links

links

vikaasak	bahul
Written in	Various
prachaalan tantr parivaar	yooniks jaisa
kaaryakaari sthiti	chaaloo
srot pratiroop	mukt
praarambhik release	1991
baajaar lakshya	Personal computers, embedded devices, mobile devices, servers
mein upalabdh	bahubhaasheeya
platform	DEC Alpha, ARM, AVR32, Blackfin, ETRAX CRIS, FR-V, H8/300, Hexagon, Itanium, M32R, m68k, Microblaze, MIPS, MN103, OpenRISC, PA-RISC, PowerPC, s390, S+core, SuperH, SPARC, TILE64, Unicore32, x86, Xtensa
karnel ka prakaar	Monolithic
upayokta sthaan	Various
praathamik yoojr intarafes	bahul
license	bahul[1] ("Linux" trademark owned by Linus Torvalds[2] and administered by the Linux Mark Institute)

links yooniks jaisa ek operating system hai. yeh open sors software athva mukt srot software ka sabse kaamayaab tatha sabse lokapriya software hai. yeh jeepeeeld hai. aur yooniks se banaaya gaya hai.. yooniks ka vikaas, 1960 ke dashak mein ai.ti.&ti. ki bail prayogashaala ke dvaara kiya gaya. us samay ai.ti.&ti. company ek niyantrit ijaaredaari thi isliye vah kamapyootar ka sauftaveyar nahi bench sakti thi. usane ise, sors code ke saath, bina shart, sarkaar tatha vishvavidyaalayon ko de diya, ve chaahe to usamein ferabadal kar sakte hain. 1980 ke dashak ke aate aate yooniks sabse lokapriya, shakti shaali, evam sthir aupareting system ban gaya haalaanki us samay tak uske kai roopaantar aa chuke the.

yooniks mein ek kami thi - isko samajhna tatha chalaana mushkil hai. endi tenenabaam, aimastaradaim mein kamapyootar vigyaan ke professor hain. unhonne iski sahaayata ke liye miniks naam ka program likha. ismein bhi kuchh kamiyaaain theen. linoos toravaald finlaind ke helasinki vish‍aavavavidyaalaya mein kamapyootar vigyaan ke chhaatr the. unhonne miniks ki kami ko door karne ke liye ek program likha jo ki baad mein 'linoos ka yooniks' ya chhote mein links kahalaaya. iska sabse pehla kor ya karanal unhone 1991 mein intaranet mein post kiya. tab tak richrd staalamen ka 'gnoo' project shuroo ho chuka tha. linoos toravaald ne isse bahut saare program apne links mein liye. isliye richrd staalamen ka kehna hai. ki ise 'gnyoo-links' (GNU-Linux) kehna chaahiye. par yeh naam, shaayad lamba rahane ke kaaran chal naheen paaya. par iska arth yeh naheen hain ki links ki safalta mein gnyoo project ka haath naheen hai. gnyoo project ke bina links sambhav naheen tha.

links ka itihaas

links ka koi bhi aafis naheen hai, koi bhi company ya vyakti iska maalik naheen hai. par duniya bhar ke prograamar ismein apna yogadaan dete hain. duniya ke itihaas mein isse bada, is prakaar ka aandolan, kabhi naheen hua. vah bhi jo ek America se baahar ke vishvavidyaalaya ke chhaatr ne shuroo kiya. kyonki kamapyootar vigyaan mein nayi dishaayein dikhaane ka varchasv to keval America ka tha.

links ke sauftaveyar ke liye praayaugik taur par paisa naheen liya ja sakta, par iska matlab yeh naheen hai ki isse paisa naheen kamaaya ja sakta. bahut saari kampaniyaaain is par service dekar paisa kama rahi hain aur chal rahi hain. red hait tatha soose (nauval) inmein mukhya hain.

links ke teen star hain -

• karanal ya kor: karanal se seedhe kamapyootar naheen chalaaya ja sakta use chalaane se pehle kamapaail karna padta hai. links karanal ko linoos toravaaldas dekhte hain.
• deskataup : aapke kamapyootar mein aupareting system kis prakaar se dikhe usamein alag alag kaam karne vaale saufataveyar kis prakaar se chale yeh deskataup par nirbhar karta hai. kai tarah ke deskataup hain par nom tatha ke.di.E. mukhya hain.
• distribution: kisi karanal se kamapyootar chalaane ke liye pehle use kamapaail karna padta hai. tab vah chalta hai. yeh kaarya dis‍aatreeb‍aayooshan karte hain is tarah ke lagbhag 100 distreeb‍aayooshan hain jismein red hait, soose (nauval) tatha mainadriva mukhya hain. har dis‍aatreeb‍aayooshan mein kam se kam nom tatha ke.di.E. dono deskataup rahate hain.

A.ti.&ti. ne California vishvavidyaalaya, barakale ko yooniks ka sors code shuroo mein diya tha. is vishvavidyaalaya ne us par kaarya kiya tatha ise kaafi aage badhaaya. vishvavidyaalaya ne iska apna roop bhi nikaala jo ki barakale saufataver distribution ke naam se prasiddh hai. yeh open sors hai. A.ti.&ti. company 1984 mein toot gayi tatha iske ek hisse ke paas kamapyootar ka kaam aaya jise kamapyootar ke vyaapaar karne ki svatantrata thi.

A.ti.&ti. ke is alag ghatak ne apna vyaapaarik yooniks nikaala| is vyaapaarik yooniks tatha vishvavidyaalaya ke bi.S.di. yooniks mein hod hone lagi tab A.ti.&ti. ne vishvavidyaalaya par ek mukadama daayar kiya ki keval A.ti.&ti. yooniks ke bauddhik sampada adhikaar ki maalik hai.. vishvavidyaalaya ka kehna tha ki use bi.S.di. yooniks vitran karne ka hak hai, kyonki is par usane bhi bahut kaam kiya hai. 1993 mein A.ti.&ti. ke is ghatak ne nauval ko yooniks ka vyaapaar bech diya tatha 1995 mein nauval tatha vishvavidyaalaya ke beech mukadame mein sulah ho gayi. lekin usaki kya sharte hain yeh kisi ko maaloom naheen hai.

is samay links se sambandhit mukhya roop se paanch mukadame chal rahe hain. yeh mukadamein kyon chal rahe hain, iske baare mein kai atkalein intaranet par hain.

S.si.O. banaam I.bi.M.

kailadara company, pehle isi naam se links ka ek distribution nikaalati thi yeh bahut safal naheen tha - kam se kam red hait, soose (nauval) tatha mainadriva ke jitna to naheen| kailadara baad mein sainta krooj aupareshan (S.si.O.) ho gayi| S.si.O. ka kehna hai. ki usane nauval se yooniks ke bauddhik sampada adhikaar khareed liye hain tatha usane yooniks ka ex (A.I.aiks) naam ka roopaantar nikaalne lagi jise usane I.bi.M. ko diya hai. S.si.O. ne 2003 mein ek mukadama I.bi.M. par yeh kehte huye daayar kiya ki -

• I.bi.M. ne S.si.O. ke trade seekret ka hanan kiya hai.
• I.bi.M. ne aiks yoonik‍aas ka sors code links mein mila diya hai.
• I.bi.M. ne S.si.O. ke saath aik‍aas ke baare mein hui sanvida ka ullanghan kiya hai.

I.bi.M. ne is mukadamein mein apna ulta klem daakhil kiya hai. ki

• I.bi.M. ne aiks ka koi sors code links mein naheen milaaya hai.
• usane S.si.O. ki sanvida ko naheen toda hai.
• sanvida to S.si.O. ne todi hai..

S.si.O. banaam nauval

yeh spasht naheen hai, ki nauval ne S.si.O. ko kya becha kyonki nauval ke anusaar usane S.si.O. ko yooniks ke bauddhik sampada adhikaar naheen beche hain. usane S.si.O. ko keval yooniks ka vikaas karne tatha doosare ko license dene ka adhikaar diya tha. is par S. si. O. ne ek mukadama nauval par chalaaya hai. ki,

• nauval galat kah raha hai. ki S.si.O. yooniks ke bauddhik sam‍aapada adhikaar ka maalik naheen hai;
• nauval ka yeh kehna ki nauval yooniks ke bauddhik sampada adhikaaron ka maalik hai. S.si.O. ke vyaapaar mein rookaavat daal raha hai. use roka jaaya;
• is baat ki ghoshana ki jaaya ki S.si.O. yooniks ke bauddhik sampapada adhikaar ka maalik hai. na ki nauval;
• use nauval se harjaana dilvaaya jaaya|

3-4. S.si.O. banaam otojon tatha daimalar kraaisalar

S.si.O. ne 1500 companyon ko notice bheja hai. ki,

• ve links prayog karne se pehle usase license le lein; aur
• vah dekhein ki yooniks ka code open sors saufataver se na mil jaaya.

usane otojon tatha daimalar kraaisalar ke khilaaf alag alag mukadame apne adhikaar ke ullanghan ke baare mein daayar kiye hain. daimalar kaaisalar ke khilaaf mukadama, anshat: 9 August 2004 ko khaarij ho gaya. fir mukadama 21 December 2004 ko yeh kehte huye khaarij ho gaya ki vah pun: doosra mukadama tab tak naheen la sakte hain jab tak daimalar kraaisalar ke pehle mukadame ka saara kharcha na ada kar dein. S.si.O. ne iske khilaaf appeal pras‍aatut kar rakhi hai..

red hait banaam S.si.O.

red hait links distribution company hai. isne ek mukadama isliye daayar kiya hai ki *ghoshana ki jaaya ki usane links ko vitran karne mein S.si.O. ke kisi bhi adhikaar ka atikraman naheen kiya hai|

yeh kehna mushkil hai. ki in mukadamon mein kya hoga. yeh in par aayi gavaahi par nirbhar karega| saare mukadame S.si.O . banaam I.bi.M. ke mukadame ke nirnaya par nirbhar kareinge. bahut si pramukh kampaniyaaain links ko apna rahi hain. inmein I.bi.M., red hait, tatha H.pi. mukhya hain inhone in mukadamo ko madde nazar rakhate huye, apne khareedaaron ko kaha hai. ki yadi yeh paaya jaata hai. ki unke koi bhi sauftaver kisi ke bauddhik sam‍aapada adhikaaron ka atikraman kar rahe hain to ve na hi uske poore harjaane ki kshatipoorti kareinge par unhein naya sauftaver bana kar degein.

links tredamaark – mukadama

links, linoos toravaald ka tredamaark hai aur is samay linoos toravaald ki taraf se, links mark instityoot (L.M.I.) is naam ke prabandh ka kaarya dekhte hain.

1994 mein dela kros naamak vyakti ne links naam par America mein tredamaark le liya. usane links bechne waali companyon ko notice bhejane shuroo kiye ki ve usase laaisens le lein. linoos toravaald aur links se sambandh rakhane waali companyon ne us par ek mukdama chalaaya| 1997 May is mukadame mein ek samjhaute ke anusaar, links naam ka tredamaark linoos toravaald ko de diya gaya| uske pashchaat, links naam ka galat prayog na ho iske liye linoos toravaald ne is naam ke prabandh karne ke kaarya ki jimmevaari L.M.I. ko de di| L.M.I. links naam ka prayog karne ke liye laaisens deti hai| linoos toravaald ne is baare mein ek byaan bhi jaari kiya hai. jo ki yahaaain par dekha ja sakta

links prachaalan tantr mein hindi pradarshan evam tankan hetu poorn samarthan upalabdh hai. hindi tankan hetu ismein hindi ka maanak keebord inskript antarnirmit hota hai. iske atirikt fonetik taaiping hetu skim ke dvaara keebord joda ja sakta hai.

links ka poornataya hindeekaran ho chuka hai. indalinks naamak sanstha is disha mein kaaryarat hai. iske prayaason se links ke intarafes sahit sampoorn prachaalan tantr hindi mein anuvaadit kiya ja chuka hai.

• linoos toravaal ki aatm kahaani Just for fun: The story of an Accidental Revolutionary

yeh bahut achhi tatha preranaadaayak pustak hai. ismein kuchh chaiptar bauddhik sampada adhikaaron ke baare mein hain. yeh kuchh hamaare puraatan vichaaro se mel khaate hain aur pashchim ke samaaj par jis tarah se in adhikaaron ki paribhaasha tatha vyaakhya ki jaati hai. us par nayi tarah se prakaash daalati hai.

• links vitranon ki tulana
• adhik jaankaari: links se parichay
• laaineks sambandhi dheron lekh hindi mein

• links sambandhi vividh takaneeki lekh, nuskhe tatha daaunalod
• links sambandhi vividh takaneeki lekh
• links pauket guide - links seekhane hetu ek muft hindi E-pustak