maaikrofon

saaaincha:maanak marathi

ek anubhaash (maaikrofon) (jise bolachaal ki bhaasha mein Mic ya Mike [donon ka uchchaaran /ˈaamaɪaak/ (Mike)] kaha jaata hai) ek dhvanik-se-vaidyut traansadyoosar (Transducer) ya sanvedak hota hai, jo dhvani ko vidyuteeya sanket mein roopaantarit karta hai. 1876 mein, emili barlinr (Emile Berliner) ne pehle maaikrofon ka aavishkaar kiya, jiska prayog telephone svar traansameetar ke roop mein kiya gaya. maaikrofonon ka prayog anek anuprayogon, jaise telephone, tape rikaardar, karaaoke pranaaliyon, shravan-sahaayata yantron, chalachitron ke nirmaan, sajeev tatha rikaard ki gayi shraavya engineering, FRS radio, megaafon, radio va television prasaaran aur kampyootaron mein aavaaj rikaard karne, svar ki pehchaan karne, VoIP tatha kuchh gair-dhvanik uddeshyon, jaise altraasaunik pareekshan ya dastak sanvedakon ke roop mein kiya jaata hai.

shauk mount wala ek nyooman U87 kandeinsar maaikrofon

vartamaan mein prayog kiye jaane vaale adhikaansh maaikrofon yaantrik kanpan se ek vidyuteeya aavesh sanket utpann karne ke liye ek vidyutachunbakeeya pravartan (gatij maaikrofon), dhaarita parivartan (daahini or chitrit sanghanitr maaikrofon), paaijovidyuteeya nirmaan (Piezoelectric Generation) ya prakaash adhimishran ka prayog karte hain.

kisi maaikrofon ke samvedansheel traansadyoosar tatv ko iska tatv ya kaipsool kaha jaata hai. ek sampoorn maaikrofon mein ek dhaancha, ek tatv se kisi anya upakaran tak sanket laane ka koi maadhyam aur sanchaalit kiye ja rahe upakaran tak kaipsool ke aautaput ko anukoolit karne ke liye aksar ek vidyuteeya paripth bhi shaamil hota hai. maaikrofonon ka ullekh unke traansadyoosar siddhaant, jaise sanghanitr, gatij aadi, ke dvaara tatha unki dishaatmak visheshataaon ke dvaara kiya jaata hai. maaikrofon ka varnan karne ke liye kabhi-kabhi kuchh anya visheshataaon, jaise madhyapat ka aakaar, abheesht prayog ya maaikrofon ki mukhya-dhuri se dhvani ke mukhya srot tak abhivinyaas (ant- ya paarshv-sambodhan) ka prayog kiya jaata hai.

sanghanitr maaikrofon

oktaava 319 kandeinsar maaikrofon ke andar

ek sanghanitr maaikrofon,^[1] jise sandhaaritr maaikrofon ya vidyutsthaitik maaikrofon bhi kehte hain, mein madhyapat sandhaaritr ki ek plate ke roop mein kaarya karta hai aur kanpan in pleton ke beech antar ko parivrtit karta hai. is prakaar nirmit traansadyoosar se shraavya aautaput praapt karne ki do vidhiyaan hain: DC-abhint (DC-biased) aur radio aavrutti (RF) ya uchch aavrutti (HF) sanghanitr maaikrofon. ek DC-abhint maaikrofon mein, pletein ek sthir aavesh (Q) ke saath abhint hoti hain. sandhaaritr pleton ke paar anurakshit voltej hava mein hone vaale kanpanon ke saath dhaarita sootr (C=Q/V) ke anusaar parivrtit hota hai, jahaan, Q= koolamb mein maapa jaane wala aavesh, C= faired mein maapi jaane waali dhaarita aur V= volt mein maapa jaane wala sambhaavit antar (Potential Difference) hain. samaanaantar-plate vaale kisi sandhaaritr ke liye pleton ki dhaarita unke beech antar ke saath pratilom roop se aanupaatik hoti hai. (vivran ke liye dhaarita dekhein.) sthir aur chalaayamaan pleton ki assembly ko ek "tatv" ya kaipsool kaha jaata hai.

sandhaaritr par ek lagbhag sthir aavesh banaae rakha jaata hai. jaise-jaise dhaarita badalti jaati hai, sandhaaritr par upasthit is aavesh mein bhi bahut thoda parivartan hota jaata hai, lekin suni ja sakanevaali aavruttiyon par yeh samuchit roop se sthir hi bana rahata hai. kaipsool ki dhaarita (lagbhag 5-100 pF) aur abhint pratirodhak ka maan (100 megaohm (megohms) se dasiyon gigohm (gigohms)) milkar ek filtar ka nirmaan karte hain, jo dhvani sanketon ke liye uchch-paar (Highpass) aur abhint voltej ke liye nimn-paar (Lowpass) hota hai. dhyaan dein ki ek RC paripth ka samay sthiraank pratirodh aur dhaarita ke gunanafal ke baraabar hota hai.

dhaarita parivartan ki samay-seema ke bheetar (20 Hz dhvani sanket par adhiktam 50 ms), aavesh praayogik roop se sthir hota hai aur sandhaaritr ke paar taatkaalik roop se parivrtit hota voltej dhaarita mein ho rahe parivartan ko pratibinbit karta hai. sandhaaritr par upasthit voltej abhint voltej se oopar aur neeche parivrtit hota rahata hai. abhint aur sandhaaritr ke beech voltej ka antar kramik pratirodhak par dikhaai deta hai. pratirodhak par sthit voltej ko pradarshan ya rikaurding ke liye parivrdhit kiya jaata hai.

AKG C451B laghu-daayaafraam kandeinsar maaikrofon

RF sanghanitr maaikrofon apekshaakrut kam RF voltej ka prayog karte hain, jo ek nimn-shor vaale dolak dvaara utpann kiya jaata hai. yeh dolak kaipsool ke madhyapat ko hilaanevaali dhvani tarangon dvaara utpann dhaarita parivartan dvaara aayaam aaparivrtit hota hai ya yeh kaipsool ek gunjaayamaan paripth, jo dolak sanket ki aavrutti ko aaparivrtit karta hai, ka bhaag bhi ho sakti hai. dimaudyooleshan bahut kam srot pratibaadha ke saath kam-shor wala dhvani-aavrutti sanket pradaan karta hai. ek uchch abhint voltej ki anupasthiti kam tanaav vaale ek madhyapat ka prayog karne ki anumati deti hai, jiska prayog uchch anukoolata ke kaaran adhik chaudi aavrutti pratikriya praapt karne ke liye kiya ja sakta hai. RF abhinteekaran (RF-biasing) ki prakriya ka parinaam ek nimn vidyuteeya pratibaadha kaipsool ke roop mein milta hai, jiska ek upayogi upotpaad yeh hai ki RF sanghanitr maaikrofonon ko nami-yukt mausam waali paristhiyon mein bhi sanchaalit kiya ja sakta hai, jo ki DC-abhint maaikrofonon mein samasya utpann kar sakti hai, jinki rodhak satahein dooshit ho gain hon. maaikrofonon ki senheejr (Sennheiser) "MKH" shrrunkhala RF abhinteekaran takaneek ka prayog karti hai.

sanghanitr maaikrofon saste karaaoke maaikrofonon ke maadhyam se telephone traansmeetraron se lekar dhvani ki punarotpatti ki uchch-achookata vaale rikaurding maaikrofonon tak ki shreni mein hote hain. saamaanyat: ve ek uchch-gunavatta wala dhvani sanket utpann karte hain aur ab ve prayogashaala aur studio rikaurding anuprayogon mein ek lokapriya pasand ban gaye hain. vah dravyamaan, jise hilaana praasangik dhvani tarangon ke liye anivaarya hota hai, bahut kam hona is praudyogiki ki ek antarnihit upayuktata hai, jabki iske vipreet anya maaikrofon prakaaron mein dhvani tarangon ke liye adhik kaarya karna aavashyak hota hai. unamein oorja ke srot ki aavashyakta hoti hai, jo faintam oorja jaise maaikrofon aautaput ke maadhyam se ya ek chhoti baitari ke dvaara pradaan ki jaati hai. oorja sandhaaritr plate voltej ki sthaapana ke liye aavashyak hoti hai aur maaikrofon electronics ko shakri pradaan karne ke liye bhi iski aavashyakta padti hai (ilektret ki sthiti mein pratibaadha roopaantaran aur RF/HF maaikrofonon ki sthiti mein DC-tarangit maaikrofon, dimaudyooleshan ya pehchaan). sanghanitr maaikrofon do madhyapaton ke saath bhi upalabdh hote hain, jinse praapt sanketon ko dhruveeya shailiyon ki ek shreni pradaan karne ke liye vidyuteeya roop se joda ja sakta hai (neeche dekhein), jaise kaaradaayod, sarvadishaatmak tatha angreji mein aath ka aakaar. kuchh maaikrofonon ke saath sahaj roop se paitarn mein parivartan kar paana bhi sambhav hai, jaise Røade NT2000 ya CAD M179.

ilektret sanghanitr maaikrofon

ji. M. sesalar aur anya dvaara fauyal ilektret maaikrofon par pehla peteint (prushth 1 se 3)

ek ilektret maaikrofon sandhaaritr maaikrofon ka ek apekshaakrut naya prakaar hai, jiska gerahaard sesalar (Gerhard Sessler) aur jim vest (Jim West) ne 1962 mein bail laiboretareej (Bell laboratories) mein kiya.^[2] oopar sanghanitr maaikrofon ke antargat varnit baahari roop se laagoo kiya gaya aavesh ek ilektret padaarth mein ek sthaai aavesh ke dvaara pratisthaapit kiya jaata hai. ek ilektret ek lauh-vidyuteeya padaarth hota hai, jise sthaai taur par vidyuteeya roop se aaveshit ya tarangit kiya jaata hai. yeh naam ilektrostaitik aur maignet (chunbak) ke milkar bana hai; padaarth mein sthir aaveshon ke sarekhan ke dvaara ek ilektre t mein ek sthir aavesh joda jaata hai, jo ki lagbhag vaisa hi hota hai, jaise lohe ke kisi tukade mein chunbakeeya kshetr ke sarekhan dvaara chunbak ka nirmaan kiya jaata hai.

unke achhe pradarshan aur utpaadan ki saralata aur iske parinaamasvaroop kam laagat, ke kaaran vartamaan samay mein bananevaale maaikrofonon mein se adhikaansh ilektret maaikrofon hote hain; ek semeekandaktar utpaadak^[3] ka vaarshik aakalan ek billion ikaaiyon se adhik ka hai. lagbhag sabhi sel-phone, computer, PDA tatha hedaset maaikrofon ilektret prakaar ke hain. uchch-gunavatta waali rikaurding aur laiveliyr prayog se lekar chhote dhvani rikaurding upakaranon aur teleefonon mein antarnirmit maaikrofonon tak anek anuprayogon mein unka upayog kiya jaata hai. yadyapi kisi samay ilektret maaikrofonon ko kam gunavatta vaale samjha jaata tha, lekin aaj is shreni ke sarvashreshth maaikrofon pratyek kshetr mein paaramparik sanghanitr maaikrofon se pratispardha kar sakte hain aur ve lambi avadhi tak ki sthirta aur kisi maapan maaikrofon ke liye aavashyak atyant-spasht pratikriya bhi de sakte hain. anya sandhaaritr maaikrofonon ke vipreet, unamein kisi dhruveekaran voltej ki aavashyakta naheen hoti, lekin aksar unamein ek ekeekrut poorv-pravardhak laga hota hai, jise vidyut shakti ki aavashyakta hoti hai (jise aksar galat roop se dhruveekaran vidyut-shakti ya abhint (bias) kaha jaata hai). dhvani ki punarshakti aur studio anuprayogon ke liye aksar yeh poorv-pravardhak faintam dvaara vidyut-shakti praapt karta hai. parsanal computer (PC) ke liye nirmit maaikrofon, jinhein kabhi-kabhi malteemeediya maaikrofon kaha jaata hai, ek steeriyo 3.5 mm plag ka prayog (ek mono srot ke maadhyam se) karte hain, jismein ring ko computer mein ek 5 V aapoorti se ek pratirodhak ke maadhyam se (saamaanyat:) vidyut-shakti praapt hoti hai; durbhaagya se, anek asangat gatij maaikrofon bhi 3.5 mm plag mein jod diye jaate hain. yadyapi shor ke star ke sandarbh mein bahut thode ilektret maaikrofon sarvashreshth DC-dhruveekrut ikaaiyon se pratispardha karte hain, lekin aisa ilektret ki antarnihit seema ke kaaran naheen hai. balki, aantarik aayaamon mein aavashyak sakht sahanasheelataaon ke kaaran bade paimaane par utpaadan ke liye aavashyak takaneekein swayam ko uchcham gunavatta vaale maaikrofonon ke utpaadan ke liye aavashyak achookata ke saath khud ko prastut naheen karte. ye sahanasheelataaen sabhi sanghanitr maaikrofonon ke liye samaan hoti hain, chaahe DC, RF ya ilektret kisi bhi praudyogiki ka prayog kiya jaae.

gatij maaikrofon

pitti smith ek shure SM58 (gatyaatmak kaaradaayod prakaar) maaikrofon mein ga rahe hain

gatyaatmak maaikrofon vidyut-chunbakeeya pravartan ke maadhyam se kaarya karte hain. ve sakht, apekshaakrut saste aur aardrata ke prati pratirodhi hote hain. iske saath hi feedabaik se poorv unki sambhaavit roop se uchch-praapti unhein manch par prayog ke liye aadarsh banaati hai.

gatimaan kundali vaale maaikrofon bhi laaudaspeekar jaise hi gatij siddhaant ka prayog karte hain, lekin vah vipreet hota hai. ek chhoti se gatimaan pravartan kauil, jise ek sthaai chumbak ke chunbakeeya kshetr mein rakhi jaati hai, ko madhyapat se joda jaata hai. jab dhvani maaikrofon ke vaatarodhi sheeshe se pravesh karti hai, to dhvani tarangein madhyapat ko hilaati hain. jab madhyapat mein kanpan hota hai, to kauil chunbakeeya kshetr mein chali jaati hai, jisse vidyut-chunbakeeya pravartan ke maadhyam se kauil mein ek badalti hui vidyut-dhaara utpann hoti hai. ek ekal gatij parda sabhi dhvani aavruttiyon ke prati rekheeya roop se pratikriya naheen dete. isi kaaran kuchh maaikrofonon mein dhvani spectrum ke vibhinn bhaagon ke liye anek pardon ka prayog krate hain aur iske baad parinaamit sanketon ko sanyojit karte hain. anek sanketon ko theek prakaar se sanyojit karna kathin hota hai aur aisa kar paane waali rachanaaen bahut durlabh aur mahangi hoti hain. vaheen doosari or, vibhinn anya rachanaaen vishisht roop se dhvani spectrum ke pruthakkrut bhaagon par keindrit hoti hain. udaaharanaarth, AKG D 112 ki rachana uchch-svar ke bajaay mandr-svar ke prati pratikriya dene ke liye ki gayi hai.^[4] dhvani engineering mein sarvashreshth parinaam praapt karne ke liye aksar vibhinn prakaar ke maaikrofonon ka prayog kiya jaata hai.

edamand love ek ribn maaikrofon ka upayog kar rahe hain

ribn maaikrofon

ribn maaikrofon ek patali, saamaanyat: sikudi hui dhaatu ki ribn ka prayog karta hai, jo chunbakeeya kshetr mein vilanbit hoti hai. yeh ribn vidyuteeya roop se maaikrofon ke aautaput se judi hoti hai aur chunbakeeya kshetr ke bheetar iska kanpan vidyuteeya sanket utpann karta hai. ribn maaikrofon aur gatimaan kundali vaale maaikrofon is sandarbh mein samaan hote hain ki ye donon hi chunbakeeya pravartan ke dvaara dhvani utpann karte hain. buniyaadi ribn maaikrofon ek dvidishaatmak (jise aakaar-aath bhi kehte hain) paitarn mein dhvani ki pehchaan karte hain kyonki ribn, jo ki saamane aur peechhe, donon or se dhvani ke liye khuli hoti hai, dhvani ke daab ke bajaay daab pravanata ke prati pratikriya dete hain. haalaanki saamane aur peechhe ki or sthit samamiteeya pik-ap saamaanya steeriyo rikaurding mein ek samasya ho sakti hai, lekin ribn maaikrofon ko kshitijaatmak roop se, udaaharan ke liye karataal ke oopar, rakhane par uchch-kshetr asveekruti ka prayog ek laabh ke liye kiya ja sakta hai, taaki pichhla labaada keval karataal ke oopar se aane waali dhvani ko hi leta hai. 8 ke aakaar par rekhit ya bloomalin joda (Blumlein Pair), steeriyo rikaurding lokapriya hoti ja rahi hai aur kisi ribn maaikrofon ki aakaar 8 pratikriya us anuprayog ke liye aadarsh hoti hai.

anya dishaatmak paitarn ribn ke ek bhaag ko ek dhvanik-jaal ya vyaarodh mein sammilit karke utpann kiye jaate hain, jisse dhvani ko keval ek bhaag mein pahunchane ki anumati milti hai. paaramparik RCA type 77-DX (RCA Type 77-DX) maaikrofon mein baahya-roop se samaayojit vibhinn aantarik vyaarodh hote hain, jo "aakaar-8" se lekar "ekadishaatmak" tak vibhinn pratikriya shailiyon ke chayan ki anumati dete hain. aise puraane ribn maaikrofon, jinmein se kuchh abhi bhi bahut uchch gunavatta wala dhvani punarutpaadan pradaan karte hain, ko kisi samay isi kaaran moolyavaan maana jaata tha, lekin ek achhi nimn-aavrutti waali pratikriya keval tabhi praapt ki ja sakti hai, yadi ribn bahut halke dhang se vilanbit hoti hai aur isne unhein naajuk bana diya hai. naye nainopadaarthon (nanomaterials) sahit ab aise aadhunik ribn padaarth prastut kiye gaye hain, jo in samasyaaon ko door karte hain aur yahaan tak nimn aavruttiyon par ribn maaikrofonon ki prabhaavi gatij seema mein sudhaar bhi karte hain.^[5] rakshaatmak vaat-patal ek vishisht ribn ko kshati pahunchane ke khatre ko kam kar sakta hai aur saath hi rikaurding mein sparsh shilpakrutiyon ko bhi ghata sakta hai. upayukt roop se rachit vaat-patal naganya uchch-svar ksheenan utpann karte hain. saamaanyat: gatij maaikrofonon ki anya shreniyon mein, ribn maaikrofonon mein faintam vidyut-shakti ki aavashyakta naheen hoti; vastut: yeh voltej kuchh puraane ribn maaikrofonon ko kshatigrast kar sakta hai. kuchh nae aadhunik ribn maaikrofon dijaain ek poorv-pravardhak ko sammilit karte hain aur at: inmein faintam shakti ki aavashyakta hoti hai aur aadhunik apratyaksh ribn maaikrofonon, arthaat ve jinmein uparokt varnit poorv-pravardhak naheen hote, ke paripth vishisht roop se faintam vidyut-shakti dvaara ribn tatha parivrtak ko hone waali kshati ko rokane ke liye banaae jaate hain. saath hi, kuchh nae ribn bhi upalabdh hain, jo vaat-visfoton aur faintam vidyut-shakti ke prati pratirodhi hote hain.

kaarban maaikrofon

barlinr aur edisn maaikrofonon jaisa ek kaarban maaikrofon ek kaipsool ya batan ka prayog karta hai, jismein dhaatu ki do pleton ke beech kaarban kanikaaen dabi hui hoti hain. dhaatu ki in pleton ke paar ek voltej laagoo kiya jaata hai, jisse vidyut-pravaah ki ek chhoti-si maatra kaarban se hokar pravaahit hoti hai. inmein se ek plate, madhyapat, sanyogit dhvani tarangon ke saath kanpit hoti hai aur kaarban mein badalta hua daab laagoo karti hai. yeh badalta hua daab in kanikaaon ko virupit kar deta hai, jisse aasann kanikaaon ke pratyek jode ke beech ka sampark-kshetr mein parivrtit hota hai aur jisse kanikaaon ke dravyamaan ke vidyuteeya pratirodh mein parivartan karta hai. pratirodh mein parivartan maaikrofon se hokar pravaahit ho rahe sambandhit vidyut-pravaah mein parivartan karta hai, jisse vidyuteeya sanket utpann hote hain. kisi samay kaarban maaikrofonon ka prayog teleefonon mein aam thaal unamein dhvani punarutpaadan ki gunavatta bahut hi nimn hoti hai aur iski aavrutti pratikriya shreni bahut seemit hoti hai, lekin ve bahut shaktishaali upakaran hote hain. kaarban ki geindon ka prayog karanevaala 1880 ka baudet maaikrofon kanika kaarban batan maaikrofon jaisa hi ek aavishkaar tha.^[6]

maaikrofonon ke anya prakaaron ke vipreet, oorja ki thodi maatra ka upayog karke kaarban maaikrofon ka prayog badi maatra mein vidyuteeya oorja utpann karne ke liye pravardhak ke ek prakaar ke roop mein bhi kiya ja sakta hai. kaarban maaikrofonon ke upayog ke udaaharan praarambhik telephone punaraavartakon mein bhi milte hain, jinke kaaran nirvaat nalikaaon ke yug se pehle bhi telephone par lambi doori ki baat-cheet kar paana sambhav ho saka. ye punaraavartak ek chunbakeeya telephone riseevar ko ek kaarban maaikrofon ke saath yaantrik roop se yugmit karke kaarya karte the: riseevar se praapt ksheen sanket ko maaikrofon par sthaanaantarit kiya jaata tha aur iske parinaamasvaroop utpann shaktishaali vidyuteeya sanket nichli pankti mein aage badhaaya jaata tha. is pravardhan prabhaav ka ek udaaharan feedabaik se utpann dolan tha, jiska parinaam, yadi puraane "mombatti-daan" telephone ke aakarnak ko yadi kaarban maaikrofon ke paas rakha gaya ho to, ek shravaneeya dhvani ke roop mein milta tha. kaarban ki geindon ka prayog karanevaala 1881 ka baudet maaikrofon choorn-yukt kaarban batan maaikrofon ka anuvarti tha.

paaijoilektrik maaikrofon

ek kristal maaikroskop ya paaijo maaikroskop kampanon ko ek vidyut sanket mein badalne ke liye paaijoilektrisiti- dabaav ki sthiti mein ek voltej utpann karne ki kuchh padaarthon ki kshamata- ki avadhaarana ka prayog karta hai. roshel lavan (Rochelle Salt) (poteshiym sodiym taartret) iska ek udaaharan hai, jo ek paaijoilektrik kristal hai, jo ek maaikrofon aur ek patale laaudaspeekar donon ke roop mein ek traansdyoosar ke roop mein kaarya karta hai. kisi samay kristal maaikroskop ki aapoorti aamtaur par nirvaat nalikaaon (vaalv) upakaran, jaise ghareloo tape rikaurdar, ke saath ki jaati thi. unki uchch aautaput pratibaadha ki tulana nirvaat nalikaaon ki uchch input pratibaadha (vishishtat: 10 megaohm (megohms)) se ki ja sakti thi. shureuaati traanjistar upakaranon se unki tulana kar paana kathin tha aur ek samay aisa aaya, jab bahut sheegra unka sthaan gatij maaikrofonon ne aur baad mein ilektret sanghanitr upakaranon ne le liya. kristal maaikrofon ki uchch pratibaadha ne ise svat: maaikrofon se aur isse judi taar se utpann hone vaale sanchaalan shor ke prati atisanvedanasheel bana diya.

aksar paaijoilektrik traansdyoosaron ka prayog dhvanik vaadya-yantron se praapt dhvani ko pravardhit karne, drum ki choton ko pahachaanane ke liye, vidyuteeya namoonon ko shureu karne aur chunauteepoorn vaataavaranon, jaise uchch-daab ke antargat jal ke neeche, dhvani record karne ke liye sampark maaikrofonon ke roop mein kiya jaata hai. dhvanik gitaaron ke jeen-aarohit pik-ap saamaanyat: paaijoilektrik upakaran hote hain, jo jeen ke oopar se gujrane waali taaron se sampark karte hain. is prakaar ka maaikrofon kisi vishisht vidyuteeya gitaar par aamtaur par dikhaai dene vaale chunbakeeya kauil pik-ap, jo kanpan ko pakadne ke liye yaantrik yugman ke bajaay chunbakeeya pravartan ka prayog karte hain, se bhinn hota hai.

faaibar optik maaikrofon

optoekaaustiks 1140 faaibar optik maaikrofon

paaramparik maaikrofonon ke samaan dhaarita ya chunbakeeya kshetr mein parivartan ki pehchaan karne ke bajaay ek faaibar optik maaikroskop prakaash ki teevrata mein hue parivartan ki pehchaan ke dvaara dhvanik tarangon ko vidyuteeya sanketon mein roopaantarit karta hai.^[7][8]

is kaarya ke dauraan, ek lejr srot se praapt prakaash ek faaibar optik se hokar gujrate samay chhote, dhvani-samvedi paraavartak madhyapat ko prakaashit karta hai. dhvani madhyapat mein kanpan utpann karti hai, jisse iske dvaara paraavartit kiye ja rahe prakaash ki teevrata mein sookshm parivartan hota hai. iske baad yeh aaparivrtit prakaash doosare optikl faaibar se hokar ek prakaash sansoochak tak sanchaarit kiya jaata hai, jo sanchaaran ya rikaurding ke liye teevrata-aaparivrtit prakaash ko enaalaug se digital dhvani mein roopaantarit karta hai. faaibar optik maaikrofonon mein uchch gatij aur aavrutti seema punarotpatti ki uchch-achookata vaale sarvashreshth paaramparik maaikrofonon ke samaan hoti hai.

faaibar optik maaikrofon kisi bhi vidyuteeya, chunbakeeya, vidyutsthaitik ya rediyodharmi kshetron ke prati koi pratikriya naheen dete ya use prabhaavit naheen karte (ise EMI/RFI pratirodh-kshamata kehte hain). at: faaibar optik dijaain aise kshetron mein prayog ke liye aadarsh hota hai, jahaan paaramparik maaikrofon ka prayog aprabhaavi ya khatarnaak ho sakta hai, jaise audyogik tarbaain ya [[chunbakeeya anukanpan chitran (Magnetic Resonance Imaging [MRI])]] upakaran vaataavaranon ke bheetar.

faaibar optik maaikroskop sakht, ushma aur nami mein vaataavaraneeya parivrtanon ke prati pratirodhi hote hain aur unhein kisi bhi dishaatmakata ya pratibaadha Milan ke liye prayog kiya ja sakta hai. kisi bhi pravardhak tatha/ya anya vidyuteeya upakaran ki aavashyakta ke bina maaikrofon ke prakaash srot aur iske prakaash sansoochak ke beech kai kilometer tak ka antar ho sakta hai, jiske kaaran faaibar optik maaikrofon audyogik aur nigraani dhvanik nireekshan ke liye upayukt hote hain.

faaibar optik maaikrofonon ka prayog bahut vishisht anuprayog kshetron, jaise infraasaaund nireekshan aur shor-nirsteekaran mein kiya jaata hai. ve chikeetseeya anuprayogon mein vishesh roop se safal saabit hue hain, jaise ve rediyolaujist, karmachaariyon aur mareejon ko shaktishaali aur shorapoorn chunbakeeya kshetr ke antargat MRI soot aur saath hi saath doorasth niyantran kakshon ke bheetar saamaanya roop se vaartaalaap karne ki anumati dete hain.^[9] anya prayogon mein audyogik upakaran nireekshan aur pehchaan, dhvanik anshashodhan aur maapan, punarotpatti ki uchch-achookata waali rikaurding aur kaanoon pravartan shaamil hain.

lejr maaikrofon

lejr maaikrofon aksar filmon mein jaasoosi upakaranon ke roop mein pradarshit kiye jaate hain. kisi khidki ki satah ya dhvani se prabhaavit hone waali kisi anya samatal satah par ek lejr kiran lakshyit ki jaati hai. is satah ke halke kanpan pratyaavartit kiran ko visthaapit karte hain, jisse yeh dhvani tarang ko anurekhit karti hai. kanpit hote hue lejr bindu ko ab pun: dhvani mein roopaantarit kiya jaata hai. ek adhik sakht aur mahange kriyaanvayan mein, pratyaavartit prakaash ko vibhaajit karke ek intaraferomeetar (Interferometer) mein bheja jaata hai, jo dauplar prabhaav ke kaaran aavrutti mein hone vaale parivrtanon ki pehchaan karta hai. poorv kriyaanvayan ek table par rakha jaane wala prayog tha; baad vaale ke liye atyadhik sthir lejr aur sookshm prakaash-vigyaan ki aavashyakta hoti hai.

ek nae prakaar ka lejr maaikrofon ek aisa upakaran hota hai, jo mukt hava mein dhvani kanpanon ki pehchaan karne ke liye ek lejr kirnon aur dhuen ya bhaap ka prayog karta hai. 25 August 2009 ko, ek lejr-fotosel (Laser-Photocell) jode ke saath lejr ke maarg mein dhuen ya bhaap ki ek gatimaan dhaara par aadhaarit partikyulet flo ditekshan maaikrofon (Particulate Flow Detection Microphone) ke liye Amreeki peteint 7,580,533 jaari hua. dhvani daab tarangein dhuen mein vyavadhaan utpann karti hain, jo prakaash sansoochak tak pahunchane vaale lejr prakaash ki maatra mein kanpan utpann karta hai. is upakaran ka ek pratimaan 9 se 12 October 2009 tak New York city mein aayojit audio engineering society ke 127vein sammelan mein pradarshit kiya gaya.

taral maaikrofon

ek parivrtaneeya pratirodhi maaikrofon/traansameetar ko shaamil karke elekjeindar Graham bail (Alexander Graham Bell) dvaara praarambhik maaikrofonon mein sudhaar kiye jaane tak ve suspasht svar utpann naheen karte the. bail ka taral traansameetar ek dhaatu ke cup se milkar bana tha, jise paani se bharakar usamein salfyoorik aml ki thodi maatra milaai gayi thi. ek dhvani tarang madhya-pat ko hilaati thi aur sui ko paani mein oopar aur neeche jaane par baadhya karti thi. taar aur cup ke beech iske baad utpann vidyuteeya pratirodh jalamagn sui ke aaspaas paani ke navachandrak ke aakaar ke pratilom samaanupaati hota hai. sui ke sthaan par peetal ki ek chhad ka prayog karte hue elisha gre (Elisha Gray) ne iske liye ek aapatti-soochana daakhil ki. maijoraana, chembars, vaini, saaiks aur elisha gre dvaara anya chhote parivartan aur sudhaar kiye gaye aur 1903 mein rejinaald feseinden ne ek sanskaran ka peteint haasil kiya. ve pehle kaaryasheel maaikrofon the, lekin ve vaanijyik anuprayog ke liye vyaavahaarik naheen the. bail aur Watson ke beech hua prasiddh pehla telephone vaartaalaap ek taral maaikrofon ki sahaayata se hua tha.

MEMS maaikrofon

MEMS (maaikroilektrikl-maikenikl system) (MicroElectrical-Mechanical System) maaikrofon ko ek maaikrofon chip ya silikaun maaikrofon bhi kaha jaata hai. MEMS takaneekon ke dvaara ek daab-samvedi madhyapat ko seedhe ek silikaun chip par ukera jaata hai aur saamaanyat: iske saath ek ekeekrut poorv-pravardhak bhi juda hota hai. adhikaansh MEMS maaikrofon sanghanitr maaikrofon dijaain ke vibhinn prakaar hote hain. aksar MEMS maaikrofonon mein ek antarnirmit enaalaug-se-digital roopaantarak (Analog-to-Digital Converter [ADC]) paripth samaan CMOS chip par laga hua hota hai, jisse vah chip ek digital maaikrofon ban jaati hai aur isaliye ise aadhunik digital utpaadon ke saath behtar tareeke se ekeekrut kiya ja sakta hai. MEMS silikaun maaikrofonon ka utpaadan karne vaale pramukh utpaadak vaulfasan maaikroilektrauniks (Wolfson Microelectronics) (WM7xxx), enaalaug divaaises (Analog Devices), ekustika (Akustica) (AKU200x), infeeniyaun (Infoneon) (SMM310 utpaad), noles electronics (Knowles electronics), memsatek (Memstech) (MSMx), NXP semeekandaktars (NXP Semiconductors), sauniyn MEMS (Sonion MEMS), AAC ekaustik teknolaujeej (AAC Acoustic Technologies)^[10] aur omaron (Omron) hain.^[11]

maaikrofon ke roop mein laaudaspeekar

ek laaudaspeekar, vidyuteeya sanket ko dhvani tarangon mein badalne wala ek traansadyoosar, kaaryaatmak roop se maaikrofon ke vipreet hota hai. choonki ek paaramparik speaker ka nirmaan (ek madhyapat, kauil aur chunbak ke saath) lagbhag ek gatij maaikrofon ke samaan hi kiya jaata hai, at: speekars vastut: "peechhe ki or se" maaikrofon ke roop mein kaarya kar sakte hain. haalaanki, iska parinaam kam gunavatta, seemit aavrutti pratikriya (vishishtat: uchch shreni mein) aur kam sanvedanasheelata vaale maaikrofon ke roop mein milta hai. vyaavahaarik prayog mein, kabhi-kabhi speaker ka prayog aise anuprayogon mein maaikrofon ke roop mein kiya jaata hai, jinmein uchch gunavatta aur sanvedanasheelata ki aavashyakta na ho, jaise intarakaum, vauki-tauki ya video game vauis chait upakaran ya jab paaramparik maaikrofon paryaapt maatra mein upalabdh na hon.

haalaanki, is siddhaant ka kam se kam ek aur vyaavahaarik anuprayog bhi hai: ek drum-set mein "kick" (mandr svar vaale drum) ke saamane rakhe ek madhyam-aakaar vaale voofar ka prayog maaikrofon ke roop mein karna. nimn aavrutti vaale dhvani-sroton ko traansadyoos karne ke liye apekshaakrut bade speekars ka prayog karna, visheshat: sangeet rachana mein, bahut aam banta ja raha hai. yaamaaha sabakik (Yamaha Subkick), kick drum ke saamane prayukt ek voofar, is prakaar ke upakaran ka ek utpaad udaaharan hai.12 inch (300 mimi) choonki ek apekshaakrut bada parda uchch aavruttiyon ko traansadyoos kar paane mein saksham naheen hota, at: kick drum ke saamane speaker rakhana aksar kick drum dhvani mein jhaanjh aur chhote drum ki dhvani ko kam karne ke liye aadarsh tareeka hota hai. kuchh kam prachalit roop mein, swayam maaikrofon ka prayog tveetars (Tweeters) ki tarah lagbhag sadaiv hi speekars ke roop mein kiya ja sakta hai. yeh kam aam hai kyonki maaikrofon us shakti ko sambhaalne ke liye naheen banaae jaate, jinka saamana speaker ke ghatakon ko niyamit roop se karna padta hai. is prakaar ke anuprayog ka ek udaaharan STC maaikrofon se vyutpann 4001 super-twitter (4001 super-tweeter) tha, jiska prayog uchch gunavatta vaale anek laaudaspeekar tantron mein 1960 ke dashak ke antim bhaag se lekar 1970 ke dashak ke madhya-bhaag tak safalataapoorvak kiya jaata tha. bovars end vilkins (Bowers & Wilkins) ka DM2a model iske prayog ka ek suprasiddh udaaharan tha.

kisi maaikrofon ke bheetari tatv iske anurdishtv mein antaron ke praathamik srot hote hain. ek daab maaikrofon vaayu aur vaataavaran ki nishchit aantarik maatra ke beech ek madhyapat ka prayog karta hai aur sabhi dishaaon se aane vaale daab ke prati samaan roop se pratyuttar deta hai, at: ise sarvadishaatmak kaha jaata hai. ek daab-pravanata maaikrofon ek aise madhyapat ka prayog karta hai, jo donon or se kam se kam aanshik roop se khula ho. donon or ke daab mein antar iski dishaatmak visheshataaen nirmit karta hai. maaikrofon ki baahari banaavat jaise anya tatv aur hastakshep nalikaaon jaise baahya upakaran bhi maaikrofon ki dishaatmak pratikriya ko parivrtit kar sakte hain. ek shuddh daab-pravanata maaikrofon saamane ya peechhe ki or se aane waali dhvani ke prati samaan roop se samvedansheel hota hai, lekin yeh bagal se aane waali dhvani ke prati asamvedansheel hota hai kyonki ek hi samay par saamane se ya peechhe se aane waali dhvani un donon ke beech koi pravanata utpann naheen karti. ek shuddh daab-pravanata maaikrofon ka gunadharm dishaatmak paitarn aakaar-8 ke samaan hota hai. anya dhruveeya paitarn ek kaipsool ke nirmaan dvaara vyutpann kiye jaate hain, jo in do prabhaavon ko vibhinn tareekon se sanyojit karti hai. udaaharanaarth, kaaradaayod ek aanshik roop se band pichhle bhaag ko pradarshit karta hai, at: iski pratikriya daab aur daab-pravanata visheshataaon ka ek sanyojan hota hai.^[12]

(chitr mein maaikrofon prushth ke sheersh ki or unmukh, prushth ke samaanaantar):

• 

  sarvadishaatmak

• 

  sabakaaradaayod

• 

  kaaradaayod

• 

  suparakaaradaayod

• 

  haaiparakaaradaayod

• 

  8 ka dvi-dishaatmak ya chitr

• 

  shautagan

kisi maaikrofon ki dishaatmakata ya dhruveeya paitarn yeh soochit karta hai ki vah apne keindreeya aksh ke aas-paas vibhinn konon par aane waali dhvani ke prati kitna samvedansheel hai. oopar pradarshit dhruveeya paitarn un binduon ke bindu-path ka pratinidhitv karta hai, jo us bindu se koi nirdhaarit dhvani daab star nirmit kiye jaane par maaikrofon mein samaan sanket star aautaput utpann karte hain. maaikrofon ka bhautik-dhaancha chitron ke saapeksh kis prakaar sthit hoga, yeh maaikrofon ki rachana par nirbhar hota hai. bade parde vaale maaikrofonon, jaise oktaava (Oktava) (oopar chitrit), ke liye dhruveeya chitr mein oopar ki disha saamaanyat: maaikrofon ke dhaanche ke lanbavat hoti hai, jise aksar "side fire" ya "side edres" kaha jaata hai. chhote maaikrofonon, jaise shure (Shure) (vah bhi oopar pradarshit hai), ke liye yeh saamaanyat: maaikrofon ke aksh se vistaarit hoti hai, jise aksar "end fire" ya "top/end edres" kehte hain.

vaanchhit dhruveeya paitarn ka nirmaan karne ke liye kuchh maaikrofon dijaain vibhinn siddhaanton ko sanyojit karte hain. yeh swayam dhaanche ke dvaara rakshan (jiska arth vivrtan/kshaya/avashoshan hota hai) se lekar dohare pardon ko electronic roop se sanyojit karne tak ho sakta hai.

sarvadishaatmak

ek sarvadishaatmak (ya adishaatmak) maaikrofon ki pratikriya ko saamaanyat: teen aayaamon mein sateek vrutt mein sthit maana jaata hai. vaastavik vishv mein, yeh satya naheen hai. dishaatmak maaikrofonon ki hi tarah, kisi "sarvadishaatmak" maaikrofon ke liye bhi dhruveeya paitarn aavrutti ka hi ek kaarya hota hai. maaikrofon ka dhaancha aseemit roop se chhota naheen hota aur iske parinaamasvaroop, jab dhvani peechhe se aa rahi ho, to yeh swayam hi apne maarg ke beech aa jaata hai, jisse dhruveeya pratikriya mein kuchh failaav aa jaata hai. jab maaikrofon ka vyaas (yeh maanate hue ki yeh belanaakaar hai) vichaarit aavrutti ke tarang-dairdhya tak pahunchane lagta hai, to yeh failaav badhta jaata hai. at: sabse chhote vyaas wala maaikrofon uchch aavruttiyon par sarvashreshth sarvadishaatmak visheshataaen pradaan karta hai.

10 kHz par dhvani ka tarang-dairdhya ek inch (3.4 semi) se thoda adhik hota hai, at: sabse chhote aakaar vaale maaikrofonon ka vyaas aksar 1/4" (6 mimi) hota hai, jo uchchatam aavruttiyon par bhi dishaatmakata ko vyaavahaarik roop se hata deta hai. kaaradaayods ke vipreet, sarvadishaatmak maaikrofon, vilanbon ke roop mein gunjaayamaan chhidron ka prayog naheen karte, at: nimn ranjan ke sandarbh mein unhein "sabse shuddh" maaikrofon maana ja sakta hai; ve mool dhvani mein bahut thoda shor milaate hain. daab-samvedi hone ke kaaran, unamein 20 Hz ya usase neeche tak ki bahut sapaat nimn-aavrutti pratikriya ho bhi sakti hai. dishaatmak (gati-samvedi) maaikrofonon ki tulana mein daab-samvedi maaikrofon hava se hone vaale shor ke prati bahut kam pratikriya dete hain.

gair-dishaatmak maaikrofon ka ek udaaharan vruttaakaar eight baul (Eight Ball) hai.^[13]

ekadishaatmak

ek ekadishaatmak maaikrofon keval ek disha se aane waali dhvani ke prati samvedansheel hota hai. oopar pradarshit chitr inmein se anek paitarn darshaata hai. pratyek chitr mein maaikrofon ka munh oopar ki or hai. kisi vishesh aavrutti ke liye dhvani ki teevrata 0 se 360° tak konon ke liye ardhavyaas ke roop mein kheenchi gayi hai. (vyaavasaayik chitr in maapanon ko pradarshit karte hain aur unamein vibhinn aavruttiyon par anek roop-rekhaaen shaamil hoti hain. yahaan prastut chitr vishisht paitarn aakrutiyon aur unke naamon ka keval ek parichay pradaan karte hain.)

kaaradaayod

US664A university saaund daainaamik suparakaaradaayod maaikrofon

sabse aam ekadishaatmak maaikrofon kaaradaayod (Cardioid) maaikrofon hai, jiska yeh naam isaliye pada hai kyonki iska samvedna paitarn dil ke aakaar ka hota hai. ek haaipar-kaaradaayod (Hyper-Cardiode) maaikrofon bhi isi ke samaan hota hai, lekin usamein saamane ki or sanvedanasheelata ka ek adhik sankuchit kshetr aur paarshv-sanvedanasheelata ka ek chhota bhaag hota hai. ek super-kaaradaayod maaikrofon bhi haaipar-kaaradaayod ke samaan hi hota hai, antar keval itna hai ki ismein saamane ka pik-ap adhik aur pichhla pik-ap kam hota hai. aamtaur par in teen prakaaron ka prayog vaachik ya bhaashan ke liye prayukt maaikrofonon ke roop mein kiya jaata hai kyonki ve anya dishaaon se aane waali dhvaniyon ko upekshit kar paane mein bahut achhi tarah saksham hote hain.

ek kaaradaayod maaikrofon kisi sarvadishaatmak aur aakaar-8 maaikrofon ka ek prabhaavi uchcharoop hota hai; peechhe se aane waali dhvani tarangon ke liye, aakaar-8 ka rinaatmak sanket sarvadishaatmak tatv ke dhanaatmak sanket ko nirast kar deta hai, jabki saamane ki or se aa rahi dhvani tarangon ke liye, ye donon ek doosare mein jud jaate hain. ek haaiparakaaradaayod maaikrofon bhi aisa hi hota hai, lekin ismein yogadaan aakaar-8 ki tulana mein kuchh bada hota hai. choonki daab pravanata traansadyoosar maaikrofon dishaatmak hote hain, at: unhein dhvani srot ke bahut nikat (kuchh hi seinteemeetaron ki doori par) rakhane ka parinaam mandr-svar mein vruddhi ke roop mein milta hai. ise niktata prabhaav (Proximity effect) kehte hain.^[14]

dvi-dishaatmak

"aakaar-8" ya dvi-dishaatmak maaikrofon kisi tatv ke saamane aur peechhe, donon or se dhvani praapt karte hain. adhikaansh ribn maaikrofon isi prakaar ke hote hain.

shautagan

ek audio-teknika shautagan maaikrofon

shautagan maaikrofon (Shotgun microphones) sarvaadhik uchch roop se dishaatmak hote hain. unamein baain or, daahini or tatha peechhe ki or sanvedanasheelata ke chhote kshetr hote hain, lekin dishaatmak maaikrofonon ki tulana mein ve bagal aur peechhe ki or se lakshaneeya roop se kam samvedansheel hote hain. yeh tatv ko nalika kein antim chhor par rakhane aur bagal se kaate jaane vaale khaanchon ke kaaran hota hai; tarang nirsteekaran aksh ke door se aane waali adhikaansh dhvani ko hata deta hai. unke sanvedanasheelata kshetr ke sankarepan ke kaaran, shautagan maaikrofonon ka prayog aamtaur par television aur film seton par, khel ke maidaanon mein aur vanya-jeevan ki kshetr rikaurding ke liye kiya jaata hai.

seema ya "PZM"

aadarsh-se-kam dhvanik sthaanon, jo aksar us sthaan ka nirmaan karne waali ek ya adhik satahon (seemaaon) se aane vaale atyadhik paraavartanon se grast hote hain, mein maaikrofonon ka prayog prabhaavi roop se karne ki vibhinn vidhiyaan viksit ki gain hain. yadi maaikrofon ko inmein se kisi seema ke bheetar, ya uske bahut nikat, rakha gaya ho, to us satah se aane vaale ye paraavartan maaikrofon dvaara pahachaane naheen jaate. praarambh mein, yeh kaarya ek saamaanya maaikrofon ko satah ke saath, kabhi-kabhi dhvanik roop se paaradarshi fom ke ek khand mein, rakhakar kiya jaata tha. dhvani abhiyantaaon Ed laung (Ed Long) tatha raun vikrshaim (Ron Wickersham) ne madhyapat ko seema ke samaanaantar usaki or munh karke rakhane ki sankalpana viksit ki.^[15] haalaanki inka peteint samaapt ho chuka hai, lekin "preshar jon maaikrofon (Pressure Zone Microphone)" tatha "PZM" abhi bhi kraaun intaranaishanal (Crown International) ke sakriya tredamaark bane hue hain aur saamaanya shabdaavali "baaundri maaikrofon" ke prayog ko hi praathamikta di jaati hai. yadyapi ek baaundri maaikrofon ko praarambh mein ek sarvadishaatmak tatv ki sahaayata se kriyaanvit kiya jaata tha, lekin kisi dishaatmak maaikrofon ko satah ke paryaapt nikat rakhakar us tatv ki dishaatmak visheshataaon ko banaae rakhate hue is takaneek ke kuchh laabh haasil kar paana bhi sambhav hai. is vidhi ke liye kraaun ka tredamaark "face kohaireint kaaradaayod (Phase Coherent Cardioid)" ya "PCC" hai, lekin kuchh anya nirmaata bhi is takaneek ka prayog karte hain.

ek laiveliyr maaikrofon hast-mukt (Hands-free) sanchaalan ke liye banaaya jaata hai. ye chhote maaikrofon shareer par pahane jaate hain. moolat: unhein ek sthaan par rakhane ke liye garadan ke chaaron or bandhi ek dori ke saath pahana jaata tha, lekin unhein aksar kisi clip, pin, tape ya chunbak ki sahaayata se kapadon ke saath chipkaaya jaata hai. laiveliyr dori ko kapadon ke dvaara chhipaaya ja sakta hai aur vah jeb mein rakhe ya (gatisheel prayog ke liye) kisi belt mein fanse RF traansameetar tak ho sakti hai athva (sthir anuprayogon ke liye) seedhe hi mishrak tak ja sakti hai.

ek betaar maaikrofon kisi taar ke maadhyam se bhejane ke bajaay dhvani ko radio ya prakaasheeya sanket ke roop mein prasaarit karta hai. saamaanyat: yeh ek chhote FM radio traansameetar ka prayog karke dhvani tantr se jude niktavarti riseevar tak apne sanket bhejata hai, lekin iska yadi traansameetar aur riseevar ek doosare ki drushti-seema ke bheetar hon, to yeh infraared prakaash ka prayog bhi kar sakta hai.

hava ke maadhyam se sanchaarit hone vaale dhvani kampanon ke vipreet ek sampark maaikrofon seedhe kisi thos satah ya kisi padaarth se kanpan grahan karta hai. bahut nimn-star ki dhvaniyon, jaise kisi chhote padaarth ya kisi keede se aane waali dhvani, ki pehchaan karna iska ek upayog hai. saamaanyat: yeh maaikrofon ek chumbakeeya (ghoomti hui kundali) traansadyoosar, sampark plate aur sampark pin se milkar banta hai. sampark plate ko us padaarth ke saamane rakha jaata hai, jisse nikalne vaale kampanon ko grahan karna ho; sampark pin in kampanon ko traansadyoosar ki kundali ki or sthaanaantarit karti hai. sampark maaikrofon ka prayog ghonghe ke dil ki dhadkan aur cheentiyon ke pairon ki aavaaj ko grahan karne ke liye kiya jaata raha hai. haal hi mein, is maaikrofon ka ek suvaahya sanskaran viksit kiya gaya hai. sampark maaikrofon ka ek anya prakaar ek kanth maaikrofon hai, jo seedhe us kanth se bhaashan grahan kar leta hai, jis par use joda gaya ho. yeh is upakaran ko pariveshi dhvaniyon vaale kshetron me prayog karne ki anumati deta hai, jahaan anyatha vakta ko sun paana sambhav na ho.

ek paravalayik maaikrofon dhvani tarangon ko maaikrofon par ekatrit evam keindrit karne ke liye paravalayik paraavartak ka prayog karta hai, jaisa ki ek paravalayik enteena (uda. upagrah tashtari) dvaara radio tarangon ke saath kiya jaata hai. is maaikrofon, jismein asaamaanya roop se keindrit agr sanvedanasheelata hoti hai tatha jo anek meter ki doori se bhi dhvani ko grahan kar sakta hai, ke vishisht upayogon mein prakruti rikaurding, baahari khel aayojan, prachhann shravan, nyaaya pravartan aur yahaan tak ki jaasoosi bhi shaamil hain. paravalayik maaikrofonon ka prayog vishishtat: maanak rikaurding anuprayogon ke liye naheen kiya jaata kyonki ve nimn-aavrutti ke prati kamzor pratikriya dete hain, jo ki unke dijaain ka ek dushprabhaav hai.

ek steeriyo maaikrofon do maaikrofonon ko ek ikaai mein ekeekrut karta hai, taaki ek steeriyofonik sanket utpann kiya ja sake. ek steeriyo maaikrofon ka prayog aksar prasaaran anuprayogon ya kshetr rikaurding ke liye tab kiya jaata hai, jab steeriyofonik rikaurding ke liye paaramparik X-Y sanroopan (maaikrofon paddhati dekhein) mein do pruthak sanghanitron ko sanroopit karna avyaavahaarik ho. aise kuchh maaikrofonon mein do channelon ke beech kaaryakshetr vyaapti ka samaayojya kon hota hai.

ek shor nirsteekaran maaikrofon ek atyadhik dishaatmak dijaain hota hai, jiski rachana shorapoorn vaataavaranon ke liye ki gayi hai. aisa ek prayog vaayuyaanon ke cockpit mein hota hai, jahaan ve saamaanyat: hedaseton par boom maaikrofonon ke roop mein sansthaapit kiye jaate hain. inka ek anya prayog uchch-svar vaale sangeet samaaroh ke manchon par gaayakon ke liye kiya jaata hai. anek shor nirsteekaran maaikrofon vipreet vidyuteeya dhruvan mein sthit ya vidyuteeya roop se prasanskrut do madhyapaton se praapt sanketon ko sanyojit karte hain. dohare madhyapat vaale dijaain mein, mukhya madhyapat abheesht srot se niktatam doori par sansthaapit kiya jaata hai aur doosare ko srot se bahut door rakha jaata hai, taaki vah us vaataavaraneeya dhvani ko grahan kar sake, jise mukhya madhyapat ke sanket se ghataana hai. do sanketon ko sanyojit kar diye jaane par, abheesht srot ke alaava anya sroton se aane waali dhvaniyaan bahut kam ho jaati hain, jisse use behtar dhang se samjha ja sakta hai. anya shor-nirsteekaran dijaain ek hi madhyapat ka prayog karte hain, jo maaikrofon ki bagal mein aur peechhe khulne vaale port se prabhaavit hota hai, jinka yogafal door se aane waali dhvaniyon ke 16 dB nirsteekaran ke roop mein milta hai. ek ekal madhyapat ka prayog karke ek shor-nirsteekaran hedaset dijaain ka upayog mukhyat: gaayak kalaakaaron, jaise gaarth brooks (Garth Brooks) aur jainet Jackson (Janet Jackson), dvaara kiya jaata raha hai.^[16] kuchh shor-nirsteekaran maaikrofon kanth maaikrofon hote hain.

ek maaikrofon ka electronic prateek

maaikrofonon dvaara prayukt sabse aam sanyojitr nimnalikhit hain:

• vyaavasaayik maaikrofonon par nar XLR sanyojitr
• kam mahange upabhokta maaikrofonon par ¼ inch (kabhi-kabhi 6.5 mimi ke roop mein ullikhit) Jack plag, jise 1/4 inch TRS sanyojitr ke roop mein bhi jaana jaata hai. anek upabhokta maaikrofon ek asantulit 1/4 inch phone Jack ka prayog karte hain. aamtaur par haaramonika maaikrofon gitaar pravardhakon par ek uchch pratibaadha vaale 1/4 inch TS sanyojitr ka prayog karte hain.
• bahut saste aur computer maaikrofonon par 3.5 mimi (jiska ullekh kabhi-kabhi 1/8 inch mini ke roop mein kiya jaata hai) steeriyo (mono ke roop mein taar-yukt) mini phone plag

kuchh maaikrofon suvaahya upakaran par sanyojan ke liye anya sanyojitron, jaise ek 5-pin XLR ya mini XLR, ka prayog karte hain. kuchh laiveliyr (ya jin dinon mein maaikrofon ko samaachaar samvaadadaataaon ke soot ke laipel mein joda jaata tha, tab se 'laipel (Lapel)') maaikrofon ek betaar traansameetar se sanyojan ke liye ek maalikaana sanyojitr ka prayog karte hain. 2005 se, USB sanyojanon se yukt vyaavasaayik-gunavatta vaale maaikrofonon ka udaya hona praarambh hua hai, jinhein computer-aadhaarit software mein pratyaksh rikaurding ke liye banaaya gaya hai.

pratibaadha-Milan

maaikrofonon mein pratibaadha naamak ek vidyuteeya visheshata hoti hai, jise ohm (Ohm) (Ω) mein maapa jaata hai aur jo dijaain par nirbhar hoti hai. vishishtat:, moolyaankit pratibaadha bataai jaati hai.^[17] 600 Ω se kam pratibaadha ko nimn pratibaadha maana jaata hai. 600 Ω tatha 10 kΩ ke beech madhya pratibaadha maani jaati hai. 10 kΩ se oopar uchch pratibaadha hoti hai. sanghanitr maaikrofon (antarnirmit poorv-pravardhak (Preamp) ke naam par) mein vishisht roop se 50 aur 200 ohm ke beech ki aautaput pratibaadha hoti hai.^[18]

pratibaadha nimn ya uchch hone par bhi kisi maaikrofon ka aautaput samaan shakti prastut karta hai. yadi ek maaikrofon ko uchch aur nimn pratibaadha vaale sanskaranon mein banaaya gaya hai, to kisi vishisht dhvani daab input ke liye uchch pratibaadha vaale sanskaran mein ek uchchatar aautaput voltej hota hai aur yeh nirvaat-nalika gitaar pravardhakon, udaaharanaarth, jinmein ek uchch input pratibaadha hoti hai aur jinmein nalika mein antarnihit shor ko dabaane ke liye ek apekshaakrut uchch sanket input voltej ki aavashyakta hoti hai, ke saath prayog ke liye upayukt hota hai. adhikaansh vyaavasaayik maaikrofonon mein nimn pratibaadha, lagbhag 200 Ω ya kam, hoti hai. vyaavasaayik nirvaat-nalika dhvani upakaranon mein ek traansafaurmar sammilit hota hai, jo maaikrofon paripth ki pratibaadha ko input nalika ke sanchaalan ke liye aavashyak uchch pratibaadha aur voltej tak badhaata hai. baahari Milan traansafaurmar bhi upalabdh hain, jinka prayog ek nimn pratibaadha vaale maaikrofon aur ek uchch pratibaadha vaale input ke beech ek seedh mein kiya ja sakta hai.

nimn pratibaadha vaale maaikrofonon ko uchch pratibaadha vaale maaikrofonon ki tulana mein do kaaranon se praathamikta di jaati hai: pehla yeh hai ki lambe taar vaale ek uchch-pratibaadha maaikrofon ka parinaam taar ki dhaarita ke kaaran uchch-aavrutti sanket haani ke roop mein milta hai, jo maaikrofon aautaput pratibaadha ke saath ek nimn-paar filtar ka nirmaan karti hai. doosra kaaran yeh hai ki uchch-pratibaadha vaale lambe taar adhik bhinbhinaahat (aur sanbhavat: radio-aavrutti hastakshep (Radio-frequency interference) (RFI)) bhi) grahan karte hain. yadi maaikrofon aur anya upakaran ke beech pratibaadha ka Milan galat ho jaae, to koi haani naheen hoti; sabse bura parinaam sanket mein kami ya aavrutti pratikriya mein parivartan ke roop mein milta hai.

adhikaansh maaikrofon is prakaar dijaain kiye jaate hain ki unki pratibaadha ka Milan us bhaar ke saath na ho sake, jisse ve jude hue hain.^[19] aisa karne se unki aavrutti pratikriya parivrtit ho sakti hai, jisse viroopan, visheshat: uchch dhvani daab staron par, utpann ho sakta hai. kuchh ribn aur gatij maaikrofon iska apavaad hote hain, kyonki unke dijaainaron ka maanana hai ki ek vishisht bhaar pratibaadha maaikrofon ki aantarik vidyut-dhvanik avamandan paripth ka hi bhaag hoti hai.^{[20][sandigdh – charcha karein]}

digital maaikrofon intarafes

audio engineering society (Audio Engineering Society) dvaara prakaashit AES 42 maanak maaikrofonon ke liye ek digital intarafes ko paribhaashit karta hai. is maanak ka paalan karne vaale maaikrofon ek enaalaug aautaput utpann karne ke bajaay ek XLR nar sanyojitr ke maadhyam se seedhe digital audio dhaara utpann karte hain. digital maaikrofonon ka prayog AES 42 maanak ka paalan karne vaale upayukt input sanyojanon se yukt nae upakaranon ke saath athva ek upayukt intarafes box ke maadhyam se kiya ja sakta hai. AES 42 maanak ke anusaar kaarya karne vaale studio gunavatta vaale maaikrofon ab anek maaikrofon utpaadakon se upalabdh hain.

oktaava 319 aur shure SM58 ke sudoor kshetreeya aksheeya aavrutti pratikriya ki ek tulana

maaikrofonon ki rachana mein antaron ke kaaran, unamein dhvani ke prati swayam ki vishisht pratikriyaaen hoti hain. pratikriya mein yeh antar asamaan charan aur aavrutti pratikriyaaen utpann karta hai. iske atirikt, maaikrofon dhvani daab ke prati bhi samaan roop se samvedansheel naheen hote aur viroopan ke bina bhinn-bhinn star sveekaar kar sakte hain. haalaanki vaigyaanik anuprayogon ke liye adhik samaanata vaale maaikrofon vaanchhaneeya hote hain, lekin aksar sangeet rikaurding ke liye yeh baat laagoo naheen hoti kyonki maaikrofon ki asamaan pratikriya dhvani ka vaanchhaneeya ranjan utpann kar sakti hai. maaikrofon vinirdeshon ka ek antarraashtreeya maanak bhi hai,^[17] lekin bahut kam nirmaata hi usaka paalan karte hain. iske parinaamasvaroop, vibhinn nirmaataaon dvaara prakaashit deta ki tulana karna kathin hota hai kyonki ve bhinn-bhinn maapan takaneekon ka prayog karte hain. maaikrofon deta website ne vartamaan mein soocheebaddh pratyek maaikrofon aur yahaan tak ki kuchh aprachalit modelon ke liye bhi maaikrofon nirmaataaon se chitron, pratikriya vakron aur takaneeki deta se paripoorn takaneeki vinirdesh ekatrit kiye hain aur tulana mein saralata ke uddeshya se un sabhi ke baare mein deta ek saamaanya praaroop mein pradarshit kiya gaya hai.[3]. haalaanki, is ya kisi bhi anya prakaashit deta se koi pakka nishkarsh nikaalate samay saavadhaani baratani chaahiye, jab tak ki yeh gyaat na ho ki utpaadak ne ye vinirdesh IEC 60268-4 ke anuroop pradaan kiye hain.

ek aavrutti pratikriya aarekh maaikrofon sanvedanasheelata ko aavruttiyon ki ek shreni (vishishtat: 0-20 kHz) mein, saamaanyat: sateek roop se aksh-par sthit dhvani (kaipsool ke 0° par aane waali dhvani) ke liye deseebel mein rakhata hai. aavrutti pratikriya kam soochanaatmak taur par paathya-saamagri ke roop mein is prakaar prastut ki ja sakti hai: "30 Hz-16 kHz ±a3 dB". iski vyaakhya varnit aavruttiyon ke beech ek lagbhag samatal, rekheeya, plaut ke roop mein ki jaati hai, jismein aayaam mein nyoonaadhik antar 3 dB se adhik naheen hai. haalaanki, ham is soochana ke aadhaar par yeh nirdhaarit naheen kar sakte ki ye antar kitne nirbaadh hain, na hi ye ki ve varnakram ke kis bhaag mein ghatit hote hain. dhyaan dein ki aamtaur par banaae jaane vaale kathan, jaise "20 Hz–20 kHz", sahanasheelata ke ek deseebel maapan ke bina arthaheen hote hain. dishaatmak maaikrofonon ki aavrutti pratikriya dhvani srot se antar aur dhvani srot ki jyaamiti ke saath bahut adhik badalti jaati hai. IEC 60268-4 ke anusaar aavrutti pratikriya sapaat pragatisheel tarang (Plane progressive wave) sthitiyon (srot se bahut adhik door) mein maapi jaani chaahiye, lekin yeh kabhi-kabhi hi vyaavahaarik hota hai. band vaarta maaikrofonon ko vibhinn dhvani sroton aur dooriyon ke saath maapa ja sakta hai, lekin iska koi maanak naheen hai aur isaliye yadi maapan takaneek varnit na ki gayi ho, to vibhinn modelon se praapt deta ki tulana kar paane ka koi tareeka naheen hai.

sv-shor ya samakaksh shor star dhvani ka vah star hai, jo utana hi aautaput voltej utpann karta hai, jitna maaikrofon dvaara dhvani ki anupasthiti mein utpann kiya jaata hai. yeh maaikrofon ki gatij shreni ke nimnatam bindu ka pratinidhitv karta hai aur vishisht roop se tab mahatvapoorn hota hai, jab aap shaant dhvaniyon ko record karna chaahate hon. yeh maap aksar dB(A) mein varnit kiya jaata hai, jo ki ek deseebel maapan aavrutti par shor ki samakaksh prabalata hoti hai- jo ki iske liye bhaarit hoti hai ki kaan kis prakaar sunate hain, udaaharan ke liye: "15 dBA SPL" (SPL ka arth hota hai 20 maaikropaaskal ke saapeksh dhvani daab star). yeh maan jitna kam ho, utana behtar hai. kuchh maaikrofon nirmaata ITU-R 468 shor bhaaran ka prayog karke shor star ka varnan karte hain, jo ki adhik sateek roop se yeh vyakt karta hai ki ham dhvani ko kis prakaar sunate hain, lekin yeh ek 11-14 dB uchchatar maan pradaan karta hai. ek achal maaikrofon vishishtat: 20 dBA SPL ya 32 dB SPL 468-bhaaran ko maapata hai. vishesh anuprayogon ke liye bahut shaant maaikrofon bhi anek varshon se upalabdh rahe hain, jaise brul end jeer 4179 (Brüael & Kjaer 4179), jinka shor star 0 dB SPL ke aas-paas hota hai. haal hi mein, nimn shor vinirdesh vaale kuchh maaikrofon studio/manoranjan baajaar mein prastut kiye gaye hain, jaise nyoomain (Neumann) aur road (Røade) ke model, jo apne vigyaapan mein 5-7 dBA ke beech shor staron ka daava karte hain. vishisht roop se yeh kaipsool aur electronics ki aavrutti pratikriya mein parivartan ke dvaara haasil kiya jaata hai, jiska parinaam A-bhaaran vakr ke bheetar nimn shor ke roop mein milta hai, jabki braudabaind shor ko badhaaya ja sakta hai.

maaikrofon dvaara sveekaar kiya ja sakane wala adhiktam SPL (dhvani daab star) (Sound Pressure Level) kul anukanpi viroopan (Total Harmonic Distortion) (THD) ke vishisht maanon, vishishtat: 0.5%, ke liye maapa jaata hai. viroopan ki yeh maatra saamaanyat: ashraavya hoti hai, at: koi vyakti rikaurding ko haani pahunchaae bina is SPL par maaikrofon ka prayog kar sakta hai. udaaharan: "142 dB SPL uchch (0.5% THD par)". yeh maan jitna adhik ho, utana behtar hota hai, haalaanki bahut uchch SPL vaale maaikrofonon mein sv-shor bhi uchchatar hota hai.

sanbhavat: kataran star adhiktam prayojya star ka ek behtar soochak hota hai,^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]} kyonki saamaanyat: adhiktam SPL ke antargat bataaya jaane wala 1% THD maan vastut: viroopan k ek bahut halka star hai, jo ki, vishesh taur par sankshipt uchch staron par, kaafi ashraavya hota hai. maaikrofonon se anukanpi viroopan saamaanyat: nimn-shreni (adhikaanshat: truteeya anukanpi) prakaar ka hota hai aur at:, yahaan tak ki 3-5% par bhi, yeh bahut adhik shraavya naheen hota. doosari or, kataran, jo ki madhyapat apni poorn visthaapan seema tak pahunch jaane par (ya poorv-pravardhak ke dvaara) utpann hoti hai, apne uchch-staron par ek karkash dhvani utpann karti hai aur jahaan tak sambhav ho, isse bachana chaahiye. kuchh maaikrofonon ke liye kataran star adhiktam SPL se bahut adhik ho sakta hai.

shor dharaatal aur adhiktam SPL ke beech SPL mein antar ko kisi maaikrofon ki gatij seema kaha jaata hai. yadi swayam iske dvaara varnit ki jaae, udaaharanaarth "120 dB", to yeh sv-shor aur adhiktam SPL aankadon ko svatantr roop se varnit kiye jaane ki tulana mein lakshaneeya roop se kam jaankaari pradaan karti hai.

sanvedanasheelata is baat ko soochit karti hai ki ek maaikrofon dhvanik daab ko kitni achhi tarah aautaput voltej mein roopaantarit karta hai. ek uchch sanvedanasheelata maaikrofon adhik voltej nirmit karta hai aur isaliye ismein mishrak ya rikaurding upakaran par kam pravardhan ki aavashyakta hoti hai. yeh vyaavahaarik roop se chinta ka vishay hai lekin yeh Mike ki gunavatta ka pratyaksh sanket naheen hai aur vastut: sanvedanasheelata shabd kuchh anupayukt naam hai, "pun: traansadakshan" (ya keval "aautaput star") sanbhavat: adhik arthapoorn hai kyonki shuddh sanvedanasheelata saamaanyat: shor dharaatal dvaara nirdhaarit ki jaati hai aur aautaput star ke sandarbh mein bahut adhik "sanvedanasheelata" kataran star se samjhauta karti hai. iske do aam maapan hain. antarraashtreeya maanak (adhimaanya) 1 kHz par prati paaskal mileevolts mein bana hota hai. ek uchch maan uchchatar sanvedanasheelata ko soochit karta hai. puraani Amreeki vidhi ek 1 v/Pa maanak ka ullekh karti hai aur use sapaat deseebels mein maapa jaata hai, jiska parinaam ek rinaatmak maan ke roop mein milta hai. pun: ek uchchatar maan uchchatar sanvedanasheelata ko soochit karta hai, at: -60 dB ki sanvedanasheelata -70 dB se adhik hoti hai.

kuchh maaikrofonon ka uddeshya keval speekaron ka pareekshan karna, shor staron ko maapana aur anyatha ek dhvanik anubhav ko parinaamit karna hota hai. ve anshashodhit traansadyoosar hote hain aur inki aapoorti saamaanyat: ek anshashodhan pramaanapatr ke saath ki jaati hai, jo aavrutti ke mukaabale inki poorn sanvedanasheelata ko varnit karte hain. maapan maaikrofonon ki gunavatta ka ullekh aksar "shreni 1", "prakaar 2" ityaadi jaise padanaamon ke prayog dvaara kiya jaata hai, jo ki maaikrofon ke vinirdeshon ko naheen, balki dhvani star meetaron ko ullikhit karte hain.^[21] maapan maaikrofon pradarshan ka varnan karne ke liye ek adhik vyaapak maanak^[22] haal hi mein apnaaya gaya tha.

maapan maaikrofon saamaanyat: daab ke adish sanvedak hote hain; ve ek sarvadishaatmak pratikriya ko pradarshit karte hain, jo keval unke bhautik aayaamon ki bikhri hui rooparekha dvaara seemit hote hain. dhvani ki teevrata ya dhvani shakti maapanon ke liye daab-pravanata maapanon ki aavashyakta hoti hai, jo vishishtat: kam se kam do maaikrofonon ki shreni ka prayog karke ya ushn-taar vaayuvegamaapakon ke saath banaae jaate hain.

maaikrofon anshashodhan takaneekein

ek maaikrofon ki sahaayata se koi vaigyaanik maapan lene ke liye, iski spasht sanvedanasheelata (volts prati paaskal mein) gyaat hona anivaarya hota hai. choonki yeh upakaran ke jeevan-kaal ke dauraan badal sakti hai, at: maapan maaikrofonon ko niyamit roop se anshashodhit karna anivaarya hota hai. kuchh maaikrofon utpaadakon dvaara aur svatantr pramaanit pareekshan prayogashaalaaon dvaara yeh seva pradaan ki jaati hai. sabhi maaikrofon anshashodhan kisi raashtreeya maapan sansthaan, jaise UK mein NPL, Germany mein PTB aur USA mein NIST, mein antat: praathamik maanakon dvaara gyaat kiye ja sakane yogya hote hain, jo sabse aam taur par paarasparikta praathamik maanak ka prayog karke anshashodhit kiye jaate hain. is vidhi ka prayog karke anshashodhit kiye gaye maapan maaikrofonon ka prayog iske baad tulana anshashodhan takaneekon ka prayog karke anya maaikrofonon ko anshashodhit karne ke liye kiya ja sakta hai.

anuprayog ke aadhaar par, maapan maaikrofonon ka pareekshan niytakaalik roop se (vishishtat: prati varsh ya kuchh maheenon mein) aur kisi bhi sambhaavit kshati ghatna, jaise giraaye jaane (is jokhim ko kam karne ke liye aise adhikaansh Mike fom-pad aavaran mein aate hain) ke baad ya sveekaarya star se aage ki dhvaniyon se saamana hone par anivaarya roop se kiya jaana chaahiye.

pistanafon upakaran

ek pistanafon kisi band yugmak ka prayog karke maaikrofon ke anshashodhan ke liye ek spasht dhvani daab ko utpann karne hetu ek dhvanik anshashodhak (dhvani srot) hota hai. yeh siddhaant yaantrikeeya roop se sanchaalit pistan ko ek vishisht chakreeya dar par, hava ke ek nishchit aayatan ko dhakelane par aashrit hota hai, jis par jaancha ja raha maaikrofon ujaagar kiya jaata hai. aisa maana jaata hai ki hava sthiroshm roop se sanpeedit hoti hai aur cheinbar mein dhvani daab star ki ganana upakaran ke aantarik bhautik aayaam aur sthiroshm gas niyam, jiske liye aavashyak hota hai ki ${\displaystyle PV^{\gamma }}$ ek sthiraank ho, jahaan ${\displaystyle P}$P chaimbar mein daab hai, ${\displaystyle V}$V chaimbar mein aayatan hai aur ${\displaystyle \gamma }$\gamma sthir aayatan par iski vishisht ushma ke prati sthir daab par hava ki vishisht ushma hai, ke dvaara ki ja sakti hai. pistanafon vidhi keval nimn aavruttiyon par hi kaarya karti hai, lekin yeh achook ho sakti hai aur saralataapoorvak niroopit kiya ja sakane wala ek dhvani daab star pradaan karti hai. saamaanyat: maanak pareekshan aavrutti lagbhag 250 Hz hoti hai.

paarasparik vidhi

yeh vidhi anshashodhit kiye jaane vaale 3 maaikrofonon ke samooh mein se ek ya adhik maaikrofonon ki paarasparikta par nirbhar hoti hai. ise ek band yugmak athva mukt kshetr mein poorn kiya ja sakta hai. inmein se keval ek hi maaikrofon ka paarasparik (ek maaikrofon ya ek laaudaspeekar kisi bhi roop mein prayog kiye jaane par ek samaan pratikriya utpann karanevaala) hona aavashyak hota hai.

ek maaikrofon shreni ek kram mein sanchaalit ho rahe maaikrofonon ki koi bhi sankhya ho sakti hai. aise anek anuprayog hain:

• pariveshi shor se svar input ko nikaalne ke liye pranaali (ullekhaneeya roop se telephone, svar pehchaan tantr, shravan-sahaayata yantr)
• saraaund saaund aur sambandhit praudyogikiyaan
• dhvani ke dvaara padaarthon ki sthiti gyaat karna: dhvanik srot sthaaneeyakaran, udaaharanaarth, paidal-sena ki goleebaari ke srot (ton) ki sthiti ka pata lagaane ke liye sainya prayog. vaayuyaan ki sthiti aur khoj.
• uchch-achookata waali mool rikaurding
• nimn dhvaniyon ki pariseemit dhvanik pehchaan ke liye 3D aakaasheeya beemanirmaan

vishishtat: ek shreni kisi sthaan ki paridhi aas-paas vitrit kai sarvadishaatmak maaikrofonon se milkar banti hai, jo ek computer se jude hote hain, jo parinaamon ko record karta hai aur ek roop mein unki vyaakhya karta hai.

vaayurodhi sheeshon ka prayog un maaikrofonon ki raksha karne ke liye kiya jaata hai, jo anyatha "P", "B" aadi jaise vyanjanon se utpann hava ya vaachik sparshon ke dvaara kshatigrast ho jaaenge. adhikaansh maaikrofonon mein ek poorn vaayurodhi sheesha laga hota hai, jise maaikrofon ke madhyapat ke aas-paas lagaaya jaata hai. plastic, taar ki jaali ya dhaatu ke pinjare ki ek screen maaikrofon ke madhyapat ki raksha karne ke liye isse kuchh doori par lagaai jaati hai. yeh pinjara padaarthon ya vaayu ke yaantrikeeya prabhaavon ke viruddh pratirksha ki pehli pankti pradaan karta hai. kuchh maaikrofon, jaise shure SM58 (Shure SM58) mein is pinjare ke bheetar se fom ki ek atirikt parat ho sakti hai, taaki dhaal ki rakshaatmak visheshataaon ko aur adhik badhaaya ja sake. poorn maaikrofon vaayurodhi sheeshon ke alaava, mote taur par atirikt vaayu-raksha ki teen shreniyaan hoti hain.

vaayurodhi sheeshe ki ek kami yeh hai ki maaikrofon ki uchch aavrutti pratikriya ka kuchh maatra mein ksheenan ho jaata hai, jo ki rakshaatmak parat ke ghanatv par nirbhar hota hai.

maaikrofon vaayurodhi sheeshon ke kuchh prakaaron ko kabhi-kabhi "vaayu pratibandh (Wind Gag)" ya ashisht bhaasha mein "mrut billi (Dead Cat)[4] kaha jaata hai.

maaikrofon aavaran

maaikrofon ke aavaran aksar narm khule-chhidron vaale pauleeestar (Polyester) ya pauleeyooreethen (Polyurethane) fom se bane hote hain kyonki fom sasta aur nirvartya (Disposable) svaroop wala hota hai. vaikalpik vaayurodhi sheeshe aksar utpaadak aur anya pakshon se upalabdh hote hain. ek vaikalpik sahaayak vaayurodhi sheeshe ka ek atyant aam udaaharan shure (Shure) dvaara nirmit A2WS hai, jinmein se ek ko sanyukt raajya amareeka ke raashtrapati ke paath-manch par prayukt do shure SM57 (Shure SM57) maaikrofonon mein se pratyek par pahanaaya jaata hai.^[23] pauleeyooreethen fom maaikrofon aavaranon ki ek kami yeh hai ki ve samay beetane ke saath kharaab hote jaate hain. vaayurodhi sheeshe bhi apne khule chhidron mein dhool aur nami ekatr kar lete hain aur maaikrofon ka prayog kar rahe vyakti ko uchch aavrutti haani, buri gandh aur asvaasthyakar sthitiyon se bachaane ke liye unhein anivaarya roop se saaf kiya jaana chaahiye. doosari or, ek samaaroh gaayak vaayurodhi sheeshe ka mukhya laabh yeh hai ki ismein prayoktaaon ke beech ek svachh vaayurodhi sheesha sheeghrataapoorvak badla ja sakta hai, jisse keetaanuon ke prasaar ki sambhaavana kam ho jaati hai. ek vyast, sakriya manch par ek maaikrofon ko doosare se alag pahachaanane ke liye vibhinn rangon ke vaayurodhi sheeshon ka prayog kiya ja sakta hai.

paup filtar

paup filtaron ya paup pardon ka prayog niyantrit studio vaataavaranon mein rikaurding ko dauraan svar-sparsh ko nyoonatam karne ke liye kiya jaata hai. ek vishisht paup filtar dhvanik roop se paaradarshi reshami vastr-jaise kisi padaarth, uda. ek vruttaalaar frem par faila buna hua naailon, ki ek ya adhik paraton aur ek keelak tatha maaikrofon staind ko jodne ke liye ek lacheele aarohan koshthak se milkar bana hota hai. paup dhaal gaayak aur maaikrofon ke beech rakhi jaati hai. gaayak apne honth maaikrofon ke jitne adhik paas laata hai, ek paup filtar ki aavashyakta utani hi adhik badh jaati hai. apne svar-sparshon ko mulaayam banaane ya unke vaayu jhokon ko maaikrofon se door nirdeshit karne ke liye gaayakon ko prashikshit kiya ja sakta hai aur in donon hi sthitiyon mein unhein ek paup filtar ki aavashyakta naheen hoti.

paup filtar thook ko maaikrofon se door rakhate hain. adhikaansh sanghanitr maaikrofon thook ke kaaran kshatigrast ho sakte hain.

blinp

blinp (Blimps) (jinhein jaipelins (Zeppelins) ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai) bade, pole vaayurodhi sheeshe hote hain, jinka prayog baahya sthal svar, jaise prakruti rikaurding, electronic samaachaar sangrahan aur film tatha video filmaankanon mein maaikrofonon ko dhankane ke liye kiya jaata hai. ve vaayu ke shor mein, vishishtat: nimn-aavrutti vaale shor ke liye, 25 dB tak ki katauti kar sakte hain. aavashyak roop se blinp ek pola pinjara ya tokari hoti hai, jiski baahari frem par koi dhvanik-roop se paaradarshi padaarth faila hua hota hai. blinp maaikrofon ke chaaron or sthir vaayu ke ek aayatan ka nirmaan karke kaarya karta hai. aksar iske aage tokari ke bheetar ek lacheele spring ke dvaara maaikrofon ko blinp se alag kiya jaata hai. yeh vaayu kampanon aur pinjare se prasaarit sanchaalan shor ko kam karta hai. jin vaayu gati sthitiyon mein blinp prabhaavi bana rahata hai, unki seema ko vistaarit karne ke liye, inmein se anek mein baahari aavaran ke bheetar ek dviteeyak aavaran ka vikalp hota hai. aamtaur par yeh ek dhvanik-roop se paaradarshi, lambe mulaayam baalon se yukt krutrim far wala padaarth hota hai (jise aksar "mrut-billi (Deadcat)" ya "vaayu-dastaana (Windmuff)" kaha jaata hai). iske baal blinp se takaraane vaale kisi bhi vaayu vikshibh ke liye aaghaat avashoshak ka kaarya karte hain. ek krutrim far aavaran vaayu shor mein atirikt 10 dB ki kami kar sakta hai.^[24]

Electronics praveshadvaar

• laaudaspeekar (ek maaikrofon ka vyutkram)
• haaidrofon (paani ke neeche prayog ke liye maaikrofon)
• jiyofon (pruthvi ke bheetar upayog karne ke liye maaikrofon)
• aayanofon (plaajma-aadhaarit maaikrofon)
• maaikrofon kanektar
• maaikrofon abhyaas
• maaikrofon priyemplifaaiyar
• A-bhaar
• batan maaikrofon
• ITU-R 468 shor bhaar
• naamamaatr pratibaadha - audio ghatakon ke liye pratibaadha Milan ke baare mein jaankaari
• dhvani dabaav star
• wireless maaikrofon
• XLR kanektar - maaikrofon ko jodne ke liye prayog kiya jaane wala 3-pin prakaar
• shauk mount - ek maaikrofon mount jismein maaikrofon ko ilaastik dvaara latakaaya jaata hai

vikimeediya kaumans par Microphones se sambandhit media hai.

• puraane maaikrofon ki jaankaari, chitr aur saaundabaaits
• maaikrofon sanvedanasheelata roopaantaran - dB re 1 V/Pa aur sthaanaantaran kaarak mV/Pa
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• computer ka maaikrofon
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• sarvadishaatmak maaikrofon mein bade banaam chhote daayafraam
• sanghanitr maaikrofon ka guide
• maap/abhiyaantriki gred maaikrofon ki mool baatein