mahaaraashtri praakrut

mahaaraashtri praakrut us praakrut shaili ka naam hai jo madhyakaal mein Maharashtra pradesh mein vishesh roop se prachalit hui. praacheen praakrut vyaakaranon mein - jaise chandakrut praakrutalakshan, vararuchi krut praakrutaprakaash, hemachandr krut praakrut vyaakaran evam trivikram, shubhachaindr aadi ke vyaakaranon mein - mahaaraashtri ka naamollekh naheen paaya jaata. is naam ka sabse praacheen ullekh dandeekrut kaavyaadarsh (6thi shati E) mein hua hai, jahaaain kaha gaya hai ki "mahaaraashtreeyaan bhaashaan prakrushtan" praakrut vidu:, saagar: sooktirtnaanaan setubandhaadi, yanmayam." arthaat Maharashtra pradesh aashrit bhaasha prakrusht praakrut maani gayi, kyonki usamein sooktiyon ke saagar setubandhaadi kaavyon ki rachana hui.

dandi ke is ullekh se do baatein spasht gyaat hoti hain ki praakrut bhaasha ki ek vishesh shaili Maharashtra pradesh mein viksit ho chuki thi aur usamein setubaindh tatha anya bhi kuchh kaavya rache ja chuke the. pravarasen krut "setubandh" kaavya suprasiddh hai, jiski rachana anumaanat: chauthi paaainchaveen shati ki hai. ismein praakrut bhaasha ka jo svaroop dikhaai deta hai usaki pramukh visheshata yeh hai ki shabdon ke madhyavarti k g ch j t d p b y in alpapraan varnon ka lop hokar keval unka sanyogi svar (udvrutt svar) maatr shesh rah jaata hai. jaise makar oo maar, nagar oo naar, nichul oo niul, parijan oo parian, niyam oo niam, ityaadi.

bhaasha-vigyaan-vishaaradon ka mat hai ki praakrut bhaasha mein yeh varn lop ki vidhi kramash: utpann hui. aadi mein k ch t in aghosh varnon ke sthaan mein kramash: sanghosh g j d ka aadesh hona praarambh hua. yeh pravrutti saahityik shau. pra. mein upalabdh hoti hai. vidvaanon ke mataanusaar isavi dviteeya shati ke lagbhag ukt varnon ke lop hone ki pravrutti aarambh hui aur sheegra hi apni charam seema par pahuainch gayi.

is vyanjanalop tatha mahaapraan varnon ke sthaan par h ke aadesh se bhaasha mein vishesh komalata tatha laalitya utpann hua. isi kaaran kaalaantar mein aisi dhaarana bhi utpann ho gayi ki gadya shau. pra. mein aur padya maha. pra. mein likha jaae.

praakrut rachanaaon ke kuchh sampaadkon ne isi dhaaranaanusaar praacheen hastalikhit pratiyon ke saakshya ke viruddh bhi gadya mein shau. aur padya mein mahaaraashtri pra. ki shailiyaaain apnaai hain. iska ek vishesh udaaharan kono dvaara sanpaadit karpooramanjari sattak hai, jiski prastaavana mein unhonne swayam kaha hai ki gadya padya ki shailiyon ka ek aadarsh upasthit karne ke hetu unhonne koi ek darjan praacheen pratiyon ke paath ke viruddh bhi gadya mein shau. aur padya mein maha. ke anuroop paath rakhane ka prayatn kiya hai. kintu hai yeh baat praakrut vyaakaranon evam naatakon ki parampara ke viruddh hai. sanskrut naatakon mein praakrut ka sabse adhik prayog tatha vaichitrya mruchhakatik naatak mein paaya jaata hai. is naatak ke teekaakaar pruthveedhar ne paatron ke anusaar praakrut bhedon ka niroopan kiya hai. kintu vahaaain unhonne maharaashtri ka kaheen naam naheen liya. unhonne yeh sanket avashya kiya hai ki maha. pra. ka keval kaavya mein hi prayog kiya jaata hai, naatak mein naheen.

mahaaraashtri praakrut ke sarvotkrusht kaavya pravarasen krut setubandh ka ullekh oopar kiya ja chuka hai. ismein 15 aaivaas hain, jinmein kishkindha mein Ram ki viyogaavastha se lekar raavanavadh tak raamaayan ka kathaabhaag kaavyareeti se varnit hai. iska doosra naam raavanavadh bhi paaya jaata hai. maha. pra. ki doosari utkrusht rachana hai gaathaasaptashati, jiska ullekh mahaakavi baan ne harshacharit mein kosh ke naam se kiya hai. iske moolakarta haal ya saatavaahan hain, jo aandhrabhrutya raajavansh ke ek naresh the (lagbhag doosari, teesari shati E). kintu ise saptashati ka roop kramash: praapt hua, aisa anumaanit hota hai; kyonki iski anek gaathaaon ke karttaaon ke naamon mein chauthi paaainchaveen shati ke kaviyon ke bhi ullekh hain. kaavya kalpana, naranaariyon ke bhaavon ki abhivyakti tatha lokajeevan ke chitran ki drushti se iski gaathaaeain adviteeya hain. maha. pra. ka teesara mahaakaavya vaakpatiraaj krut gaudavaho (gaudavadh) hai. iska rachanaakaal 7veen, 8veen shati E siddh hota hai. kaavya mein lagbhag 1200 gaathaaeain hain aur inmein yashovarma ki vijyayaatra va unke dvaara gaud naresh ke vadh ka vruttaant varnit hai. maha. pra. ka upayog jain kaviyon ne bhi puraan, charit, prabandh aadi rachanaaon mein vipulata se kiya hai. kintu unki apni bhaashaatmak visheshata hai, jiske kaaran unki bhaasha ko 'jain mahaaraashtri' kaha gaya hai. yathaarthat: unki rachana ki bhaasha vaheen praakrut maanya hai jiska niroopan vararuchi va hemachandr aadi ne apne vyaakaranon mein arth praakrutam kehkar kiya hai.

• hemachandr Joshi krut pishl ke jarman granth ka anuvaad--praakrut bhaashaaon ka vyaakaran;
• vintaranitya--introduction tu praakrut.