivyakti mein poorvaagrah ko lekar bahut kam nirnaayak ho gaye aur vruhat star par samaan kaaranon ke binduon ko dekhne lage the. johaansabarg jail mein unke nakaaraatmak drushtikon mein dheeth afreeki kaidi the na ki aam afreeki."^[88]

dakshin Africa ke poorv raashtrapati nelsan mandela gaaaindhi ke anuyaayi hain,^[50] 2003 mein gaaaindhi ke aalochakon dvaara pratima ke anaavaran ko rokane ki koshish ke baavajood unhonne use johaansabarg mein anaavrut kiya.^[85] bhaana aur vaahed ne anaavaran ke ird-gird hone waali ghatnaaon par the meking of a politikl riformaar : gaaaindhi in saaooth Africa, 1913-1914 mein tippani kiya hai. anubhaag " dakshin Africa ke liye gaaaindhi ke viraasat" mein ve likhte hain " gaaaindhi ne dakshin Africa ke sakriya kaaryakartaaon ke aane waali peedhiyon ko shvet adhiptya ko khtm karne ke liye prerit kiya. yeh viraasat unhein nelsan mandela se jodti hain..maane yeh ki jis kam ko gaaaindhi ne shuroo kiya tha use mandela ne khatm kiya."^[89] ve jaari rakhate hain un vivaadon ka havaala dete hue jo gaaaindhi ki pratima ke anaavaran ke dauraan uthe the.^[90] gaaaindhi ke prati in do drushtikonon ke pratikriya svarup, bhaana aur vaahed tark dete hain : ve log ko dakshin Africa mein rangabhed ke pashchaat apne raajanaitik uddeshya ke liye gaaaindhi ko sahi thaharaana chaahate hain ve unke baare mein kai tathyon ko najarandaaj karte hue kaaran mein kuchh jyaada madad nahi karte; aur jo unhein keval ek naslavaadi kehte hain ve bhi glat bayaani ke utane hi doshi hain/vikruti ke utane hi doshi hain."^[91]

raajya virodhi

gaaaindhi raaj virodhi (anti statist) us roop mein the jahaaain unka drushtikon us Bhaarat ka hain jo ki kisi sarkaar ke adheen na ho.^[92] unka vichaar tha ki ek desh mein sachche svashaasan (self rule) ka arth hai ki pratyak vyakti khud par shaasan karta hain tatha koi aisa raajya nahi jo logon par kaanoon laagu kar sake.^[93][94] kuchh maukon par unhonne swayam ko ek daarshanik araajakataavaadi kaha hai (philosophical anarchist).^[95] unke arth mein ek svatantr Bhaarat ka astitv un hajaaron chhote chhote aatmanirbhar samudaayon se hai (sanbhavat: taalastoya ka vichaar) jo bina doosaro ke adchan bane khud par raajya karte hain. iska yeh matlab nahi tha ki britishon dvaara sthaapit prashaashanik dhaanche ko bhaarateeyon ko sthaanaantarit kar dena jiske liye unhonne kaha ki Hindustan ko ingalistaan banaana hai.^[96] british dhang ke sansadeeya tantr par koi vishvaas na hone ke kaaran ve Bhaarat mein aajaadi ke baad Congress party ko bhang kar pratyaksh lokatantr (direct democracy) pranaali ko^[97] sthaapit karna chaahate the.^[98]

Gandhi ke siddhaanton aur karni ko lekar pray: unki aalochna bhi ki jaati hai. unki aalochna ke mukhya bindu hain-

• dono vishvayuddhon mein angrejon ka saath dena,

• khilaafat aandolan jaise saampradaayik aandolan ko raashtreeya aandolan banaana,

• sashastr kraantikaariyon ke angrejon ke viruddh hinsaatmak kaaryon ki ninda karna,

• Gandhi-iravin samjhauta - jisse bhaarateeya krantikaari aandolan ko bahut dhakka laga,

• bhaarateeya raashtreeya Congress ke adhyaksh pad par subhaash chandr Bose ke chunaav par naakhush hona,

• chaureechaura kaand ke baad asahayog aandolan ko sahasa rok dena,

• Bhaarat ki svatantrata ke baad Nehru ko pradhaanamantri ka daavedaar banaana,

• svatantrata ke baad Pakistan ko 55 karod roopaye dene ki jid par anashan karna,

• mahaatma Gandhi ka shiksha darshan
• mahaatma gaaaindhi ke kalaatmak varnan ki soochi
• mohanadaas karamachand Gandhi ki hatya

aage ke adhyayan ke liye

• bhaana, surendr aur gulaam vaahed.the meking of a politikl riformaar : gaaaindhi in saaooth Africa, 1893-1914. nai Delhi: manohar, 2005
• bondurantt, juaaan vi. hinsa ki jeet: gaaaindheevaadi darshan ka sangharsh. prinsatan UP, 1998 aaiesabeeऍn 0-691-02281-X
• chernas, ira. Amreeki ahinsa: vichaaron ka itihaas, saatavaaain adhyaaya .aaiesabeeऍn 1-57075-547-7
• chaddha, yogesh .gaaaindhi: ek jeevan .aaiesabeeऍn 0-471-35062-1
• delatan, denis (idi) .mahaatma gaaaindhi: chuninda raajanaitik lekh .indiyaanaapolis/kaimabrij : haikat prakashan company (Hackett Publishing Company), 1996 aaiesabeeऍn 0-87220-330-1
• gaaaindhi, mahaatma .mahaatma gaaaindhi ke sanchit lekh .nai Delhi: prakaashan vibhaag, suchana evam prasaaran mantraalaya, Bhaarat sarkaar, 1994.
• ishvaran, ekanaath (Eswaran, Eknath).gaaaindhi ek manushya .aaiesabeeऍn 0-915132-96-6
• fishr, luis .the esenasiyl Gandhi : unke jeevan, kaaryon aur vichaaron ka sangrah . praacheen: New York, 2002. (punarmudrit sanskaran), aaiesabeeऍn 1-4000-3050-1
• gaaaindhi, M.ke. gaaaindhi ke paathak: unke jeevan aur lekhan ka ek srot pustak.homar Jack (idi) grov press, new york, 1956

• gaaaindhi, raajamohan .Patel: ek jeevan .navajeevan prakaashan ghar, 1990 aaiesabeeऍn 81-7229-138-8
• hant, James di. landan mein gaaaindhi . nai Delhi: promila evam company, prakaashak, 1978
• maann, barnahaard, mahaatma gaaaindhi aur paaulo fareri ke shaikshanik avadhaaranaaen. klaubein, bi, mein .(idi) raajanaitik samaajeekaran ev shiksha mein antarraashtreeya adhyayan beedi. 8.Hamburg 1996.aaiesabeeऍn 3-926952-97-0
• roohe, Peter. gaaaindhi: ek chhaayaachitr jeevani .aaiesabeeऍn 0-7148-9279-3
• sharp, jeen. gaaaindhi ek raajanaitik neetijnya ke roop mein, apne moolyon aur raajanaitik nibandho ke saath. Boston: eksateinding horaaijon pustakein, 1979.
• sofri, giyaanni. gaaaindhi aur Bhaarat: kendra mein ek sadi (1995) aaiesabeeen 1-900624-12-5
• gauradan, haim.aadhyaatmik saamraajyavaad se asveekruti: gaaaindhi ko boobar ke patron ki jhalaki .'saarvabhaumik adhyayan ki patrika, 22 June 1999.
• gaaaindhi, M.ke "dakshin Africa mein satyaagrah"

vikisors mein mahaatma Gandhi lekh se sambandhit mool saahitya hai.

• gaaaindhi ki praasangikta (pun‍aayatithi vishesh) - profesar mahaaveer saran jain
• gaaaindhi bhavan haradoi)
• gaaaindhi smruti aur enabeeesapi (Bhaarat sarkaar ki website)
• mahaatma gaaaindhi samaachaar anusandhaan aur media seva
• mahaatma gaaaindhi chirsthaayi jeevan ke samarthak
• designer paathyakram ke pratham purush Gandhi
• mani bhavan gaaaindhi sangrahaalaya gaaaindhi sangrahaalaya evam pustakaalaya
• gaaaindhi pustak kendra
• shri gaanghi ji ka bhajan
• mahaatma gaaaindhi dvaara kiya gaya kaarya
• gaaaindhi haal aur pratima soka vishvavidyaalaya America mein (Soka University of America)
• Gandhiji - vyakti naheen, vichaar (hindi blaag)
• Gandhiji aur dalit Bhaarat-jaagaran (Google pustak ; lekhak - shreebhagavaan Singh)
• Bapu ki kalam ko pranaam!
• poori maanavata ke mahaatma
• gaaaindhi ji : ek punarvichaar !!!
• mahaatma gaandhi- kuchh anakahe katu tathya
• mahaatma gaaaindhi ke anmol vichaar (Mahatma Gandhi Quotes in Hindi)

• mahaatma Gandhi ki chuni hui krutiyaaain (Gandhi heritej portal)
• ath shri Gandhiji katha- hindi vikeesrot par