lokakatha
lokakathaaeain ve kahaaniyaaain hain jo manushya ki katha pravrutti ke saath chalakar vibhinn parivrtanon evam parivrdhanon ke saath vartamaan roop mein praapt hoti hain. sabse mahatvapoorn baat yeh hai ki kuchh nishchit kathaanak roodhiyon aur shailiyon mein dhali lokakathaaon ke anek sanskaran, uske nitya nai pravruttiyon aur chariton se yukt hokar viksit hone ke pramaan hai. ek hi katha vibhinn sandarbhon aur anchalon mein badalkar anek roop grahan karti hain. lokageeton ki bhaaainti lokakathaaeain bhi hamein maanav ki paramparaagat vaseeyat ke roop mein praapt hain. daadi athva naani ke paas baithakar bachapan mein jo kahaaniyaaain suni jaati hai, chaupaalon mein inka nirmaan kab, kahaaain kaise aur kiske dvaara hua, yeh bataana asambhav hai.
anukram
lokakathaaon ki praacheenata
kathaaon ki praacheenata ko dhooaindhate hue ant mein anveshak rigved ke un sookton tak pahuainchakar ruk gaye hain jinmein kathopakathan ke maadhyam se "samvaad-sookt" kahe gaye hain. peechhe braahman granthon mein bhi unki parampara vidyamaan hai. yahi kram upanishdon mein bhi milta hai kintu in sabse poorv koi katha kahaani thi hi naheen, aisa naheen kaha ja sakta. prashn uthata hai jo prathaaeain un sab mein I hain unka udgam kahaaain hai? jahaaain unka udgam hoga lokakathaaon ka bhi vahi aaranbhik sthaan maana jaana chaahiye. panchatantr ki bahut si kathaaeain lok-kathaaon ke roop mein janajeevan mein prachalit hain. kintu yeh bhi sahi hai ki jitni kathaaeain (panchatantr ke prakaar ki) lokajeevan mein mil jaati hain utani panchatantr mein bhi naheen milteen. yadi yeh kaha jaae ki vishnu sharma ne lokajeevan mein prachalit kathaaon se laabh uthaaya hoga to koi, anupayukt baat naheen hogi. hitopadesh, bruhadashlok sangrah, bruhatkatha manjari, katha betaal panchavinshati aadi ka mool lokajeevan hai. jaatak kathaaon ko atyadhik praacheen maana jaata hai. inki sankhya 550 ke lagbhag hai kintu lokakathaaon ki koi nirdhaarit sankhya naheen hai. praakrut bhaasha mein bhi anek kathaagranth hain. mool paishaachi mein likhit "bahukaha" katha saritsaagar, bruhatkatha aadi ka upajeevya bani. sanskrut mein usaki kuchh kathaaeain roopaantarit hui. apabhransh ke "paum charia" aur "bhaviytt kaha" bhi is kram mein aati hain. is tarah likhit roop mein vaidik samvaad sookton se pravaahit kathaadhaara nirantar pravaahit hai kintu in sabka yog bhi lokajeevan mein prachalit kahaaniyon ki baraabari tak naheen pahuainch sakta.
hindi lokakathaaeain
hindi lokakathaaon ke adhyayan se inki kuchh apni visheshataaon ka pata chalta hain. manushya aadikaal se sukhon ki khoj mein laga hua hai. sukh laukik env paaralaukik donon prakaar ke hain. bhaarateeya parampara mein paaralaukik ko laukik se adhik ooaincha sthaan diya jaata hai "ant bhala to sab bhala" ke anusaar hamaari lokakathaaeain bhi sukhaant hua karti hai. shaayad hi aisi koi katha ho jo du:khaant ho. chir praacheen kaal se hi bhaarateeya lokakathaaon ki yahi mukhya pravrutti rahi. isliye lokakathaaon ke paatr anek saahasik evam romaanchakaari ghatnaaon se hokar ant mein sukh ki praapti karte hain. sanskrut ke naatakon ki bhaaainti inka bhi ant sanyog mein hi hota hai. ye kathaaeain mool roop mein mangalakaamana ki bhaavanaaeain lekar I. iseeliye lokakatha kahanevaale praaya: kathaaon ke ant mein kuchh mangal vachan bhi kaha karte hain. jaise - "jis prakaar unke (katha ke pramukh paatr ke), din fire, vaise hi saat dushman (bahut bade shatru) ke bhi din firein."
vibhinn prakaar ke daivik evam praakrutik prakopon ka bhaya dikhaakar shrotaaon ko dharm tatha kartavyapaalan ke path par le aana bhi bahut si lokakathaaon ka lakshya hota hai. saari srushti us samay ek dharaatal par utar aati hai jab sabhi jeev-jantuo ki bhaasha ek ho jaati hai. kaheen manushya pashu se baat karta hai to kaheen pashu pakshi se. sab ek doosare ke du:kh-sukh mein sameep dikhaai padte hain. lokageeton ki bhaaainti lokakathaaeain bhi kisi seema ko sveekaar naheen karateen. anchalon ki baat to jaane deejiye ye kathaaeain deshon aur mahaadveepon ki seemaaeain bhi paar kar gayi hain. in kathaaon ki visheshata yeh bhi hai ki ye maanav jeevan ke sabhi pahaluon se sampark rakhati hain. idhar lokakathaaon ke jo sangrah hue hain unamein to bahut hi thodi kathaaeain aa pai hain. bhale hi ham unke sanrakshan ki baat karein parantu apni visheshataaon ke kaaran hi shruti evam smruti ke aadhaar par jeevan praapt karanevaali ye kathaaeain yugon se chali aa rahi hain. ye kathaaeain mukhya roop se teen shailiyon mein kahi jaati hain. pratham gadya shaili; is prakaar mein poori katha saral evam aanchalik boli mein gadya mein kahi jaati hai. dviteeya gadya padya maya kathaaeain - inhein chanpoo shaili ki katha kaha ja sakta hai. aisi kathaaon mein praaya: maarmik sthalon par padya rachana milti hain. teesare prakaar ki kathaaon mein padya gadya ke sthaan par ek pravaah sa hota hai. yeh pravaah shrotaaon par achha asar daalata hai kintu is mein dviteeya prakaar ki kathaaon ke padyon ki bhaaainti geyata naheen hoti, jaise :
jaat rahe daaainde daaainde,
ek the paava kaudi
oo kaudi ganga ke diha
ganga vechaari baaloo dihini
oo baaloo maiain bhuainjava ke diha
bhuainjava bechaara daana dihesi - ityaadi
kahaani kahanevaala vyakti katha ke pramukh paatr (naayak) ko pehle vaakya mein hi prastut kar deta hai; jaise - "ek rahe raaja" ya "ek raha daanav" aadi. is visheshata ke kaaran lokakathaaon ka shrota vishesh ulajhan mein naheen padta. lokajeevan mein katha kehne ke saath hi use sunane ki shaili bhi nirdhaarit kar di gayi hai. sunanevaalon mein se koi vyakti, jab tak hunkaari naheen bharta tab tak katha kehne vaale ko aanand hi naheen aata. hunkaari sunane se kahanevaala aaindhere mein bhi samajhta rahata hai ki shrota kahaani ko dhyaanapoorvak sun raha hai.
lokakathaaon ke bhed
lekakathaaon ko mukhya roop se nimnalikhit vibhaagon mein baaainta ja sakta hai-
upadeshaatmak kathaaeain
hindi ki anek chhoti badi kathaaon mein maanav kalyaan ke liye vibhinn prakaar ke upadesh bhare pade hain. aisi kathaaeain praaya: apratyaksh roop se shiksha deti hain. isliye aisa aabhaas naheen hota ki unka nirmaan upadesh ke liye hi kiya gaya hoga. inke maadhyam se gruhakalah evam saamaajik buraaiyon se bachane ke liye preranaaeain milti hain. aisi bahut si kathaaeain hain jinmein karkasha naariyon ke kaaran parivaar ko vibhinn prakaar ke kashton ka bhaajan hona pada hai. inmein vimaataaon tatha sauton ki kathaaeain pradhaan hoti hain. inke atirikt aisi bhi kathaaeain milti hain jinmein maayaavi striyaaain par purushon par dore daalati hain ya jaadoo tona kiya karti hain jisse katha ke naayak ko tatha usase sambandh rakhanevaalon ko vibhinn sangharshon ka shikaar hona padta hai. putr dvaara pita ki aajnyaa na maanane par kasht uthaane se sambaddh bhi anek kathaaeain hain kintu, jaisa ki oopar bataaya gaya hai, ye sabhi kathaaeain ant mein sukh evam sanyog mein samaapt hoti hain. jab tak katha samaapt naheen hoti tab tak paatron aur mukhya roop se naayakon ko itni bhayaanak ghatnaaon mein fainsa dekha jaata hai ki sunakar rongate khade ho jaate hai. kuchh shrota to vaheen katha kahanevaale tath anya shrotaaon ki paravaah kiye bina naayak ko kasht denevaale ke naate apashabd bhi kehne lagte hain. unhein ye saari ghatanaaeain sahi maaloom padti hain.
saamaajik kahaaniyaaain
inmein vibhinn prakaar ki buraaiyon se utpann ghatnaaon ka samaavesh hota hai. inmein vishesh kar gruhakalah (saas-bahoo evam nanad bhaavaj ke jhagade) evam dushcharitr aur lanpat saadhu santon ki karni tatha ayogya naresh ke kaaran praja ka dukhi hona dikhaaya jaata hai. baal vivaah, bemel vivaah, bahu vivaah, vijaateeya vivaah tatha dahej aadi ki ninda bhi in kathaaon mein milti hain. yogya ya nirparaadh vyakti ayogya dusht vyakti ke changul mein fainsakar pareshaan hote dikhaai padte hain. saamaajik kahaaniyon mein ve kathaaeain apna vishesh sthaan rakhati hain jinmein naayika mukhya roop se aur naayak gaun roop se bhayaanak pareekshaaeain dete hain. aisi pareekshaaon mein praaya: saamaajik evam vyaktigat charitra ko pradhaanata di jaati hai. jin naayak naayikaaon ke charitra theek hote hain ve aisi kathor pareekshaaon mein utteern hote dikhaai padte hain. jaise sachcharitr naari jab tapt tail ke kadaahe mein haath daalkar apne sateetv ki pareeksha deti hai to kadaahe ka tapt tel sheetal hota hai. pativrata stri soorya ke rath ko bhi rok deti hai. uske bhaya se bade bade daitya daanav tatha daainein bhootapret paas naheen fatakate. isi tarah charitravaan naayak bhi vikt pareekshaaon mein utteern hokar apne lakshya ki praapti karte hain.
dhaarmik lokakathaaeain
inmein jap tap, vrat-upavaas evam unase praapt upalabdhiyaaain sanjoi gayi hain. sukhon ki kaamna ke liye kahi gayi in vrat kathaaon se upadesh grahan kar sambaddh parvon ke avsaron par striyaaain vraton ka paalan kiya karti hain. pati, putr ev bhaaiyon ki kushalata tatha sanpattipraapti inka lakshya hota hai. aisi lok kathaaon mein "bahura" (bahula), jiutiya (jeevitputrika), karva chauth, ahaai, ganagaur aur pidiya ki kathaaeain mukhya sthaan rakhati hain. pidiya ka vrat kumaari baalikaaon dvaara bhaaiyon ki kushalata ke liye kiya jaata hai. yeh vrat kaartik shukl pratipda se agahan shukl pratipda tak chalta hain. ise godhan vrat katha ki sanjnyaa bhi di jaati hai. jeevitputrika (jiutiya) vrat putr ki praapti tatha use deergh jeevan ke liye kiya jaata hai. is avsar par bhi kai lokakathaaeain kahi jaati hai. kintu cheelh tatha syaarin donon ne hi is parv par kisi samay vrat kiya tha parantu bhookh ki jvaala na sah sakane ke kaaran syaarin ne chupake se khaadya grahan kar liya. parinaam yeh hua ki uske sabhi bachche mar gaye aur vrat nibhaanevaali cheelh ke sabhi bachche deergh jeevan ko praapt hue. is parv ke vratavishvaas se jab putr ki praapti hoti hai to lokakathaaon mein diye gaye sanket ke anusaar usaka naam "jeeut" rakha jaata hai. aisa lagta hai ki puraanon mein jeevatputrika vrat ki katha ke saath jo jeemoot vaahan ki katha sambaddh hai vah lokakathaaon ke aadhaar par hi hai, kyonki pauraanik jeemoot vaahan ne naargon ki raksha ke liye apni deh ka tyaag kiya tha. jiutiya ki katha ka bhi uddeshya paropakaar ke liye aatmotsarg kar dena hi hai. karva chauth ke vrat mein mukhya roop se us raaja aur raani ki kahaani kahi jaati hain jo doosaron ke baalakon se ghruna kiya karte the. iseeliye unhein putr naheen hua. ant mein soorya ki upaasana karne par unhein putr ki praapti hui.
premapradhaan lokakathaaeain
premapradhaan lokakathaaeain bhi khoob milti hain. inmein mukhya roop mein maata ka putr ke prati, putr ka maata ke prati, patni ka pati ke aur pati ka patni ke prati tatha bhaaiyon bahanon ka prem dikhlaaya jaata hai. praaya: sabhi kathaaon mein varnit prem kartavya evam nishtha par aadhaarit hota hain. kuchh kathaaeain to aisi bhi hain jinmein janm janmaattar ka prem pallavit hot hai. sadaavruj-saaranga ki katha poorv janmon ke prem par hi aadhaarit hain. sheet vasant ki kahaani mein jahaaain vimaata ke durvyavahaar ki baat aati hai vaheen bhaai-bhaai ka prem bhi charam seema par pahuainchata dikhaai padta hai. bhaai bahin aur patiptni ke prem par aadhaarit to anek kathaaeain hain. kai kathaaon mein kuleen evam patipraayan striyaaain kupaatr tatha ghrunit rogon se grast patiyon ko apni seva, shraddha aur bhakti ke bal par bacha leti hain.
manoranjan sambandhi kathaaeain
inka mool uddeshya shrotaaon ke dil bahalaav ki saamagri prastut karna hota hai. baalak baalikaaeain aisi kahaaniyon ko ati sheegra yaad kar lete hain. ye kathaaeain praaya: chhoti hua karti hain. bhinn-bhinn jaanvaron jaise kutta, billi, geedad, nevala, sher, bhaaloo, sugga, kauva, cheelh aadi se sambandh rakhanevaali ye kahaaniyaaain baalakon ka manoranjan karti hain. inmein varnit vishay gambhir bhi hote hain kintu praathamikta halki fulki baaton ko di jaati hain. udaaharan ke liye dhele par paat ki ek laghu katha lein - dhele patte mein mitrata hui. dhele ne patte se kaha, aaaindhi aane par main tumhaare oopar baith jaaooainga to tum udoge naheen. patte ne kaha paani aane par main tumhaare oopar ho jaaooainga to tum galoge naheen. sanyog ki baat ki aaaindhi paani ka aagaman saath hi hua. patta bhaai ud gaye aur dhela bhaai gal gaye. vibhinn prakaar ki haasya kathaaeain bhi isi prakaar ke antargat aati hain.
jaateeya paatron par aadhaarit lokakathaaeain
ant mein aisi lokakathaaon ki charcha bhi apekshit hai jo jaateeya paatron par aadhaarit hoti hain. aisi kathaaeain aheeron, dhobiyon, naaiyon, mallaahon, chamaaron tatha kuchh anya jaatiyon mein hue vishisht naayakon par aadhaarit hoti hain. in kathaaon ko sambandhit jaatiyaaain hi aapas mein kehti sunati hain. vanya jaatiyon, jaise kolon, bheelon, dheemaron, kharabaaron, kiraaton tatha dusaadhon aadi mein aisi kathaaeain adhik maatra mein pai jaati hain.