madyakaran

sharaab banaane vaale ek kaarkhaane ka drushya

sharaab, alkohal yukt peya evam alkohal yukt indhan banaane ki vidhi ko madyakaran (Brewing) kehte hain. kinvan ki kriya dvaara sookshmajeev jaise kavak, sharkara ko alkohal mein parivrtit karte hain, isi siddhaant ka prayog madyakaran mein kiya jaata hai. madyakaran ka ek lamba itihaas hai. aadhunik yug mein sookshmajaiviki ki takaneeko ne ise ek laabhajanak auddogik vyavasaaya ka roop de diya hai.

ailkohaulayukt peya ki visheshata upayog mein aanevaale kachche maal par hi nirbhar naheen karti, varan iske svaad tatha suvaas par banaane ki reetiyon ka bhi vyaapak prabhaav padta hai. pratyek sura ki apni visheshata hoti hai aur ismein upasthit ailkohaul ki maatra utani mahatvapoorn naheen hoti jitna usaka svaad, suvaas tatha anya "niji visheshataaeain".

aadikaal se elkohaul ka upayog uttejak peya ke roop mein hota aaya hai. aasavan ki kriya apekshaakrut baad mein apnaai gayi, parantu uske bahut pehle se fal, ikh, taad aadi ke kinvit rason ka upayog uttejak tatha svaasthyavarddhak peya ke roop mein hota tha. Bhaarat mein bhi is prakaar ke peya padaarthon ka upayog somaras, madhvira, surabhit ras (elixir) aadi ke roop mein praacheen kaal mein hota tha. Bhaarat mein vividh prakaar ki jadi bootiyon ke nishkarsh se sanmishrit sura ka upayog aushadh ke roop mein hota tha tatha aaj bhi puraane granthon mein is prakaar ki sanmishrit suraaon ko taiyaar karne ke anek nuskhe milte hain. inka utpaadan mukhyat: sannyaasi, chikitsak tatha keemiyaagar (alchemist) karte the tatha upayog mein aanevaali jadi, bootiyon, falon tatha anya vanaspati padaarthon ke chayan mein vishesh kaushal apnaaya jaata tha. inse sambandhit baaton ko praaya: gupt rakha jaata tha. ye peya vishesh suvaas, svaad tatha gunayukt hote the aur Bhaarat is vidya mein sansaar ke anya deshon mein agrani tha. sura ke is gun ke kaaran Europe mein aasut sura ko "jeevan jal" (water of life) ka naam diya gaya, kyonki un logon mein dheere dheere yeh vishvaas fail gaya ki ismein jeevanaraksha ke tatv upasthit hain.

aasut ailkohaulayukt peya do prakaar ke hote hain : pratham ve peya hain, jinko seedhe aasavan ki reeti se praapt kiya jaata hai. is varg ke peya madyakaran udyog mein adhik mahatvapoorn hain. dviteeya varg mein un peya padaarthon ko sanmilit kiya jaata hain jinmein antat: praapt honevaali sura mein kuchh vishesh tatha vaanchhaneeya visheshata laane ke liye ek ya adhik sanghatakon ka mool aasut mein sanmishran (blending) kiya gaya ho. sura mein ailkohaul ka sandarbh ethil ailkohaul se hota hai, yadyapi sabhi apitu sura mein alp maatra mein uchchatar ailkohaul bhi upasthit hota hai. audyogik upayog mein aanevaale ailkohaul ka utpaadan sharkara, athva aise padaarth se, jise sharkara mein parivrtit kiya ja sake, hota hai, jaise staarch. ailkohaulayukt peya tatha aasut sura ke utpaadan mein kramash: falon tatha ikh ke ras ka tatha anaaj ka upayog hota hai. beer, hviski aadi ka utpaadan anaaj se hota hai. braindi, angoor tatha ram, ikh ke ras se taiyaar ki jaati hai. sura mein ailkohaul ki maatra ke liye jis kachche maal ka upayog hota hai, praaya: vahi antat: taiyaar honevaali sura ki saurabhik tatha svaad sambandhi gunon ki visheshata ka kaaran hota hai.

purnat: shuddh ki hui udaaseen (neutral) sura ethil ailkohaul hoti hai. ise kisi bhi uparyukt likhe hue kachche maal se 190 degree proof (proof) par, athva isse adhik proof par, aasavan karne se praapt kiya ja sakta hai. aasavan ke uparaant praapt aasut ke proof ko praaya: kam kiya jaata hai. ailkohaulayukt peya ki saandrata ko praaya: "degree proof" athva keval "proof" mein vyakt kiya jaata hai. amareeka ki paribhaasha ke anusaar proof spirit us ailkohaulayukt drav ko kehte hain, jismein 60 degree faarenahaait taap par 0.7939 vishisht gurutv (specific gravity) ka ailkohaul, drav ke aayatan ke aadhe parimaan mein, upasthit ho. doosare shabdon mein proof ki sankhya ailkohaul ke aayatan ke parimaan ki duguni hoti hai. Britain mein proof spirit us ailkohaulayukt drav ko kehte hain jiska bhaar 51 degree faarenahaait taap par samaan aayatan ke aasut jal ke bhaar ka 92/93 ho.

sura do prakaar ki hoti hai : (1) riju aasut sura (straight distilled liquor) tatha (2) madhvira (liqueur) aur kaurdiyl (cordial).

(1) riju aasut sura (straight distilled liquor) --ismein hviski, braindi, ram tatha jin pramukh hain. peese hue anaaj, athva kai prakaar ke anaajon ke mishran, ke kinvit aasut ko hviski kaha jaata hai. hviski ke utpaadan mein jis anaaj ka adhiktam upayog hua ho, usi anaaj ke naam par hviski ka naam pradaan kiya jaata hai, jaise gehooain ki hviski (wheat whiskey), maalt hviski (malt whiskey) aadi. maalt hviski kinvat jau ke upayog se taiyaar ki jaati hai. hsviki do prakaar ki hoti hai amishrit hviski (straight whiskey) tatha vishesh gunayukt sanmishrit hviski (blended whiskey).

saamaanyat: falon ke kinvit rason se praapt aasut ko braindi kaha jaata hai. yadi kisi falavishesh ka ullekh naheen kiya gaya ho, to braindi ka aashay angoor ke ras se praapt aasut sura se hota hai. braindi mein us fal vishesh ki visheshataaeain, jiske ras se vah taiyaar ki gayi ho, bahut kuchh vidyamaan hoti hai.

ikh tatha ikh ke seere ke kinvit aasut ko ram kaha jaata hai. joonipr beri (juniper berry) ke aakvaath tatha anya saurabhik jadi bootiyon ke aasavan se jin (gin) ka utpaadan hota hai.

(2) madhvira (liqueur)-- riju aasut sura ke atirikt anya sura mein madhvira tatha kaurdiyl pramukh hain. inmein ailkohaul ki maatra ke atirikt 2.5 prati shat sharkara athva glukoj hota hai. inka utpaadan udaaseen aasav, braindi, ram, jin, athva anya aasut sura ko falon, falon ke nishkarshan tatha anya saurabhik aur teevr suvaasavaale padaarthon ke mishran se hota hai.

staarchavaale padaarthon se sura ke utpaadan mein sarvapratham staarch ko sharkara mein parivrtit karna hota hai. parivartan ki yeh kriya maalt mein upasthit daayastes ainjaaim dvaara sampann ki jaati hai. praaya: sabhi anaajon ko maalt roop mein parivrtit kiya ja sakta hai, parantu saadhaaran avastha mein maalt ka aashay ankurit jau se hota hai. maalt ki kriya ka uddeshya anaaj mein ainjaaim ka vikaas karna hota hai. maalt na keval staarch ko sharkara mein parivrtit karta hai, varan antat: taiyaar honevaali sura ko saurabhik suvaas tatha svaad pradaan karta hai. maalt ki utpatti ki reetiyon ki visheshata se skauch hviski ki visheshata maani jaati hai.

beer nirmaan ki prakriya

anaaj se sura ka utpaadan paaainch kramon mein hota hai. in kramon ko kramash: peesana, Pak, sharkaraakaran, avamishran tatha kinvan kaha jaata hai.

peesana

anaaj ko peesana pratham kram hai. ismein chakkiyon mein anaaj ka baareek choorn taiyaar kiya jaata hai. yeh choorn na to bahut mota hona chaahiye aur na atyant baareek, kyonki donon hi avasthaaon mein utpaadan ki reetiyon mein kathinaai upasthit hoti hai aur upajaaton ki pun:praapti mein baadha padti hai. anaaj ka choorn ka adhikaansh 10-30 akshi (mesh) ki jaali se nikal sakane yogya hona chaahiye.

Pak

doosra Pak kram hai, jismein anaaj ke choorn mein paani milaakar use vilodakon dvaara samaang kiya jaata hai. is kriya mein praaya: 56 pound anaaj se praapt choorn ke liye 14 gailan ke hisaab se mrudu jal milaaya jaata hai. samaang banaane ki kriya badi badi tankiyon mein ki jaati hai. in tankiyon mein vilodak lage rahate hain tatha inhein garam karne ke liye inmein bhaap ki nalikaaeain hoti hai. Pak kriya mein anaaj ke choorn tatha jal ke samaang mishran ko garam kiya jaata hai. garam karne ki avadhi mein vilodakon ko nirantar chalaate rahana padta hai. Pak ki kriya se anaaj ke choorn ka staarch paani ke saath pak kar lei banta hai. kinvan ki kriya mein anaaj ke choorn ki apeksha lei ka sharkaraakaran sheegra hota hai. Pak ki kriya do prakaar se ki jaati hai : pehli reeti mein khuli tankiyon mein hava ke saadhaaran dabaav par 100 degree seindru taap par Pak ki kriya 30 se 60 minute tak ki jaati hai. yeh reeti audyogeekaran ke is yug mein puraani ho chuki hai. aajkal aadhuniktam tatha doosari reeti ka upayog kiya jaata hai, jismein samay ki bachat hoti hai. is reeti mein Pak ki kriya band tankiyon mein adhik taap par (120 degree se 135 degree sein taap par) tatha adhik hava ke dabaav mein ki jaati hai. kriya ke liye alp samay praaya: paaainch minute hi paryaapt hota hai. kuchh anaaj vishesh, jaise raai, ke upayog mein Pak ki kriya apekshaakrut kam taap (70° celcius) par karna aavayak hota hai, kyonki uchch taap par pakaane se taiyaar honevaali sura ka svaad aruchikr hota hai. Pak ki donon hi reetiyon ke upayog mein is kriya ke uparaant samaang lei ko tatkaal 62 degree seindru taap tak thandha kar liya jaata hai. thandha karne ke liye Pak ki tankiyon mein paani ki nalikaaeain lagi rahati hain.

sharkaraakaran

teesare kram mein lei ke roop mein anaaj ke staarch ka sharkaraakaran kiya jaata hai. is kriya se staarch maaltoj mein parivrtit ho jaata hai. lei mein peese hue maalt ki kuchh maatra milaakar, is kriya ka 60 degree seindru taap par sootrapaat karaaya jaata hai. kriya ke samay lei tatha maalt ke mishran ko samaang banaae rakhane ke liye, viloukon ko nirantar chalte rahana padta hai. sharkaraakaran ki yeh kriya 20 se 60 minute ke uparaant band kar di jaati hai. is avadhi mein lei mein upasthit staarch ka 30 se 70 prati shat bhaag maaltoj mein tatha shesh bhaag ka deksatrin ke adhikaansh ka sharkara mein parivartan ho jaata hai.

avamishran

sharkaraakaran ki kriya ke uparaant chauthe kram mein maaltoj ka avamishran kiya jaata hai. is kriya mein sharkaraakaran ke uparaant praapt dravya ko kinvan ke liye taiyaar kiya jaata hai. at: sarvapratham dravya ko kinvan taap tak thanda kiya jaata hai aur iski saandrata ko paani, athva aasavan ki kriya se ailkohaul ki praapti ke baad ke bache hue drav, ko milaakar nishchit seema tak laaya jaata hai. is kriya ko avamishran kaha jaata hai tatha iska uddeshya kinvan ke liye drav ke taap tatha saandrata ko nishchit star tak laana hota hai, jisse kinvan niyantrit avastha mein sampann kiya ja sake.

kinvan

kinvan ki paaainchaveen tatha antim kriya madyakaran mein sarvaadhik mahatvapoorn hai. kinvan ki kriya sharkara ko ailkohaul mein parivrtit karti hai. yeh kriya jaaimej (Zymase) ainjaaim naamak ainjaaim sankul (enzyme complex) dvaara hoti hai. ailkohaul yukt peya ke utpaadan mein praaya: khameer athva saikairomaaiseej (Saccharomyces) jaati ke yeest ka prayog hota hai. jaaimej anya sookshm jeevon se bhi praapt kiya ja sakta hai. saikairomaaiseej jaati ka yeest maaltoj ke drav mein saralata se ugata hai aur sheegra hi mukulan (budding) ke dvaara sanvardhan karta hai. saikairomaaiseej ki anek jaatiyon mein se saikairomaaiseej serivisiya (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae) hi ailkohaul ke niyantrit kinvan mein sarvaadhik prayukt hota hai, yadyapi kabhi kabhi anya vibhed (strain) ka bhi upayog kiya jaata hai. kinvan ki kriya ek jatil prakram hai. ismein kaarbanik padaarthon ke gas ka nikaas aur ooshma ki utpatti hoti hai. saadhaaran roop mein ek anu glookoj se kinvan ke prakram ke uparaant do anu ethil ailkohaul tatha do anu kaarban daaioksaaid praapt hote hain. parantu kinvan ka prakram itna saral naheen hota aur uparyukt prakram ke atirikt anek paarshv prakram bhi hote hain, jinse alp maatra mein anek gaun utpaad praapt hote hain. paarshv prakram prayog mein aanevaale maaltoj drav ki saranchana yast tatha kinvan ki paristhitiyon par bahut kuchh nirbhar karti hai. in gaun upajaaton ka madyakaran mein vyaapak prabhaav hota hai aur ye taiyaar honevaali sura mein svaad tatha suvaas ki visheshata pradaan karte hain. gaun utpaad anek prakaar ke aildeehaaid, estar, uchchatar ailkohaul tatha vasa aml ke roop mein hote hain. uchchatar ailkohaul ko fyoojel tel (Fusel oils) naam bhi diya jaata hai. taiyaar honevaali aasut sura mein gaun utpaadon ka saamoohik roop mein saprajaati (Congenerics) bhi kaha jaata hai.

kinvan ki kriya ka samaaranbh maaltoj drav mein do se teen pratishat paripakva yeest ke niveshan (inoculation) se hota hai. yeh kriya do se chaar dinon mein teen vishesh praavasthaaon mein poorn hoti hai. pratham praavastha mein yeest ki koshikaaeain sanvardhit hoti hain, doosari praavastha mein maaltoj tatha anya sharkara ka mukhya kinvan hota hai aur teesari praavastha mein maaltoj ke saath upasthit deksatrin ka kinvan yogya sharkara mein tatha taduparaant poornat: ethil ailkohaul mein kinvan hota hai. doosari praavastha mein teevr prakram hota hai, jisme drav se daaioksaaid gas ati sheegra gati se niklati hai aur drav ubalata sa maaloom padne lagta hai, saath hi taap ki vruddhi hoti hai. at: kinvan-drav ko thandha rakhana padta hai. taap ke prati yeest atyant sugraahi (sensitive) hota hai. at: kinvan ki kriya ke samay 82 degree se 86 degree faarenahaait ke beech saavadhaani se taap ka niyantran kiya jaata hai. yeest ke taiyaar karne ki reeti maaltoj drav ko taiyaar karne ke samaan hai. antar keval itna hai ki ismein paani ki maatra kam hoti hai aur isaliye peese hue choorn mein paani kam milaaya jaata hai. yeest ke choorn tatha paani ke saandr mishran ka, laiktik aml baiktiriya se 20 ghante ke kinvan se, amleekaran kiya jaata hai. is amleekrut yeest drav ke prati 100 gailan mein 10 se 30 gailan tak pehle se kramabaddh viksit yeest ka milaakar niveshan kiya jaata hai.

kinvan ki kriya ke uparaant drav mein ailkohaul vaanchhaneeya gaun utpaad, anaaj ke choorn se shesh thos kan, khanij lavan, tatha anya kinvan ke utpaad, jaise glisraalai, laiktik aml, saksinik aml, taartarik aml tatha vasa aml, upasthit hote hain. aasavan ki kriya se ailkohaul tatha anya vaanchhit gaun utpaadon ko inse pruthak kiya jaata hai. aasavan ki kriya ek, athva do, aasavanon dvaara sampann hoti hai tatha avaanchhit tatvon ko sura se rahit karne ke liye bhinn bhinn aasavan stambh (column) evam bahukaksheeya parishodhan stambh ka upayog kiya jaata hai. aasavan ki mool kriya praacheen samay mein ghat-bhabhakon mein ki jaati thi. inmein ek bade ghat mein ailkohaulayukt drav ko bhara jaata tha aur ghat ke oopar se nalikaaon dvaara ailkohaul ka vaashp ek anya paatr mein sanghanit kiya jaata tha. is prakaar ki vyavastha ko ritaurt (retort) aasavan kaha jaata hai. ghat bhabhake se praapt pratham aasavan ka aasut ashuddh hota hai tatha ismein ailkohaul ki maatra 40 se 50 proof hoti hai. is prakaar se praapt halaki sura ka do athva teen baar pun: aasavan kiya jaata hai, jisse saandr sura praapt hoti hai. ye bhabhake praaya: taaainbe ke bane hote hain aur inhein pratyaksh athva apratyaksh roop se garam kiya jaata hai. aaj kal sudhaar kiye hue ghat bhabhakon ka upayog hviski tatha braindi ke utpaadan mein kiya jaata hai. ab ghat bhabhakon ke uparaant santat bhabhakon ka upayog hone laga hai. inmein garam drav ka santat pravaah kiya jaata hai tatha bhabhake mein chhidrayukt plate lage rahate hain. garami se pleton ke oopar ailkohaul ka vaashp banta hai aur aasut ka pun: aasavan hota rahata hai. bhabhake mein pleton ke neeche jaanevaale garam drav ka pun: vaashpeekaran hota hai aur bhabhake ke tal par ekatrit honevaale gaadhe drav tatha talachhat ko neeche se nikaal liya jaata hai.

aajkal ke aadhunik bhabhakon mein suvidhaajanak aur upayogi anek sudhaar kiye gaye hain, jinke kaaran aasavan ki kriya na keval mitvyayi ho gayi hai, varan sabhi staron par kriya ko saralataapoorvak niyantrit kiya ja saka hai. isse praapt honevaali sura ki visheshataaon ko ichhaanusaar parivrtit kiya ja sakta hai.

madyakaran se sura ke atirikt upayogi upajaat bhi praapt kiye jaate hai. sura ke aasavan ke uparaant bache hue drav ko, jismein se ailkohaul evam anya vaashpasheel padaarthon ko pruthak kiya ja chuka ho, bhabhaka drav kaha jaata hai. bhabhake jal mein anek padaarth vilyan mein athva nilanban ki avastha mein upasthit hote hain. is drav se raaiboflaivin (riboflavin) tatha vitaamin bi-sankul (Vitamin B Compex) ke anya sanghatanon ko praapt kiya gaya hai. is drav ka upayog pashuon ke bhojan sanmishranon mein hota hai.

• An overview of the microbiology behind beer brewing from the Science Creative Quarterly
• Hyfoma on beer brewing - Hyfoma