maansaahaari gan
maansaahaari gan (Carnivora) maansaahaari staniyon ka gan hai. iske antargat Singh, baagh, cheeta, paalatoo kutte evam billiyaaain, seal, lomadi lakadbaggha, reechh aadi jeev aate hain. is gan ke lagbhag 260 vansh vartamaan hai aur vartamaan vansh ke baraabar vansh vilupt ho gaye hain. truteeyak (Tertiary) yug ke aarambh mein is gan ke jeevon ki utpatti hui, tab se ab tak ye apna astitv banaae rakhane mein paryaapt safal rahe hain.
is gan ke praani saahasi, buddhimaan evam sakriya hote hain. inke dekhne aur sooainghane ki shakti teevr hoti hai. inke chaar radanak (canine) daaaint hote hain, jo maans faadne ke anukul hote hain. is gan ki anek jaatiyon ki paadaanguliyaaain drudh evam tej nakhar (claw) se yukt hoti hai. ye nakhar shikaar ko pakadne mein sahaayak hote hain. maansaahaari gan ke praani chhote vistra (weasel) se lekar bade reechh ke aakaar tak ke hote hain aur inka bhaar lagbhag 20 man tak ho sakta hai. Australia aur New Zealand ko chhodkar sansaar ke pratyek bhaag mein maansaahaari gan ke jeev paaye jaate hain. dhruveeya lomadi aur reechh hi keval aise sthal stani hain, jo sudoor uttar mein paae jaate hain. jalasinh (sea lion) uttar dhruveeya evam dakshin dhruveeya samudra mein paae jaate hain. gandh maarjaar (civet) uttari evam dakshini amareeka ko chhodkar sabhi deshon mein paaya jaata hai. Africa mein asli reechh naheen paaye jaate. panda ko chhodakar sabhi raikoon (racoon) amareeka mein hi paaye jaate hain. yadyapi kuchh maansaahaari praani manushya aur paalatu pashuon ko haani pahuainchaate hain, tathaapi inmein se adhikaansh samooradhaari (furry) aur krutak bhakshak hone ke kaaran mahatvapoorn hai. kruntak (rodente) krushi ko haani pahuainchaate hain, par maansaahaari gan ke adhikaansh praani kruntakon ka bhakshan kar inki sankhyaavruddhi ko rokate hain. is gan ke sabhi praani maansaahaari hi hon, yeh aavashyak naheen hai. is gan ke kuchh praani, jaise adhiktar reechh, shaakaahaari hote hain.
anukram
vishisht lakshan (Distinctive characters)
is gan ke praaniyon ko stani varg ke anya ganon se alag karne ke liye koi ek vishesh lakshan naheen bataaya ja sakta, kintu sanrachanaatmak lakshanon ke samooh dvaara maansaahaari gan ke jeevon ko anya ganon se pruthak kiya jaata hai. ye lakshanasamooh nimnalikhit hai:
(1) pratyek maansaahaari ke pratyek paad mein chaar paadaanguliyaaain hoti hain aur pratham paadaanguli, shesh paadaanguliyon ki pratirodhya naheen hoti. anguliprv mein sugathit nakhar hote hain, kintu nakh ya khur naheen hote.
(2) pratyek kapol par sparsh naasa baal (tactile vibrissae) ke do guchhe hote hain, jo histr jantuon mein paryaapt bade tatha vanaspatibhkshiyon mein chhote hote hain.
(3) aise sabhi praaniyon ke pooainchh hoti hai.
(4) janan ang aur guda pruthak-pruthak chhidron mein khulate hain.
(5) stan kabhi bhi poornat: anseeya (pectoral) naheen hote.
(6) mastishk achhe prakaar se ya saadhaaran sanvalit (convoluted) hota hai.
(7) inmein teen prakaar ke daaaint hote hain : kruntak (incisors), radanak tatha kapol daaaint (Cheek teeth) oopar aur neeche ke jabadon mein kruntak daaaint hote hain. inmein madhya ke daaaint, agal-bagal ke daaainton se bade hote hain. radanak daaaint sada bade hote hain aur donon jabado mein hote hain. kapol daaaint jaddaar hote hain, kintu ye drudh sthaayi naheen hote.
(8) garbhaashaya do bhaagon mein bainta rahata hai aur apara (placenta) prapaati (deciduate) hoti hai.
vargeekaran (Classification)
maansaahaari gan ke vartamaan jeevon ko do upaganon mein vibhkt kiya gaya hai:
(1) fisipeediya (Fissipedia) tatha
(2) pinneepeediya (Pinnipidea).
uparyukt do jeevit upagan jis upagan se nikle hain, vah kravyadant (creodonta) hai aur is upagan ke praani truteeyak kalp ke praarambh mein hi vilupt ho gaye the.
fisipeediya
is upagan ke praani vilgnaangul hote hain tatha inke kapol daaaint vibhinn prakaar ke hote hain. is upagan ko do adhikulon mein vibhkt kiya gaya hai :
(1) aarktoidiya (Arctoidea) ya kaanoidiya (Canoidea) tatha
(2) elooraaidiya (Aeluroidea) ya feloidiya (Feloidea).
aarktoidiya ke antargat kutta, bhaaloo raikoon tatha vistra kul aate hain aur elooraaidiya ke antargat billi, lakadbaggha, gandhamaarjaar kul aate hain (dekhein, kutta, gandhamaarjaar, cheeta baagh, billi, bhaaloo, Singh).
pinneepeediya
is upagan ke praaniyon ke agr paad chhote hote hain aur sab pair chappoo ke aakaar ke hote hain. pashchapaadon ki pehli aur paaainchaveen paadaaguliyaaain sheshadaanguliyon se lambi hoti hai. kapol dant ek jaise hote hain. is gan ke antargat teen kul hain : odobeenidi (Odobaenidae), fosidi (Phocidae) tatha otaariidi (Otariidae). odobeenidi ke antargat vaalaras, fosidi ke antargat seal evam otaariidi ke antargat jalasinh tatha faravaale seal aate hain (dekhein seal).
maansaahaari gan ke jeevaashm
aadhunik maansaahaari gan ke saamaanya praaniyon ke jeevaashmon ke saath saath anek vilupt praaniyon ke jeevaashm bhi atyant nootan (pleistocene) yug ki chattaanon mein paae gaye hain. sabse praacheen maansaahaari gan vah chhota kriodauraata tha jiske jeevaashm uttari amareeka ke puraanootan (palaeocene) yug ke aarambh ki chattaanon mein paae gaye hain. uttari amareeka mein madhyapuraanootan yug ki chattaanon mein meeaasid (Miacid) gan ke jeevon ke jeevaashm milte hain, jinse pata chalta hai ki us kaal mein is gan ke jeev utpann ho gaye the. afreeka ki madhyanootan yug ke aarambh ki chattaanon aur Bhaarat ki atinootan (Pliocene) yug ki chattaanon se praapt jeevaashmon se gyaat hota hai ki us kaal meinsh antim kriodauraata jeevit the kriodauraata aur fiseepeediya daanon gan ke sambandh sandehayukt hain, yadyapi dono ke avashesh ek hi kaal ki chattaanon mein milte hain, jalavyghraaa ke jeevaashm madhyanootan yug ki chattaanon mein milte hain jinse pata lagta hai ki unamein pinneepeediya gan ke sabhi lakshan upasthit the. jalavyghraaa ke poorvaj ke sambandh mein koi vishesh sanket naheen milte.