loha

loha / Iron raasaayanik tatv
namoona
raasaayanik chinh:	Fe
parmaanu sankhya:	26
raasaayanik shrunkhala:	sankraman dhaatu
aavart saarani mein sthiti
electronic dhaancha
anya bhaashaaon mein naam:	Iron (angreji)

elektrolaaitik loha tatha usaka ek ghan semi ka tukada

loha ya loh (Iron) aavart saarani ke aathavein samooh ka pehla tattv hai. dharati ke garbh mein aur baahar milaakar yeh sarvaadhik praapya tatv hai (bhaar ke anusaar). dharati ke garbh mein yeh chautha sabse adhik paaya jaane wala tatv hai. iske chaar sthaayi samasthaanik milte hain, jinki dravyamaan sankhya 54, 56, 57 aur 58 hai. loh ke chaar rediyoaiktiv samasthaanik (dravyamaan sankhya 52, 53, 55 aur 59) bhi gyaat hain, jo krutrim reeti se banaae gaye hain.

anukram

itihaas

lauh dhaatu ka puraatan kaal se manushyon ko gyaan hai. Bhaarat ke logon ko isa se 300-400 varsh poorv loh ke upayog gyaat the. Tamil Nadu raajya ke tinnaveli janapad mein, karnaatak ke brahmagiri tatha takshashila mein puraatatv kaal ke lohe ke hathiyaar aadi praapt hue hain, jo lagbhag 400 varsh isvi ke poorv ke gyaat hote hain. kapilvastu, buddhagaya aadi mein aaj se 1,500 varsh pehle bhi log lohe ke udyog mein nipun the, kyonki in sthaanon mein lauh dhaatukarm ke anek chihr aaj bhi praapt hain. Delhi ki kutubameenaar ke saamane lohe ka vishaal stambh chauthi shataabdi mein pushkarn, Rajasthan ke raaja chandravarman, ke kaal mein bana tha. yeh Bhaarat ke utkrusht dhaatushilp ka jvalant udaaharan hai. is stambh ki lanbaai 24 foot aur anumaanit bhaar 6 tan se adhik hai. iske lohe ke vishleshan se gyaat hua hai ki ismein 99.72 pratishat loha hai. chauthi shataabdi ki dhaatukarmakala ka anumaan isi se ho sakta hai ki 15 shataabdiyon se yeh stambh vaayu aur varsha ke beech aprabhaavit khada hai. aashcharya ki baat to yeh hai ki itna lamba chauda stambh kis prakaar banaaya gaya, kyonki aaj bhi itna vishaal dand banaana kathin kaarya hai.

Bhaarat mein ispaat udyog ki parampara bhi bahut praacheen hai. aitihaasik lekhon se gyaat hota hai ki isa se 5 shataabdi poorv Bhaarat ki ispaat ki talavaarein Iran aadi deshon mein bahut vikhyaat theen. Bhaarat se loha aur ispaat aaj se 2,000 varsh poorv Europe tatha aibisiniya (Africa) mein bheja jaata tha. samraat ashok ke kaal mein ispaat ke upakaran anek vishesh kaaryon mein prayukt hote the. iraaniyon tatha arabon ne ispaat par paani chadhaane (tempering) ki kala ko Bhaarat se hi seekha. charak ke samay mein lohe ka aushadhi ke roop mein bhi upayog hota tha. us samay do prakaar ke lohe ka varnan aaya hai : kaalaayas aur teekshaayas, arthaat lauh choorn tatha moracha (rust). morache ka prayog raktaksheenata (anaemia) ke upachaar mein hota tha. ashm kasees ya feras salfet (ferrous sulphate) tatha maakshik (pyrites) ka upayog anek rogon (jaise-daad ya paama, kushth, yonirog aadi) mein bataaya gaya hai.

loh ka upayog kuchh anya deshon mein bhi praacheen kaal se gyaat hai. praacheen misr, aiseeriya, yoonaan tatha rom mein log lohe ka upayog karte the. Europe ki sarvapratham vaat bhatthi san 1350 mein Germany mein bani. athaarahaveen shataabdi mein kok (coke) ka upayog praarambh hone se lohe ke udyog mein bahut vruddhi hui. unneesaveen shataabdi mein ispaat banaane ki do mukhya vidhiyaaain, besemar tatha seemeins Martin prakram, nikaali gayi.

upasthiti evam praapti

pruthvi ka krod (core) loh dhaatu ka bana hai, parantu oopari satah par doosare tatvon dvaara abhikriya ke falasvaroop loh ke yaugik hi milte hain. pruthvi ki oopari satah par loh ke yaugik prachur maatra mein upasthit hain. inki maatra anya tatvon ki tulana mein chauthe sthaan par hai. loh do mukhya roopon mein paaya jaata hai : maignetaait, lo3au4 (Fe3O4). aur hemaataait lo2 au3 (Fe2O3). maignetaait kaala kristaleeya khanij padaarth hai, jismein teevr chunbakeeya gun hote hain. hemaataait praaya: jal dvaara haaidret limonaait, lo2 au3. haa2 au (Fe2O3 H2O) banane ke kaaran kristaleeya roop mein kam milta hai. shuddh hemaataait ke kristal gahre bhoore, ya kaale rang ke hote hain. jinmein laal dhaariyaaain padi rahati hain. ismein nirbal chunbakeeya gun hote hain. praaya: loh ke ayask mein yeh donon roop vibhinn maatra mein vartamaan rahate hai. kuchh ayaskon mein feras kaarbenit bhi upasthit rahata hai. kabhi-kabhi loh maakshik ke roop mein bhi paaya jaata hai, jo feras salfaaid hai. isko jalaane par fero ferik ya ferik oksaaid, (Fe3O4 ya Fe2O3) bachata hai tatha salfar daaioksaaid mukt ho jaata hai.

Bhaarat mein jhaarakhand (sinhabhoom), Chhattisgarh (durg), udeesa (mayoorabhanj) tatha Mysore (chamundi) mein lohe ki mukhya khaanein hai.

lohe ke ayask lagbhag sab kshetron mein paae jaate hain. Britain mein yaarkashir aur uttari midlaind mein, Germany ke uttari samudri kinaare par tatha sveedan mein lohe ke uttam ayask hai. uttari amareeka ke supeeriyr jheel ke kshetr par amareeka ka vishaal ispaat udyog nirbhar karta hai.

nirmaan

loh ayask ko sarvapratham bhoonakar (roast) jal vaashp aadi door tatha kaarbonet evam salfaaid ka okseekaran kar dete hain. is ayask ka apachayan kok dvaara ek bhatthi mein karte hain, jise vaatya bhatthi kehte hain. ayask ko kailsiym kaarbonet athva maigneeshiym kaarbonet, silika tatha kok ke saath milaakar, bhatthi ke oopari chhidr se, bhatthi mein pravesh karte hain. neeche ke chhidron se garam vaayu ko oopar ki or pravaahit kiya jaata hai. andar ki prakriya dvaara gas baahar niklati hai aur drav loh tatha dhaatumal (slag) jama ho jaate hain, jinhein samay samay par nikaala ja sakta hai. bhatthi mein honevaali mukhya prakriyaaeain nimn sameekaranon dvaara pradarshit ki ja sakti hain :

2 C + O2 = 2 CO

3 CO + Fe2O3 = 2Fe + 3 CO2

CaCO3 = CaO + CO2

CaO + SiO2 = CaSio3 (slag)

praapt lohe dvaara dhalavaaain loha, ya ispaat (steel) taiyaar kar sakte hai. ispaat banaane ke do mukhya tareeke hain, ek besemar vidhi (Bessemer Process) aur doosra seemeinj-martin ki open haarth vidhi (Siemen Martins-Open Hearth Process)

ye sab loh ke shuddh roop naheen hain. imein kaarban tatha anya apadravya sarvada mile rahate hain. uchch taap ke loh oksaaid par haaidrojan pravaahit karne se shuddh loha praapt ho sakta hai. loh lavan ke vidyut apaghatan dvaara bhi shuddh dhaatu milegi.

gunadharm

kam daab par lohe ka phase-aarekh

loha shvet rang ki dhaatu hai, jo nami athva jal se sheeghrata se maleen ho jaati hai. yeh komal, aaghaatavardhya aur tanya dhaatu hai, jismein teevr chunbakeeya gun vartamaan hai. iske apararoop gyaat hain. saadhaaran taap par loha ailfa roop (a form) mein rahata hai. 768 degree sein. par yeh beeta roop (b form) mein badal jaata hai, jismein chunbakeeya gun naheen rahate. 906 degree sein. par yeh gaama (g) roop mein parint ho jaata hai, jiski kristaleeya saranchana saamaanya roop se bhinn hai. tatpashchaat 1401 degree sein. par loha fir ailfa roop par aa jaata hai. lohe ke kuchh bhautik niytaank nimnaankit hain :

sanket lo (Fe), parmaanu sankhya 26,

parmaanu bhaar 550.85,

galanaank 1539 degree sein.,

kvathanaank 2740 degree sein.,

ghanatv 7.86 gra. prati ghan semi.,

vidyut pratirodhakata 9.71 maaikroom-seinmi.,

parmaanu vyaas 2.52 aingstraam tatha

aayanan vibhv 7.868 elektraun volt

lohe ke raasaayanik gun nikal tatha kobaalt se milte julate hain. yeh sakriya tatv hai aur okseejan mein jalne par ferasaferik oksaaid banaata hai. loh tanu aml vilyanon haaidrojan mukt karta hai, parantu atyant saandr naaitrik aml mein daalne par yeh nishkriya ho jaata hai. iske pashchaat yeh tanu amlon se abhikriya naheen karta. nishkriyta ka gun dhaatu par oksaaid ke halke star banane ke kaaran aa jaata hai. yadi nishkriya dhaatu par veg se chot ki jaae, to chot lagne ke sthaan par oksaaid ki parat toot jaaegi aur us sthaan se kriya praarambh hokar saari dhaatu ko sakriya bana degi. loha apachaayak dhaatu hai aur svarn, plaitinm, rajat, paarad, taamr aadi ke aayanon ka apayachan kar dhaatu mein parint kar deta hai. loha anek adhaatu tatvon se kriya kar yaugik banaata hai.

uchch taap ka jalavaashp (570 degree sein.), lohe dvaara vightit hokar, feroferik oksaaid, (Fe3 O4), banaata hai aur haaidrojan mukt hota hai. uchch taap par amoniya lohe se abhikriya kar loh naaitraaid, (Fe2 N), banaata hai.

loha mukhyat: do aur teen sanyojakata ke yaugik banaata hai. do sanyojakata ke feras, (Fe++), aayan ka vilyan halke hare rang ka hai. vaayu ke okseejan dvaara usaka okseekaran ho jaata hai. teen sanyojakata ke ferik, (Fe+++), aayan ka amleeya vilyan peele rang ka rahata hai. feras tatha ferik donon aayan anek jatil yaugik banaate hain. inke atirikt inke anek keelet (chelate) yaugik bhi gyaat hain.

loh ke chaar sanyojakata ke parafairaait, (Fe O3- -) aur chhah sanyojakata ke feret, (Fe O4- -) yaugik bhi gyaat hain. ye kshaareeya avastha mein prabal okseekaarakon dvaara bante hain. ye asthaayi yaugik hain aur bahut kam maatra mein banaae ja sakte hain.

yaugik

lohe ke teen oksaaid gyaat hain : feras oksaaid lo au (Fe O), ferik oksaaid, lo2 au3 (Fe2 O3) aur feroferik oksaaid, (Fe3 O4). feras yaugik mein kshaar daalne par feras haaidrauksaaid, [ Fe (OH)2], ka shvet avakshep praapt hota hai. yeh vaayu mein sheegra aakseekrut ho bhoore ferik oksaaid mein parint hota hai. ferik yaugik mein kshaar daalne par bhoora avakshep praapt hota hai, jo jalayojit (hydrated) ferik oksaaid kahalaata hai. yadi feras vilyan mein kaarbonet vilyan mishrit kiya jaae, to feras kaarbonet ka shvet avakshep praapt hota hai. vaayu mein rakhane par yeh sheegra hi ferik avastha mein parint ho jaata hai. shuddh ferik kaarbonet gyaat naheen hai.

lohe ke anek naaitraaid gyaat hain. lohe ko amoniya ke saath uchch taap par rakhane se lauh naaitraaid, (Fe2 N) banta hai. iske atirikt do aur naaitraaid, (Fe3 N2) aur (Fe N) bhi vishesh abhikriyaaon dvaara banaae gaye hain. "naaitrik aml ke saath do lavan feras naaitret, Fe (NO3)2. 6H2O] aur ferik naaitret, [ Fe (NO3)3. 6 H2 O, and Fe (N O3)3 9 H2O] bante hain. feras naaitreint asthaayi yaugik hai.

fausforas se abhikriya karaakar lohe ke chaar fausfaaid banaae gaye hain, (Fe3 P), (Fe2 P), (FeP) tatha (Fe2 P3). inke atirikt feras fausfet, Fe3 (PO4)2 8H2.O] aur ferik fausfet, (Fe PO4), bhi nirmit hue hain.

lohe aur salfar ki abhikriya dvaara do yaugik bante hain, ek feras salfaaid, (Fe S) aur doosra feras daaisalfaaid, (Fe S2). yeh dhyaan dene yogya hai ki donon yaugikon mein lauh ki sanyojakata do hai. doosari abhikriyaaon dvaara ferik salfaaid, (Fe2 S3), bhi banaaya gaya hai.

lauh ko salfyoorik aml, (H2 SO4), mein ghulaane par feras salfet, (Fe SO4. 7 H2O), banta hai. ismein tapt naaitrik aml daalne par yeh ferik salfet, [ Fe2 (SO4)3] mein parint ho jaata hai.

yadi haaidrojan kloraaid, (HCl), ke vaataavaran mein lohe ko tapt kiya jaae, to shvet feras kloraaid, (FeCl2) banta hai. lauh kaarbonet par haaidroklorik aml ki kriya dvaara halke hare rang ka haaidret (hydrate), (Fe Cl2 .4H2 O) banta hai. parantu rakt tapt lohe par kloreen pravaahit karne par gahre hare rang ka thos ferik kloraaid banta hai. yeh yaugik sulabh, (Fe Cl3) na hokar dvilk, (Fe2 Cl6) ke roop mein praapt hota hai. yeh sheegra vaashp ka avashoshan kar (FeCl3.6H2O) haaidret ban jaata hai. lohe ke anya hailojan tatvon ke saath do aur teen sanyojakata ke yaugik bhi bante hain.

lauh choorn kaarban maunauksaaid, (CO), se kriya kar loh kaarbonil yaugik banaata hai. yeh uchch taap aur dabaav par adhik maatra mein banta hai. loh paitaakaarbonil, [ Fe (CO)5], peela padaarth hai. iske atirikt do aur kaarbonil, [Fe2 (CO)9] aur [ Fe3 (CO)12], bhi gyaat hai. in yaugikon mein pratyek ansh savarg bandh (coordinate bonds) dvaara lohe se jude rahate hain. isi prakaar ke naaitrosil yaugik, [ Fe (NO)4] aur mishrit kaarbonil naaitrosil, [ Fe (NO)2, (CO)2], bhi gyaat hain.

lohe ke jatil yaugikon (complex compounds) mein saaiaanaaid yaugikon ka vishesh sthaan hai. yadi kisi feras ya ferik lavan ke vilyan mein koi saaiaanaaid vilyan daala jaaya, to sarvapratham kramash: [ Fe (CN)2] aur [ Fe (CN)3] ke avakshep praapt honge, parantu adhik saaiaanaaid daalne par ve fir vileen ho jaaeainge. in vilyan mein kramash: ferosaaiaanaaid (Ferrocyanide), [ Fe (CN)64-] aur ferisaaiaanaaid (Ferricyanide), [ Fe (CN)63-], upasthit rahate hain. yadi kerisaaiaanaaid mein feras, (Fe++), aayan milaaeain, athva ferosaaiaanaaid mein ferik, (Fe+++), aayan milaaeain, to kramash: gahre neele rang ke prashiyn blue (Prussian blue) aur tarnabul blue (Turnbull's blue) ranjak praapt hote hain.

shaareerik kriya mein lohe ka sthaan

loha shareer ke liye aavashyak tatv hai. rakt ki laal koshikaaon (red cells), heemoglobin, ka yeh aavashyak ang hai. saath saath yakrut, pleeha aur merudand mein yeh jama rahata hai, taaki aavashyakta padne par yeh heemoglobin banaane ke kaam aa sake. inke atirikt maansapeshiyon mein bhi yeh upasthit rahata hai. loh moolat: heemoglobin (C34H33N4O4FeOH), ke heem (haem) mein feras, (Fe++), sthiti mein rahata hai, parantu yeh anu okseejan se kriya kar okseeheemoglobin banaata hai, jiske dvaara ek okseejan anu ek heemoglobin anu se sanyukt ho jaata hai. parantu daab kam hone par yeh okseejan anu pun: mukt ho sakta hai. is prakaar heemoglobin anu shareer mein okseejan vaahak ka kaarya karta hai, jo aavashyakataanusaar okseejan grahan, ya mukt karta hai. shareer mein lohe ki maatra kam hone par anek lauh yaugik oshadhi ke roop mein diye jaate hain.

utpaadan

Iron ore pellets awaiting processing into steel
Iron production at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire (by Philipp Jakob Loutherbourg, 1801)
How Iron was produced in the 19th century
Students pouring iron from a hand built coupla at the Wayne State University foundry in Detroit, Michigan