mahaajanapad

praacheen Bhaarat ke 16 mahaajanapad

praacheen Bhaarat me raajya ya prashaasanik ikaaiyon ko 'mahaajanapad' kehte the. uttar vaidik kaal mein kuchh janapadon ka ullekh milta hai. bauddh granthon mein inka kai baar ullekh hua hai.

isa poorv chhathi sadi mein vaiyaakaran paanini ne 22 mahaajanapadon ka ullekh kiya hai. inmein se teen - magadh, kosal tatha vats ko mahatvapoorn bataaya gaya hai.

aaranbhik bauddh tatha jain granthon mein inke baare mein adhik jaankaari milti hai. yadyapi kul solah mahaajanapadon ka naam milta hai par ye naamaakaran alag-alag granthon mein bhinn-bhinn hain. itihaasakaar aisa maanate hain ki ye antar bhinn-bhinn samay par raajaneetik paristhitiyon ke badalne ke kaaran hua hai. iske atirikt in soochiyon ke nirmaataaon ki jaankaari bhi unke bhaugolik sthiti se alag ho sakti hai. bauddh granth anguttar nikaaya, mahaavastu me 16 mahaajanapadon ka ullekh hai-

• avanti - aadhunik maalava ka pradesh jiski rajdhani ujjayini aur mahishmati thi.

• ashmak ya assak - dakshin Bhaarat ka ekamaatr mahaajanapad. narmada aur godaavari nadiyon ke beech avasthit is pradesh ki rajdhani paatan thi.

• ang - vartamaan ke Bihar ke munger aur Bhaagalpur jile. inki rajdhani chanpa thi.

• kamboj - Pakistan ka hajaara jila.

• kaashi - iski rajdhani Varanasi thi. vartamaan ki Varanasi va aaspaas ka kshetr ismein sammilit raha tha.

• kuru - aadhunik Haryana tatha Delhi ka yamuna nadi ke pashchim wala ansh shaamil tha. iski rajdhani aadhunik Delhi (indraprasth) thi.

• koshal - uttar pradesh ke faijaabaad jila, gonda aur baharaaich ke kshetr shaamil the. iski rajdhani shraavasti thi.

• gaandhaar - Pakistan ka pashchimi tatha afgaanistaan ka poorvi kshetr. ise aadhunik kandahaar se jodne ki galati kai baar log kar dete hain jo ki vaastav mein is kshetr se kuchh dakshin mein sthit tha.

• chedi - vartamaan mein bundelakhand ka ilaaka.

• vajji ya vruji' - yeh aath ganataantrik kulon ka sangh tha jo uttar Bihar mein ganga ke uttar mein avasthit tha tatha jiski rajdhani vaishaali thi. ismein aaj ke Bihar raajya ke darabhanga, madhubani va mujaffarapur jile sammilit the.

• vats ya vansh - aadhunik uttar pradesh ke Allahabad tatha mirjaapur jile.

• paanchaal - pashchimi uttar pradesh. iski rajdhani ahichhatr thi.

• magadh - dakshin Bihar mein avasthit. shatapath braahman mein ise 'keekat' kaha gaya hai. aadhunik Patna tatha gaya jile aur aaspaas ke kshetr.

• matsya ya machh - ismein Rajasthan ke alavar, bharatapur tatha Jaipur jile ke kshetr shaamil the.

• mall - yeh bhi ek ganasangh tha aur poorvi uttar pradesh ke ilaake iske kshetr the.

• surasen ya shoorasen - iski rajdhani Mathura thi.

ye sabhi mahaajanapad aaj ke uttari afgaanistaan se Bihar tak aur hindukush se godaavari nadi tak mein faila hua tha. deergh nikaaya ke mahaagovind sutt mein Bhaarat ki aakruti ka varnan karte hue use uttar mein aayataakaar tatha dakshin mein tribhujaakaar yaani ek bailagaadi ki tarah bataaya gaya hai. bauddh nikaayon mein Bhaarat ko paaainch bhaagon mein varnit kiya gaya hai - uttaraapath (pashchimottar bhaag), madhyadesh, praachi (poorvi bhaag) dakshinaapath tatha aparaant (pashchimi bhaag) ka ullekh milta hai. isse is baat ka bhi pramaan milta hai ki Bhaarat ki bhaugolik ekta isaapoorv chhathi sadi se hi pariklpit hai. iske atirikt jain granth bhagavati sootr aur sootr krutaang, paanini ki ashtaadhyaayi, baudhaayan dharmasootr (isaapoorv saataveen sadi mein rachit) aur mahaabhaarat mein upalabdh janapad soochi par drushtipaat karein to paaenge ki uttar mein himaalaya se kanyaakumaari tak tatha pashchim mein gaandhaar pradesh se lekar poorv mein asam tak ka pradesh in janapadon se aachhaadit tha. kautilya ne ek chakravarti samraat ke antargat sampoorn bhaaratavarsh ki raajaneetik ekta ke maadhyam se ek vruhattar sangathit Bhaarat ki parikalpana ki thi. isaapoorv chhathi sadi se isaapoorv doosari sadi tak prachalan mein rahe aahat sikkon ke vitran se andesha hota hai ki isaapoorv chauthi sadi tak sampoorn Bhaarat mein ek hi mudra prachalit thi. isse us yug mein Bhaarat ke ekeekaran ki saaf jhalak dikhti hai.

isaapoorv chhathi sadi mein jin chaar mahatvapoorn raajyon ne prasiddhi praapt ki unke naam hain - magadh ke haryank, kosal ke ikshvaaku, vats ke paurav aur avanti ke pradyot. haryank ek aisa vansh tha jiski sthaapana buhadrathon ko paraast karavane ke liye binbisaar dvaara magadh mein ki gayi thi. pradyoton ka naam aisa us vansh ke sansthaapak ke kaaran hi tha. sanyog se mahaabhaarat mein varnit prasiddh raajya - kuru-paanchaal, kaashi aur matsya is kaal mein bhi the par unki ginti ab chhoti shaktiyon mein hoti thi.

isaapoorv chhathi sadi mein avanti ke raaja pradyot ne kaushaambi ke raaja tatha pradyot ke daamaad udayan ke saath ladaai hui thi. usase pehle udayan ne magadh ki rajdhani raajagruh par hamla kiya tha. kosal ke raaja prasenajit ne kaashi ko apne adheen kar liya aur baad mein uske putr ne kapilvastu ke shaakya raajya ko jeet liya. magadh ke raaja binbisaar ne ang ko apne mein mila liya tatha uske putr ajaatashatru ne vaishaali k lichhaviyon ko jeet liya.

isaapoorv paaainchavi sadi mein pairav aur pradyot sattaalolup nahi rahe aur haryanko tatha ikshvaankuon ne raajaneetik manch par morcha samhaal liya. prasenajit tatha ajaatashatru ke beech sangharsh chalta raha. iska hanlaanki koi parinaam naheen nikla aur antatogatva magadh ke haryankon ko jaat mili. iske baad magadh uttar Bhaarat ka sabse shaktishaali raajya ban gaya. 475 isaapoorv mein ajaatashatru ki mrutyu ke baad uske putr udayin ne satta sambhaali aur usi ne magadh ki rajdhani raajagruh se paataliputr (Patna) sthaanaantarit ki. hainlaanki lichhaviyon se ladte samay ajaatashatru ne hi paataliputr mein ek durg banavaaya tha par iska upayog rajdhani ke roop mein udayin ne hi kiya.

udayin tatha uske uttaraadhikaari prashaasan tatha raajakaaj mein nikmme rahe tatha iske baad shishunaag vansh ka udaya hua. shishunaag ke putr kaalaashok ke baad mahaapadm nand naam ka vyakti satta par kaabij hua. usane magadh ki shreshthata ko aur uaincha bana diya.

• janapad
• ganasangh

• gan aur ganaraajya ki avadhaarana (dainik jaagaran)