mahaabhaarat

mahaabhaarat
mahaabhaarat mahaakaavya ki hastalikhit paandulipi
anya prasiddh naam	Bhaarat,jaya
lokapriyta	Bhaarat, Nepal, indoneshiya, Sri Lanka, jaava dweep, Jakarta, Thailand, Tibet, myaanmaar
rachayita	vedavyaas
lekhak	ganesh
prachaarak	vaishampaayan,soot,jaimini,pail
granth ka parimaan
shlok sankhya(lambaai)	1,10,000 - 1,40,000
rachana kaal	3100 - 1200 isa poorv
1)vedavyaas dvaara 100 parvo mein	3100 isa poorv
2)soot dvaara 18 parvo mein	2000 isa poorv
3)aadhunik likhit avastha mein	1200-600 isa poorv
moolatattv aur aadhaar
aadhaar	kauravon au‍aar paandavon ke madhya ka aapasi sangharsh
mukhya paatr	shreekrushn,arjun,bheeshm,karn,bheem,duryodhan,yudhishthir
kurukshetr yuddh mein shreekrushn aur arjun

mahaabhaarat hinduon ka ek pramukh kaavya granth hai, jo smruti varg mein aata hai. kabhi kabhi keval "Bhaarat" kaha jaane wala yeh kaavyagranth Bhaarat ka anupam dhaarmik, pauraanik, aitihaasik aur daarshanik granth hain. vishv ka sabse lamba yeh saahityik granth aur mahaakaavya, hindu dharm ke mukhyatam granthon mein se ek hai. is granth ko hindu dharm mein pancham ved maana jaata hai.^[1] yadyapi ise saahitya ki sabse anupam krutiyon mein se ek maana jaata hai, kintu aaj bhi yeh granth pratyek bhaarateeya ke liye ek anukaraneeya srot hai. yeh kruti praacheen Bhaarat ke itihaas ki ek gaatha hai. isi mein hindu dharm ka pavitratam granth bhagavadgeeta sannihit hai. poore mahaabhaarat mein lagbhag 1,10,000 shlok hain^[2], jo yoonaani kaavyon iliyd aur odisi se parimaan mein das guna adhik hain.^[3][4]

hindu maanyataaon, pauraanik sandarbho evam swayam mahaabhaarat ke anusaar is kaavya ka rachanaakaar vedavyaas ji ko maana jaata hai. is kaavya ke rachayita vedavyaas ji ne apne is anupam kaavya mein vedon, vedaangon aur upanishdon ke guhyatam rahasyon ka nirupan kiya hain. iske atirikt is kaavya mein nyaaya, shiksha, chikitsa, jyotish, yuddhaneeti, yogashaastr, arthashaastr, vaastushaastr, shilpashaastr, kaamashaastr, khagolavidya tatha dharmashaastr ka bhi vistaar se varnan kiya gaya hain.^[5]

kambodiya ke ankor vat mein vedavyaas evam ganesh ji ko mahaabhaarat ki rachana karte hue chitrit karta ek shilaachitr

aarambh

mahaabhaarat granth ka aarambh nimn shlok ke saath hota hai:

parantu mahaabhaarat ke aadiprv mein diye varnan ke anusaar kai vidvaan is granth ka aarambh "naaraayanan namaskrutya" se, to koi aastik parv se aur doosare vidvaan braahman upachir vasu ki katha se iska aarambh maanate hain.^[6]

vibhinn naam

yeh mahaakaavya 'jaya', 'Bhaarat' aur 'mahabhaarat' in teen naamon se prasiddh hain. vaastav mein ved vyaas ji ne sabse pehle 1,00,000 shlokon ke parimaan ke 'Bhaarat' naamak granth ki rachana ki thi, ismein unhone bhaaratavanshiyon ke charitron ke saath-saath anya kai mahaan rishiyon, chandravanshi-sooryavanshi raajaaon ke upaakhyaanon sahit kai anya dhaarmik upaakhyaan bhi daale. iske baad vyaas ji ne 24,000 shlokon ka bina kisi anya rishiyon, chandravanshi-sooryavanshi raajaaon ke upaakhyaanon ka keval bhaaratavanshiyon ko kendrit karke 'Bhaarat' kaavya banaaya. in donon rachanaaon mein dharm ki adharm par vijay hone ke kaaran inhein 'jaya' bhi kaha jaane laga. mahaabhaarat mein ek katha aati hai ki jab devataaon ne taraajoo ke ek paase mein chaaron "vedon" ko rakha aur doosare par 'Bhaarat granth' ko rakha, to 'Bhaarat granth' sabhi vedon ki tulana mein sabse adhik bhaari siddh hua. at: 'Bhaarat' granth ki is mahatta (mahaanata) ko dekhkar devataaon aur rishiyon ne ise 'mahaabhaarat' naam diya aur is katha ke kaaran manushyon mein bhi yeh kaavya 'mahaabhaarat' ke naam se sabse adhik prasiddh hua.^[7]

granth lekhan ki katha

ved vyaas se sunakar Bhagwan ganesh mahabhaarat likhte hue

mahaabhaarat mein aisa varnan aata hai ki vedavyaas ji ne himaalaya ki talahati ki ek pavitra gufa mein tapasya mein sanlagn tatha dhyaan yog mein sthit hokar mahaabhaarat ki ghatnaaon ka aadi se ant tak smaran kar man hi man mein mahaabhaarat ki rachana kar li.^[8] parantu iske pashchaat unke saamane ek gambhir samasya aa khadi hui ki is kaavya ke gyaan ko saamaanya jan saadhaaran tak kaise pahuainchaaya jaaye kyonki iski jatilta aur lambaai ke kaaran yeh bahut kathin tha ki koi ise bina koi galati kiye vaisa hi likh de jaisa ki ve bolte jaaeain. isliye brahma ji ke kehne par vyaas ganesh ji ke paas pahuainche. ganesh ji likhne ko taiyaar ho gaye, kintu unhonne ek shart rakhi ki kalam ek baar utha lene ke baad kaavya samaapt hone tak ve beech naheen rukeinge.^[9] vyaasaji jaante the ki yeh shart bahut kathanaaiyaaain utpann kar sakti hain at: unhonne bhi apni chaturata se ek shart rakhi ki koi bhi shlok likhne se pehle ganesh ji ko usaka ka arth samajhna hoga. ganesh ji ne yeh prastaav sveekaar kar liya. is tarah vyaas ji beech-beech mein kuchh kathin shlokon ko rach dete the, to jab ganesh unke arth par vichaar kar rahe hote utane samay mein hi vyaas ji kuchh aur naye shlok rach dete. is prakaar sampoorn mahaabhaarat 3 varshon ke antaraal mein likhi gayi.^[9][10] vedavyaas ji ne sarvapratham punyakarma maanavon ke upaakhyaanon sahit ek lakh shlokon ka aadya Bhaarat granth banaaya. tadantar upaakhyaanon ko chhodkar chaubees hajaar shlokon ki Bhaarat sanhita banaayi. tatpashchaat vyaas ji ne saath lakh shlokon ki ek doosari sanhita banaayi, jiske tees lakh shlokon devalok mein, pandrah lakh pitrulok mein tatha chaudah lakh shlok gandharvalok mein samaadrut hue. manushyalok mein ek lakh shlokon ka aadya Bhaarat pratishthit hua. mahaabhaarat granth ki rachana poorn karne ke baad vedavyaas ji ne sarvapratham apne putr shukadev ko is granth ka adhyayan karaaya tadantar anya shishyon vaishampaayan, pail, jaimini, asit-deval aadi ko iska adhyayan karaaya.^[11] shukadev ji ne gandharvon, yakshon aur raakshason ko iska adhyayan karaaya. devarshi naarad ne devataaon ko, asit-deval ne pitron ko aur vaishampaayan ji ne manushyon ko iska pravachan diya.^[12] vaishampaayan ji dvaara mahaabhaarat kaavya janamejaya ke yagya samaaroh mein soot sahit kai rishi-muniyon ko sunaaya gaya tha.

vishaalata

mahaabhaarat ki vishaalata aur daarshanik goodhata na keval bhaarateeya moolyon ka sankalan hai balki hindu dharm aur vaidik parampara ka bhi saar hai. mahaabhaarat ki vishaalata ka anumaan uske prathamaparv mein ullekhit ek shlok se lagaaya ja sakta hai :

mahaabhaarat ka 18 parvo aur 100 upaparvo mein vibhaag^[14]

soot ji dvaara mahaabhaarat rishi muniyon ko sunaana.

vedavyaas ji ko mahaabhaarat poora rachane mein 3 varsh lag gaye the, iska kaaran yeh ho sakta hai ki us samay lekhan lipi kala ka itna vikaas nahi hua tha, us kaal mein rishiyon dvaara vaidik granthon ko peedhi dar peedhi paramparaagat maukhik rup se yaad karke surakshit rakha jaata tha. us samay sanskrut rishiyon ki bhaasha thi aur braahmi aam bolachaal ki bhaasha hua karti thi.^[15] is prakaar rishiyon dvaara sampoorn vaidik saahitya maukhik rup se yaad kar peedhi dar peedhi sahastron varshon tak yaad rakha gaya. fir dheere dheere jab samay ke prabhaav se vaidik yug ke patan ke saath hi rishiyon ki vaidik saahityon ko yaad rakhane ki shaili lupt ho gayi tab se vaidik saahitya ko paandulipiyon par likhkar surakshit rakhane ka prachalan ho gaya. yeh sarvamaanya hai ki mahaabhaarat ka aadhunik rup kai avasthaaon se gujar kar bana hai.^[16] vidvaanon dvaara iski rachana ki chaar praarambhik avasthaaen pahachaani gayi hain. ye avasthaaen sambhaavit rachana kaal kram mein nimn likhit hain:

praarambhik chaar avasthaaen

3100 isa poorv^[17][18]

janamejaya ke sarp yagya samaaroh par vaishampaayan ji rishi muniyon ko mahaabhaarat sunaate hue

1) sarvapratham vedavyaas dvaara 100 parvon ke rup mein ek lakh shlokon ka rachit Bhaarat mahaakaavya, jo baad mein mahaabhaarat ke naam se prasiddh hua.^[17][19][20]

2) doosari baar vyaas ji ke kehne par unke shishya vaishampaayan ji dvaara pun: isi "Bhaarat" mahaakaavya ko janamejaya ke yagya samaaroh mein rishi-muniyon ko sunaana.^{[17][19][19][20]}

2000 isa poorv

3) teesari baar fir se ‍vaishampaayan aur rishi-muniyo ki is vaarta ke roop mein kahi gayi "mahaabhaarat" ko soot ji dvaara pun: 18 parvon ke rup mein suvyavasthit karke samast rishi-muniyon ko sunaana.^[19][21]

1200-600 isa poorv

4) soot ji aur rishi-muniyon ki is vaarta ke rup mein kahi gayi "mahaabhaarat" ka lekhan kala ke viksit hone par sarvapratham braahmi ya sanskrut mein hastalikhit paandulipiyon ke rup mein lipi baddh kiya jaana.

bhandaarakar sansthaan dvaara

iske baad bhi kai vidvaano dvaara ismein badalti hui reetiyo ke anusaar badlaav kiya gaya, jiske kaaran upalabdh praacheen hastalikhit paandulipiyo mein kai bhinn bhinn shlok milte hain, is samasya ke nidaan ke liye Pune mein sthit bhaandaarakar praachya shodh sansthaan ne poore dakshin Asia mein upalabdh mahaabhaarat ki sabhi paandulipiyon (lagbhag 10, 000) ka shodh aur anusandhaan karke un sabhi mein ek hi samaan paaye jaane vaale lagbhag 75,000 shlokon ko khojakar unka satippan evam sameekshaatmak sanskaran prakaashit kiya, kai khandon vaale 13,000 prushthon ke is granth ka saare sansaar ke suyogya vidvaanon ne svaagat kiya.^[22][23]

aitihaasik evam bhaashaai pramaan

1000 isa poorv

mahaabhaarat mein gupt aur maurya kaaleen raajaaon tatha jain(1000-700 isa poorv) aur bauddh dharm(700-200 isa poorv) ka bhi varnan naheen aata. saath hi shatapath braahman^[24](1100 isa poorv) evam chhaandogya-upanishd(1000 isa poorv) mein bhi mahaabhaarat ke paatron ka varnan milta hai. ataev yeh nishchit taur par 1000 isa poorv se pehle rachi gayi hogi.^[25]

600-400 isa poorv

paanini dvaara rachit ashtaadhyaayi(600-400 isa poorv) mein mahaabhaarat aur Bhaarat donon ka ullekh hain tatha iske saath saath shreekrushn evam arjun ka bhi sandarbh aata hai ataev yeh nishchit hai ki mahaabhaarat aur Bhaarat paanini ke kaal ke bahut pehle se hi astitv mein rahe the.^{[17][19][25][26][27]}

pratham shataabdi

yoonaan ke pehli shataabdi ke raajadoot diyo kraraayasosatam (Dio Chrysostom) yeh bataate hai ki dakshin-bhaarateeyon ke paas ek lakh shlokon ka ek granth hai^[19][28][29], jisse yeh pata chalta hai ki mahaabhaarat pehli shataabdi mein bhi ek lakh shlokon ka tha. mahaabhaarat ki kahaani ko hi baad ke mukhya yoonaani granthon iliyd aur odisi mein baar-baar anya rup se doharaaya gaya, jaise dhrutaraashtr ka putr moh, karn-arjun pratispardha aadi.^[30]

sanskrut ki sabse praacheen pehli shataabdi ki MS spitjr paandulipi mein bhi mahaabhaarat ke 18 parvon ki anukramanika di gayi hai^[31], jisse yeh pata chalta hai ki is kaal tak mahaabhaarat 18 parvon ke rup mein prasiddh thi, yadyapi 100 parvon ki anukramanika bahut praacheen kaal mein prasiddh rahi hogi, kyonki vedavyaas ji ne mahaabhaarat ki rachana sarvapratham 100 parvon mein ki thi, jise baad mein soot ji ne 18 parvon ke rup mein vyavasthit kar rishiyon ko sunaaya tha.^[32]

5veen shataabdi

mahaaraaja sharavanth ke 5veen shataabdi ke taanbe ki slet par paaye gaye abhilekh mein mahaabhaarat ko ek lakh shlokon ki sanhita bataaya gaya hai.^[33] vah abhilekh nimnalikhit hai:

puraatattv pramaan (1900 E.poo se pehle)

mahaabhaarat kaaleen sarasvati nadi(hare rang mein)

sarasvati nadi

praacheen vaidik sarasvati nadi ka mahaabhaarat mein kai baar varnan aata hain, balaraam ji dvaara iske tat ke samaantar plaksh ped (plakshaprastravan, yamunotri ke paas) se prabhaas kshetr (vartamaan kachh ka ran) tak teerthayaatra ka varnan bhi mahaabhaarat mein aata hai.^[34]

kai bhoo-vigyaani maanate hain ki vartamaan sookhi hui ghaggar-hakara nadi hi praacheen vaidik sarasvati nadi thi, jo 5000-3000 isa poorv poore pravaah se bahti thi aur lagbhag 1900 isa poorv mein bhoogarbhi parivrtanon ke kaaran sookh gayi thi. rigved mein varnit praacheen vaidik kaal mein sarasvati nadi ko nadeetama ki upaadhi di gayi thi. unki sabhyata mein sarasvati nadi hi sabse badi aur mukhya nadi thi, ganga naheen.

bhoogarbhi parivrtanon ke kaaran sarasvati nadi ka paani yamuna mein chala gaya, ganga-yamuna sangam sthaan ko 'triveni' (ganga-yamuna-sarasvati) sangam maanate hai.^[35] is ghatna ko baad ke vaidik saahityon mein varnit hastinaapur ke ganga dvaara bahaakar le jaane se bhi joda jaata hai kyonki puraanon mein aata hai ki pareekshit ki 28 peedhiyon ke baad ganga mein baadh aa jaane ke kaaran sampoorn hastinaapur paani mein bah gaya aur baad ki peedhiyon ne kaushaambi ko apni rajdhani banaaya.

mahaabhaarat mein sarasvati nadi ke vinaashn naamak teerth par sookhane ka sandarbh aata hai jiske anusaar malechhon se dvesh hone ke kaaran sarasvati nadi ne malechh (sindh ke paas ke) pradesho mein jaana band kar diya.

dvaaraka

bhaarateeya puraatattv sarvekshan vibhaag ne Gujarat ke pashchimi tat par samudra mein doobe 4000-3500 varsh puraane shahar khoj nikaale hain. inko mahaabhaarat mein varnit dvaaraka ke sandarbhon se joda gaya hai. pro॰aaes.aar Rao ne kai tark dekar is nagari ko dvaaraka siddh kiya hai. yadyapi abhi matabhed jaari hai kyonki Gujarat ke pashchimi tat par kai anya 7500 varsh puraane shahar bhi mil chuke hain.

nishkarsh

in sampoorn tathyon se yeh maana ja sakta hai ki mahaabhaarat 3000 isa poorv ya nishchit taur par 1900-1000 isa poorv rachi gayi hogeen, jo mahaabhaarat mein varnit jyotisheeya tithiyon, bhaashaai vishleshan, videshi sootron evam puraatatv pramaanon se mel khaati hai. parantu aadhunik sanskaran ki rachana 600-200 isa poorv hui hogi. adhiktar anya vaidik saahityon ke samaan hi yeh mahaakaavya bhi pehle vaachik parampara dvaara ham tak peedhi dar peedhi pahuaincha aur baad mein chhapaai ki kala ke viksit hone se pehle hi iske bahut se anya bhaugolik sanskaran bhi ho gaye, jinmein bahut si aisi ghatanaayein hain jo mool katha mein naheen dikhti ya fir kisi anya roop mein dikhti hai.

mahaabhaarat kaaleen Bhaarat ka maanachitr

mahaabhaarat chandravanshiyon ke do parivaaron kaurav aur paandav ke beech hue yuddh ka vruttaant hai. 100 kaurav bhaaiyon aur paaainch paandav bhaaiyon ke beech bhoomi ke liye jo sangharsh chala usase antat: mahaabhaarat yuddh ka srujan hua. is yuddh ki bhaarateeya aur pashchimi vidvaanon dvaara kai bhinn bhinn nirdhaarit ki gayi tithiyaaain nimnalikhit hain-

• vishv vikhyaat bhaarateeya ganitjnya evam khagolajnya varaahamihir ke anusaar mahaabhaarat yuddh 2449 isa poorv hua tha.^[36]

• vishv vikhyaat bhaarateeya ganitjnya evam khagolajnya aaryabhat ke anusaar mahaabhaarat yuddh 18 fravari 3102 isa poorv mein hua tha.^[37]

• chaalukya raajavansh ke sabse mahaan samraat pulakesi 2 ke 5veen shataabdi ke aihol abhilekh mein yeh bataaya gaya hai ki Bhaarat yuddh ko hue 3, 735 varsh beet gaye hai, is drushtikon se mahaabhaarat ka yuddh 3100 isa poorv lada gaya hoga.^[38]

• puraanon ki maane to yeh yuddh 1900 isa poorv hua tha, puraanon mein di gayi vibhinn raaj vanshaavali ko yadi chandragupt maurya se mila kar dekha jaaye to 1900 isa poorv ki tithi niklati hai, parantu kuchh vidvaanon ke anusaar chandragupt maurya 1500 isa poorv mein hua tha, yadi yeh maana jaaye to 3100 isa poorv ki tithi niklati hai kyonki yoonaan ke raajadoot megasthaneej ne apni pustak "indika" mein jis chandragupt ka ullekh kiya tha vo gupt vansh ka raaja chandragupt bhi ho sakta hai.^[39]

• adhiktar pashchimi vidvaan jaise maayakal vitjal ke anusaar Bhaarat yuddh 1200 isa poorv mein hua tha, jo ise Bhaarat mein lauh yug (1200-800 isa poorv) se jodkar dekhte hain.^[40]

• adhiktar bhaarateeya vidvaan jaise bi ain achar, N S raajaaraam, ke sadaanand, subhaash kaak grah-nakshatron ki aakaasheeya gananaaon ke aadhaar par ise 3067 isa poorv aur kuchh Europeeya vidvaan jaise pi vi hole ise 13 November 3143 isa poorv mein aarambh hua maanate hain.^[41][42]

• bhaarateeya vidvaan pi vi vaaratak mahaabhaarat mein varnit grah-nakshatron ki aakaasheeya gananaaon ke aadhaar par ise 16 October 5561 isa poorv mein aarambh hua maanate hain. unke anusaar yoonaan ke raajadoot megasthaneej ne apni pustak "indika" mein apni Bhaarat yaatra ke samay jamuna (yamuna) ke tat par base methora (Mathura) raajya mein shooraseniyon se bheint ka varnan kiya tha, megasthaneej ne yeh bataaya tha ki ye shooraseni kisi heraakals naamak devata ki pooja karte the aur ye heraakals kaafi chamatkaari purush hota tha tatha chandragupt se 138 peedhi pehle tha. heraakals ne kai vivaah kiye aur kai putr utpann kiye. parantu uske sabhi putr aapas mein yuddh karke maare gaye. yahaaain ye spasht hai ki ye heraakals shreekrushn hi the, vidvaan inhein harikrushn kah kar shreekrushn se jodte hai kyonki shreekrushn chandragupt se 138 peedhi pehle the to yadi ek peedhi ko 20-30 varsh de to 3100-5600 isa poorv shreekrushn ka janm samay niklata hai at: is aadhaar par mahaabhaarat ka yuddh 5600-3100 isa poorv ke samay hua hoga.^[42][43]

mukhya ullekh :mahaabhaarat ki vistrut katha

kuruvansh ki utpatti aur paandu ka raajya Abhishek

kurukshetr mein Krishna aur arjun

puraanon ke anusaar brahma ji se atri, atri se chandrama, chandrama se budh aur budh se ila-nandan puroorava ka janm hua. unase aayu, aayu se raaja nahush aur nahush se yayaati utpann hue. yayaati se puroo hue. pooroo ke vansh mein bharat aur bharat ke kul mein raaja kuru hue. kuru ke vansh mein shaantanu hue. shaantanu se gangaanandan bheeshm utpann hue. shaantanu se satyavati ke garbh se chitraangad aur vichitraveerya utpann hue the. chitraangad chitraangad naam vaale gandharv ke dvaara maare gaye aur raaja vichitraveerya raajayakshma se grast ho svargavaasi ho gaye. tab satyavati ki aajnyaa se vyaasaji ne niyog ke dvaara ambika ke garbh se dhrutaraashtr aur ambaalika ke garbh se paandu ko utpann kiya. dhrutaraashtr ne gaandhaari dvaara sau putron ko janm diya, jinmein duryodhan sabse bada tha aur paandu ke yudhishtar, bheem, arjun, nakul, sahadev aadi paanch putr hue. dhrutaraashtr janm se hi netraheen the, at: unki jagah par paandu ko raaja banaaya gaya. ek baar van mein aakhet khelte hue paandu ke baan se ek maithunarat mrugarupadhaari rishi ki mrutyu ho gayi. us rishi se shaapit ho ki "ab jab kabhi bhi too maithunarat hoga to teri mrutyu ho jaayegi", paandu atyant du:khi hokar apni raaniyon sahit samast vaasanaaon ka tyaag karke tatha hastinaapur mein dhrutaraashtr ko apna ka pratinidhi banaakar van mein rahane lagein.

paandavon ka janm tatha laakshaagruh shadayantr

vaarnaavat (vartamaan baranaava) sthit laakshaagruh ke surakshit avashesh

raaja paandu ke kehne par kunti ne durvaasa rishi ke diye mantr se dharm ko aamantrit kar unase yudhishthir aur kaalaantar mein vaayudev se bheem tatha indr se arjun ko utpann kiya. kunti se hi us mantr ki deeksha le maadri ne ashvaneekumaaron se nakul tatha sahadev ko janm diya. ek din raaja paandu maadri ke saath van mein sarita ke tat par bhraman karte hue paandu ke man chanchal ho jaane se maithun mein pravrut huye jisse shaapavash unki mrutyu ho gayi. maadri unke saath sati ho gayi kintu putron ke paalan-poshan ke liye kunti hastinaapur laut I. kunti ne vivaah se pehle soorya ke ansh se karn ko janm diya aur lokalaaj ke bhaya se karn ko ganga nadi mein baha diya. dhrutaraashtr ke saarathi adhirth ne use bachaakar usaka paalan kiya. karn ki ruchi yuddhakala mein thi at: dronaachaarya ke mana karne par usane parashuraam se shiksha praapt ki. shakuni ke chhalakapat se duryodhan ne paandavon ko bachapan mein kai baar maarane ka prayatn kiya tatha yuvaavastha mein bhi jab yudhishthir ko Yuvraj bana diya gaya to laaksh ke bane hue ghar laakshaagrah mein paandavon ko bhejkar unhein aag se jalaane ka prayatn kiya, kintu vidur ki sahaayata ke kaaran se ve us jalate hue gruh se baahar nikal gaye.

draupadi svayanvar

arjun dvaara paanchaal sabha mein matsya bhedan

paandav vahaaain se ekachakra nagari gaye aur muni ka vesh banaakar ek braahman ke ghar mein nivaas karne lage. fir vyaas ji ke kehne par ve paanchaal raajya mein gaye jahaaain draupadi ka svayanvar honevaala tha. vahaaain ek ke baad ek sabhi raajaaon evam raajakumaaron ne machhali par nishaana saadhane ka prayaas kiya kintu safalta haath na lagi. tatpashchaat arjun ne tailapaatr mein pratibimb ko dekhte huye ek hi baan se matsya ko bhed daala aur draupadi ne aage badh kar arjun ke gale mein varamaala daal Dean. maata kunti ke vachanaanusaar paaainchon paandavon ne draupadi ko patneeroop mein praapt kiya. draupadi ke svayanvar ke samay duryodhan ke saath hi saath drupad,dhrushtadyumn evam anek anya logon ko sandeh ho gaya tha ki ve paaainch braahman paandav hi hain. at: unki pareeksha karne ke liye drupad ne unhein apne raajapraasaad mein bulaaya. raajapraasaad mein drupad evam dhrushtadyumn ne pehle raajakosh ko dikhaaya kintu paandavon ne vahaaain rakhe ratnaabhooshanon tatha ratn-maanikya aadi mein kisi prakaar ki ruchi naheen dikhaai. kintu jab ve shastraagaar mein gaye to vahaaain rakhe astr-shastron mein un sabhi ne bahut adhik ruchi dikhaayi aur apni pasand ke shastron ko apne paas rakh liya. unke kriya-kalaap se drupad ko vishvaas ho gaya ki ye braahmanon ke roop mein paandav hi hain.

indraprasth ki sthaapana

paandv shreekrushn ke saath khaandavavan mein maya daanav tatha vishvakarma dvaara nirmit indraprasth nagar ko dekhte hue

draupadi svayanvar se poorv vidur ko chhodkar sabhi paandavon ko mrut samajhne lage aur is kaaran dhrutaraashtr ne duryodhan ko Yuvraj bana diya. gruhayuddh ke sankat se bachane ke liye yudhishthir ne dhrutaraashtr dvaara diye khandahar svarup khaandav van ko aadhe raajya ke rup mein sveekaar kar liya. vahaaain arjun ne shreekrushn ke saath milkar samast devataaon ko yuddh mein paraast karte hue khaandavavan ko jala diya aur indr ke dvaara ki hui vrushti ka apne baanon ke chhatraakaar baaaindh se nivaaran karke agni Dave ko trupt kiya. iske falasvarup arjun ne agnidev se divya gaandeev dhanush aur uttam rath tatha shreekrushn ne sudarshan chakr praapt kiya. indr apne putr arjun ki veerata dekhkar atiprasann hue. unhonne khaandavaprasth ke vanon ko hata diya. uske uparaant paandavon ne shreekrushn ke saath maya daanav ki sahaayata se us shahar ka saundaryeekaran kiya. vah shahar ek dviteeya svarg ke samaan ho gaya. indr ke kehne par Dave shilpi vishvakarma aur maya daanav ne milkar khaandav van ko indrapuri jitne bhavya nagar mein nirmit kar diya, jise indraprasth naam diya gaya.

draupadi ka apamaan aur paandavon ka vanavaas

kuru sabha mein apamaanit hui draupadi

paandavon ne sampoorn dishaaon par vijay paate hue prachur suvarnaraashi se paripoorn raajasooya yagya ka anushthaan kiya. unka vaibhav duryodhan ke liye asahya ho gaya at: shakuni, karn aur duryodhan aadi ne yudhishthir ke saath jooe mein pravrutt hokar uske bhaaiyo, draupadi aur unke raajya ko kapat dyoot ke dvaara hainsate-hainsate jeet liya aur kuru raajya sabha mein draupadi ko nirvastr karne ka prayaas kiya. parantu gaandhaari ne aakar aisa hone se rok diya. dhrutaraashtr ne ek baar fir duryodhan ki prerana se unhein se juaa khelne ki aajnyaa di. yeh tay hua ki ek hi daanv mein jo bhi paksh haar jaaega, ve mrugacharm dhaaran kar baarah varsh vanavaas kareinge aur ek varsh ajnyaaatavaas mein raheinge. us ek varsh mein bhi yadi unhein pehchaan liya gaya to fir se baarah varsh ka vanavaas bhogana hoga. is prakaar pun jooe mein paraast hokar yudhishthir apne bhaaiyon sahit van mein chale gaye. vahaaain baarahavaaain varsh beetane par ek varsh ke ajnyaaatavaas ke liye ve viraat nagar mein gaye. jab kaurav viraat ki gauon ko harakar le jaane lage, tab unhein arjun ne paraast kiya. us samay kauravon ne paandavon ko pehchaan liya tha parantu unka ka ajnyaaatavaas tab tak poora ho chuka tha. parantu 12 varsho ke gyaat aur ek varsh ke ajnyaaatavaas poora karne ke baad bhi kauravon ne paandavon ko unka raajya dene se mana kar diya.

shaantidoot shreekrushn, yuddh aarambh tatha geeta-upadesh

shreekrushn ka viraat rup

dharmaraaj yudhishthir saat akshauhini sena ke svaami hokar kauravon ke saath yuddh karne ko taiyaar hue. pehle Bhagwan shreekrushn duryodhan ke paas doot bankar gaye. unhonne gyaarah akshauhini sena ke svaami raaja duryodhan se kaha ki tum yudhishthir ko aadha raajya de do ya keval paaainch hi gaaainv arpit kar yuddh taal don.

shreekrushn ki baat sunakar duryodhan ne paandavon ko sui ki nok ke baraabar bhoomi bhi dene se mana kar yuddh karne ka nishchaya kiya. aisa kehkar vah Bhagwan shreekrushn ko bandi banaane ke liye udyat ho gaya. us samay raajasabha mein Bhagwan shreekrushn ne maaya se apne param durdharsh vishvaroop ka darshan karaakar sabko bhayabheet kar diya. tadanantar ve yudhishthir ke paas laut gaye aur bole ki duryodhan ke saath yuddh karo. yudhishthir aur duryodhan ki senaaeain kurukshetr ke maidaan mein ja dateen. apne vipaksh mein pitaamah bheeshm tatha aachaarya dron aadi gurujanon ko dekhkar arjun yuddh se virt ho gaye.

tab Bhagwan shreekrushn ne unase kaha-"paarth! bheeshm aadi gurujan shok ke yogya naheen hain. manushya ka shareer vinaashasheel hai, kintu aatma ka kabhi naash naheen hota. yeh aatma hi parabrahm hai. 'main brahm hooain'- is prakaar tum us aatma ka astitv samajho. kaarya ki siddhi aur asiddhi mein samaanabhaav se rahakar karmayog ka aashray le kshaatradharm ka paalan karo. is prakaar shreekrushn ke jnyaaanayog, bhaktiyog evam karmayog ke baare mein vistaar se kehne par arjun ne fir se rathaaroodh ho yuddh ke liye shankhadhvani ki.

duryodhan ki sena mein sabse pehle pitaamah bheeshm senaapati hue. paandavon ke senaapati [dhrushtadyumn] the. in donon mein bhaari yuddh chhid gaya. bheeshmasahit kaurav paksh ke yoddha us yuddh mein paandav-paksh ke sainikon par prahaar karne lage aur shikhndi aadi paandav- paksh ke veer kaurav-sainikon ko apne baanon ka nishaana banaane lage. kaurav aur paandav-sena ka vah yuddh, devaasur-sangraam ke samaan jaan padta tha. aakaash mein khade hokar dekhne vaale devataaon ko vah yuddh bada aanandadaayak prateet ho raha tha. bheeshm ne das dinon tak yuddh karke paandavon ki adhikaansh sena ko apne baanon se maar giraaya.

bheeshm aur dron vadh

baano ki shayya par lete bheeshm

bheeshm ne das dinon tak yuddh karke paandavon ki adhikaansh sena ko apne baanon se maar giraaya. bheeshm ki mrutyu unki ichha ke adheen thi. shreekrushn ke sujhaav par paandavon ne bheeshm se hi unki mrutyu ka upaaya poochha. bheeshm ne kaha ki paandav shikhandi ko saamane karke yuddh lade. bheeshm use kanya hi maanate the aur use saamane paakar vo shastr naheen chalaane vaale the. aur shikhandi ko apne poorv janm ke apamaan ka badla bhi lena tha uske liye shivji se varadaan bhi liya ki bheeshm ki mrutyu ka kaaran banegi. 10ve din ke yuddh mein arjun ne shikhandi ko aage apne rath par bithaaya aur shikhandi ko saamane dekh kar bheeshm ne apna dhanush tyaag diya aur arjun ne apni baanavrushti se unhein baanon ki shayya par sula diya. tab aachaarya dron ne senaapatitv ka bhaar grahan kiya. fir se donon paksho mein bada bhayankar yuddh hua. viraat aur drupad aadi raaja dronaroopi samudra mein doob gaye the. lekin jab paandavo ne chhl se dron ko yeh vishvaas dila diya ki ashvatthaama maara gaya. to aachaarya dron ne niraash hon astr shastr tyaagakar uske baad yog samaadhi le kar apna shareer tyaag diya. aise samay mein dhrushtadyumn ne yog samaadhi liye dron ka mastak talavaar se kaat kar bhoomi par gira diya.

karn aur shalya vadh

karn aur arjun ka yuddh

dron vadh ke pashchaat karn kaurav sena ka karnadhaar hua. karn aur arjun mein bhaaainti-bhaaainti ke astr-shastron se yukt mahaabhayaanak yuddh hua, jo devaasur-sangraam ko bhi maat karne wala tha. karn aur arjun ke sangraam mein karn ne apne baanon se shatru-paksh ke bahut-se veeron ka sanhaar kar daala. yadyapi yuddh gatirodhapoorn ho raha tha lekin karn tab ulajh gaya jab uske rath ka ek pahiya dharati mein dhains gaya. guru parashuraam ke shaap ke kaaran vah apne ko daiveeya astron ke prayog mein bhi asamarth paakar rath ke pahiye ko nikaalne ke liye neeche utarata hai. tab shreekrushn, arjun ko uske dvaara kiye abhimnyu vadh, kuru sabha mein dropadi ko veshya aur usaki karn vadh karne ki pratijnyaa yaad dilaakar use maarane ko kehte hai, tab arjun ne ek daiveeya astr se karn ka sir dhad se alag kar diya. tadanantar raaja shalya kaurav-sena ke senaapati hue, kintu ve yuddh mein aadhe din tak hi tik sake. dopahar hote-hote raaja yudhishthir ne unhein maar diya.

bheemasen dvaara duryodhan ka vadh

duryodhan vadh aur mahaabhaarat yuddh ki samaapti

duryodhan ki saari sena ke maare jaane par ant mein usaka bheemasen ke saath gada yuddh hua. bheem ne chhl se usaki jaangh par prahaar karke use maar daala. iska pratishodh lene ke liye ashvatthaama ne raatri mein paandavon ki ek akshauhini sena, draupadi ke paaainchon putron, uske paanchaaladesheeya bandhuon tatha dhrushtadyumn ko sada ke liye sula diya. tab arjun ne ashvatthaama ko paraast karke uske mastak ki mani nikaal li. fir ashvatthaama ne uttara ke garbh par brahmaastr ka prayog kiya. usaka garbh uske astr se praaya dagdh ho gaya tha, kintu Bhagwan shreekrushn ne usako pun: jeevan-daan diya. uttara ka vahi garbhasth shishu aage chalakar raaja pareekshit ke naam se vikhyaat hua. is yuddh ke ant mein krutavarma, krupaachaarya tatha ashvatthaama teen kauravapakshiya aur paaainch paandav, saatyaki tatha shriKrishna ye saat paandavapakshiya veer jeevit bache. tatpashchaat yudhishthir raajasinhaasan par aaseen hue.

yadukul ka sanhaar aur paandavon ka mahaaprasthaan

braahmanon aur gaandhaari ke shaap ke kaaran yaadavakul ka sanhaar ho gaya. balabhadraji yog se apna shareer tyaag kar sheshanaag svarup hokar samudra mein chale gaye. Bhagwan Krishna ke sabhi prapautr ek din mahaamuniyon ki shakti dekhne ke liye ek ko stri banaakar muniyon ke paas gaye aur poochha ki he munishreshth! yeh mahila garbh se hai, hamein bataaen ki iske garbh se kiska janm hoga? muniyon ko gyaat hua ki yeh baalak unase krida karte hue ek purush ko mahila bana unke paas laae hain. muniyon ne Krishna ke prapautron ko shraapa ki is maanav ke garbh se ek moosal liklega jisse tumhaare vansh ka ant hoga. Krishna ke prapautron nein us moosal ko patthar par ragad kar choora bana nadi mein baha diya tatha uske nok ko feink diya. us choorn se utpann vruksh ki pattiyon se sabhi Krishna ke prapautr mrutyu ko praapt kiye. yeh dekh shreekrushn bhi ek ped ke neeche dhyaan lagaakar beth gaye. 'jra' naam ke ek vyaadh (shikaari) ne apne baan ki nok par moosal ka nok laga diya tatha Bhagwan Krishna ke charanakamal ko mrug samajhakar us baan se prahaar kiya. us baan dvaara Krishna ke pair ka chumban unke paramadhaam gaman ka kaaran bana. prabhu apne sampoorn shareer ke saath golok prasthaan kiye.^[44] iske baad samudra ne dvaarakaapuri ko apne jal mein duba diya. tadanantar dvaaraka se laute hue arjun ke mukh se yaadavon ke sanhaar ka samaachaar sunakar yudhishthir ne sansaar ki anityata ka vichaar karke pareekshit ko raajaasan par bithaaya aur draupadi tatha bhaaiyon ko saath le himaalaya ki taraf mahaaprasthaan ke path par agrasar hue. us mahaapath mein yudhishthir ko chhod sabhi ek-ek karke gir pade. ant mein yudhishthir indr ke rath par aaroodh ho (divya roop dhaari) bhaaiyon sahit svarg ko chale gaye.

aur adhik yahaaain

mukhya ullekh :mahaabhaarat ke paatr

• abhimnyu : arjun ke veer putr jo kurukshetr yuddh mein veeragati ko praapt huye.
• amba : shikhndi poorv janm mein amba naamak Rajkumari tha.
• ambika : vichitraveerya ki patni, amba aur ambaalika ki bahin.
• ambaalika: vichitraveerya ki patni, amba aur ambika ki bahin.
• arjun : devaraaj indr dvaara kunti evam paandu ka putr. ek atulniya dhanurdhar jisko shri Krishna ne shreemad Bhagwad geeta ka upadesh diya tha.
• babhruvaahan : arjun evam chitraangda ka putr.
• bakaasur : mahaabhaarat kaavya mein ek asur jisko bheem ne maar kar ek gaanv ke vaasiyon ki raksha ki thi.
• bheeshm : bheeshm ka naamakaran devavrat ke naam se hua tha. ve shaantanu evam ganga ke putr the. jab devavrat ne apne pita ki prasannata ke liye aajeevan brahmachaari rahane ka pran liya, tab se unka naam bheeshm ho gaya.
• draupadi : drupad ki putri jo agni se prakat hui thi. draupadi paanchon paandvon ki ardhaangini thi aur use aaj praacheenatam naareevaadiniyon mein ek maana jaata hai.
• dron : hastinaapur ke raajakumaaron ko shastr vidya dene vaale braahman guru. ashvthaama ke pita. yeh vishv ke pratham "test-tayoob baby" the. dron ek prakaar ka paatr hota hai.
• drupad : paanyachaal ke raaja aur draupadi evaman dhrushtadyumn ke pita. drupad aur dron baalyakaal ke mitr the!
• duryodhan : kauravon mein jyeshth. dhrutaraashtr evam gaandhaari ke 100 putron mein sabse bade.
• du:shaasan : duryodhan se chhota bhaai jo draupadi ko hastinpur Rajyasabha mein baalon se pakad kar laaya tha. kurukshetr yuddh mein bheem ne du:shaasan ki chhaati ka rakt piya tha.
• ekalavya : dron ka ek mahaan shishya jisse gurudakshina mein dron ne usaka angootha maanga tha.
• gaandeev : arjun ka dhanush. [jo, kai maanyataaon ke anusaar, Bhagwan Shiv se Indra aur uske baad agni Dave ant mein agni-Dave ne arjun ko diya tha.]
• gaandhaari : gandhaar ke raaja ki putri aur dhrutaraashtr ki patni.
• jayadrath : sindhu ke raaja aur dhrutaraashtr ke daamaad. kurukshetr yuddh mein arjun ne jayadrath ka sheesh kaat kar vadh kiya tha.
• karn : sooryadev evaman kunti ke putr aur paandavon ke sabse bade bhaai. karn ko daanaveer-karn ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai. karn kavach evam kundal pahane hue paida huye the aur unka daan Indra ko kiya tha.
• krupaachaarya : hastinaapur ke braahman guru. inki bahin 'krupi' ka vivaah dron se hua tha.
• Krishna : devaki ki aathaveen santaan jisne apne maama kans ka vadh kiya tha. Bhagwan Krishna ne arjun ko kurukshetr yudh ke praarambh mein geeta upadesh diya tha. shri Krishna, Bhagwan vishnu ke aathavein avataar the.
• kurukshetr : vah kshetr jahaaain mahaabhaarat ka mahaan yuddh hua tha. yeh kshetr aaj ke Bhaarat mein Haryana mein sthit hai.
• paandav : paandu ki kunti aur maadri se santaane. yeh paanch bhaai the: yuddhishthir, bheem, arjun, nakul aur sahadev.
• parashuraam : arthaat parashu vaale Ram. ve dron, bheeshm aur karn jaise mahaarathiyon ke guru the. ve Bhagwan vishnu ka shashtham avataar the.
• shalya : nakul aur sahadev ki maata maadri ke bhaai.
• uttara : raaja viraat ki putri. abhimnyu ki dharmpatni.
• maharshi vyaas : mahaabhaarat mahaakaavya ke lekhak. paaraashar aur satyavati ke putr. inhein Krishna dvaipaayan ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai kyonki ve krushnavarn ke the tatha unka janm ek dweep mein hua tha.

vibhinn bhaag evam roopaantar

mahaabhaarat ke kai bhaag hain jo aamtaur par apne aap mein ek alag aur poorn pustakein maani jaati hain. mukhya roop se in bhaagon ko alag se mahatva diya jaata hai:-

1. bhagavad geeta shri Krishna dvaara bheeshmaparv mein arjun ko diya gaya upadesh.
2. damayanti athva nal damayanti, aranyakaparv mein ek prem katha.
3. krushnavaarta : Bhagwan shri Krishna ki kahaani.
4. Ram raamaayan ka aranyakaparv mein ek sankshipt roop.
5. riashya riang ek riashi ki prem katha.
6. vishnusahasranaam vishnu ke 1000 naamon ki mahima shaantiprv mein.

mahaabhaarat ke dakshin Asia me kai roopaantar milte hain, indoneshiya, Sri Lanka, jaava dweep, Jakarta, Thailand, Tibet, barma (myaanmaar) mein mahaabhaarat ke bhinn-bhinn roopaantar milte hain. dakshin bhaarateeya mahaabhaarat me adhiktam 1,40,000 shlok milte hain, jabki uttar bhaarateeya mahaabhaarat ke roopaantar me 1,10,000 shlok milte hain.

athaarah ki sankhya

mahaabhaarat ki mool abhiklpana mein athaarah ki sankhya ka vishisht yog hain. kaurav aur paandav pakshon ke madhya hue yuddh ki avadhi athaarah din thi. donon pakshon ki senaaon ka sammilit sankhyaabal bhi athaarah akshauhini tha. is yuddh ke pramukh sootradhaar bhi athaarah hain.^[45] mahaabhaarat ki prabandh yojana mein sampoorn granth ko athaarah parvon mein vibhkt kiya gaya hain aur mahaabhaarat mein bheeshm parv ke antargat varnit shreemadbhagavadgeeta mein bhi athaarah adhyaaya hain. sampoorn mahaabhaarat athaarah parvon mein vibhkt hain.^[46]

aadya Bhaarat

mahaabhaarat ke aadiprv ke anusaar vedavyaas ji ne sarvapratham punyakarma maanavon ke upaakhyaanon sahit ek lakh shlokon ka aadya Bhaarat granth banaaya. tadantar upaakhyaanon ko chhodkar chaubees hajaar shlokon ki Bhaarat sanhita banaayi. tatpashchaat vyaas ji ne saath lakh shlokon ki ek doosari sanhita banaayi, jiske tees lakh shlok devalok mein, pandrah lakh pitrulok mein tatha chaudah lakh shlok gandharvalok mein samaadrut hue. manushyalok mein ek lakh shlokon ka aadya Bhaarat pratishthit hua.^[12]

pruthvi ke bhaugolik sandarbh

mahaabhaarat mein Bhaarat ke atirikt vishv ke kai anya bhaugolik sthaanon ka sandarbh bhi aata hai jaise cheen ka gobi marusthal^[47], misr ki neel nadi^[48], laal saagar^[49] tatha iske atirikt mahaabhaarat ke bheeshm parv ke jambookhand-vinirmaan parv mein sampoorn pruthvi ka maanachitr bhi bataaya gaya hai, jo nimnalikhit hai-:

arthaat: he kurunandan ! sudarshan naamak yeh dweep chakr ki bhaaainti golaakaar sthit hai, jaise purush darpan mein apna mukh dekhta hai, usi prakaar yeh dweep chandramandal mein dikhaayi deta hai. iske do ansho me pippal aur do ansho me mahaan shash (kharagosh) dikhaayi deta hai. ab yadi uparokt sanrachana ko kaagaj par banaakar vyavasthit kare to hamaari pruthvi ka maanachitr ban jaata hai, jo hamaari pruthvi ke vaastavik maanachitr se bahut samaanata dikhaata hai:

• 1988 ke lagbhag bi aar Chopra nirmit mahaabhaarat, Bhaarat mein dooradarshan par pehli baar dhaaraavaahik roop mein prasaarit hua.
• 1989 mein Peter Brooke dvaara pehli baar yeh film angreji mein bani.
• mahaabhaarat naam se sooryakaant tripaathi niraala ne bhi saahityik kruti hai.
• kahaaniyaaain hamaare mahaabhaarat ki naam se ekta Kapoor ne bhi ek dooradarshan dhaaraavaahik banaaya tha, jiska prasaaran 2007 mein 9eks channel par kiya jaata tha.^[50]
• ek aur mahaabhaarat: bhaarateeya rel ke adhikaariyon tatha vibhinn karmachaariyon dvaara kahaani sangrah.
• kurukshetr mein ek mahaabhaarat deergha ka nirmaan ho raha hai, jismein tab ke kuchh drushyon ko jeevant hua dekha ja sakega.^[51]
• 1000 mahaabhaarat prashnottari naamak pustak, mein mahaabhaarat ke gahan gyaan par gupt 1000 prashn hain.^[1]

vikikvot par mahaabhaarat se sambandhit uddharan hain.

vikisors mein mahaabhaarat lekh se sambandhit mool saahitya hai.

vikisors mein mahaabhaarat lekh se sambandhit mool saahitya hai.

vikimeediya kaumans par mahaabhaarat se sambandhit media hai.

• mahaabhaaratam (keval sanskrut paath)
• The Mahabharataof Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli (published between 1883 and 1896)
• mahaabhaarat (hindi mein sampoorn katha)
• mahaabhaarat (hindi)
• odiya mahaabhaarat ; bhaag-1 (Google pustak)
• odiya mahaabhaarat ; bhaag-2 (Google pustak)
• Bhaarat ka itihaas mahaabhaarat
• svargaarohan - mahaabhaarat ki pramukh kahaaniyaaain va paatron ka vivran (gujaraati mein)
• mahaabhaarat - yahaaain mahaabhaarat ka khojane yogya detaabes tatha anya suvidhaaeain hain.
• intaranet saikred tekst archive par mahaabhaarat - yahaaain devanaagari aur roman mein mahaabhaarat ka paath upalabdh hai; angreji anuvaad upalabdh hai; aur ek jip sanchika ke roop mein sampoorn mahaabhaarat daaunalod karne ki suvidha bhi hai.
• maharshi ved vishvavidyaalaya - yahaaain devanaagari vipul sanskrut saahitya upalabdh hai. sampoorn mahaabhaarat daaunalod karne ki suvidha bhi hai.
• dharmasansaar (hindi chittha)
• mahaabhaarat risorses

chalachitr

• the mahaabhaarata Internet moovi detaabes par 1989 moovi Peter Brooke dvaara nirdeshit
• kalayug Internet moovi detaabes par 1980 moovi shyaam benegal dvaara nirdeshit. yeh chalachitr mahaabhaarat ki kahaani par aadhaarit hai aur aadhunik yug ke sandarbh mein kahaani ki pun: vuyaakhya karta hai, jismein do parivaar ek audyogik sankaaya par niyntran ke liye lad rahe hain.