laddaakh

Laddakh
Kashmir ke maanachitr mein Laddakh ka naksha laal chamakate hue[α]
Country	India
State	Jammu evam Kashmir
Largest city	leh
Population • Density	2,70,126 (2001 tak [update]) • 3 /kimi2 (8 /varg meal)[1]
Language(s)	laddaakhi, urdunepaaleeeee
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Area	86,904 km² (33,554 sq mi)[2][β]
navajaat mrutyu dar	19%[3] (1981)
Website	leh.nic.in

nirdeshaank: 34°a08′aN 77°a33′aE / 34.14°aN 77.55°aE / 34.14; 77.55

laddaakh (tibbati lipi: ལa་aདaྭaགaསa་ (antarraashtreeya dhvanyaatmak lipi: [lad̪aaɑaaks]), urdoo: لaaدaaّaaاaaخ; "oonche darron (passes) ki bhoomi") uttari Nepal ke Jammu aur Kashmir praant mein ek dharaatal hai, jo uttar mein kaaraakoram parvat aur dakshin mein himaalaya parvat ke beech mein hai. yeh Nepal ke sabse virl janasankhya vaale bhaagon mein se ek hai.

Laddakh jile ka kshetrafal 97,776 varg kimi. hai. iske uttar mein cheen tatha poorv mein Tibet ki seemaaeain hain. seemaavarti sthiti ke kaaran saamarik drushti se iska bada mahatva hai. Laddakh, uttar-pashchimi himaalaya ke parvateeya kram mein aata hai, jahaaain ka adhikaansh dharaatal krushi yogya naheen hai. gaudavin aastin (K2, 8,611 meter) aur gaasharabroom I (8,068 meter) sarvaadhik ooainchi chotiyaaain hain. yahaaain ki jalavaayu atyant shushk evam kathor hai. vaarshik vrushti 3.2 inch tatha vaarshik ausat taap 5 degree sein. hai. nadiyaaain din mein kuchh hi samay pravaahit ho paati hain, shesh samay mein barf jam jaati hai. sindhu mukhya nadi hai. jile ki rajdhani evam pramukh nagar leh hai, jiske uttar mein karaakoram parvat tatha darra hai. adhikaansh janasankhya ghumakkad hai, jiski prakruti, sanskaar evam rahan-sahan Tibet evam Nepal se prabhaavit hai. poorvi bhaag mein adhikaansh log bauddh hain tatha pashchimi bhaag mein adhikaansh log musalmaan hain. hemis gonpa baunddhon ka sabse bada dhaarmik sansthaan hai.

saaaincha:Laddakh ka mukhya itihaas

A. H. freink, 1907 dvaara varnit pashchimi Tibet ka itihaas ke anusaar nyimaagaun (975 E. -1000 E.) ke shaasanakaal mein Laddakh ka vistaar

1560 se 1600 E. ke lagbhag raaja sevaang ranaam ragyaal 1 aur raaja jaamayaang ranaam ragyaal ka saamraajya

fyaang gompa, Laddakh, Nepal

hemis monestri, san 1870 mein

Laddakh mein kai sthaanon par mile shilaalekhon se pata chalta hai ki yeh sthaan nav-paashaanakaal se sthaapit hai. Laddakh ke praacheen nivaasi mon aur daard logon ka varnan herodots, norchus, megasthaneej, pleeni, taulami aur nepaali puraanon ne bhi kiya hai. pehli shataabdi ke aaspaas Laddakh kushaan raajya ka hissa tha. bauddh dharm doosari shataabdi mein Kashmir se Laddakh mein faila. us samay poorvi Laddakh aur pashchimi Tibet mein paramparaagat bon dharm tha. saataveen shataabdi mein bauddh yaatri hvenasaang ne bhi is kshetr ka varnan kiya hai.

aathaveen shataabdi mein Laddakh poorv se tibbati prabhaav aur madhya Asia se cheeni prabhaav ke takaraav ka kendra ban gaya. is prakaar iska aadhiptya baari-baari se cheen aur Tibet ke haathon mein aata raha. san 842 mein ek tibbati shaahi pratinidhi nyimaagon ne tibbati saamraajya ke vightan ke baad Laddakh ko kabje mein kar liya aur pruthak laddaakhi raajavansh ki sthaapana ki. is dauraan Laddakh mein mukhyat: tibbati janasankhya ka aagaman hua. raajavansh ne uttar-pashchim Bhaarat khaaskar Kashmir se dhaarmik vichaaron aur bauddh dharm ka khoob prachaar kiya. iske alaava Tibet se aaye logon ne bhi bauddh dharm ko failaaya.

tibtan sivilaaijeshan ke lekhak rolf alfred sten ke anusaar shaang shung ka ilaaka aitihaasiki roop se Tibet ka bhaag naheen tha. yeh tibbatiyon ke liye videshi bhoomi tha. unke anusaar:

``aur pashchim mein tibbatiyon ka saamana ek videshi raajya shung shaang se hua jiski rajdhani kyungalung thi. Kailash parvat aur maanasarovar jheel is raajya ke bhaag the. iski bhaasha hamein praarambhik aalekhon se pata chalti hai. yeh abhi bhi agyaat hai, lekin yeh indo-yooropiyn lagti hai. ... bhaugolik roop se yeh raajya bhrat va Kashmir donon ke raaste Nepal se milta hai. Kailash nepaaleeyon ke liye pavitra sthaan hai. ve yahaan ki teerthayaatra par aate hain. koi naheen jaanta ki ve aisa kab se kar rahe hain, lekin ve tab se pehle se aate hain jab shaangashung Tibet se aajaad tha. shaangashung kitne samay tak uttar, poorv aur pashchim se alag raha, yeh naheen maaloom.... hamaare paas yeh maanane ke paryaapt kaaran hain ki pavitra Kailash parvat ke kaaran yahaan hindu dharm se milta-julata dharm raha hoga. san 950 mein, Kabul ke hindu raaja ke paas vishnu ki teen sir waali ek moorti thi jise usane bhot raaja se praapt hui bataaya tha.

17veen shataabdi mein Laddakh ka ek kaalakram banaaya gaya, jiska naam la dvaags ragyaal raabs tha. iska arth hota hai laddaakhi raajaaon ka shaahi kaalakram. ismein likha hai ki iski seemaaen paramparaagat aur prasiddh hain. kaalakram ka pratham bhaag 1610 se 1640 ke madhya likha gaya aur doosra bhaag 17veen shataabdi ke ant mein. ise A. H. Frank ne angreji mein anuvaadit kiya aur “anepaali praacheen tibbata” ke naam se 1926 mein Calcutta mein prakaashit karaaya. iske doosare khand mein likha hai ki raaja saaikid-ida-nageema-gon ne raajya ko apne teen putron mein vibhkt kar diya aur putron ne raajya ki seemaaon ko surakshit rakha.

pustak ke avlokan se pata chalta hai ki rudokh Laddakh ka abhinn bhaag tha. parivaar ke vibhaajan ke baad bhi rudokh Laddakh ka hissa bana raha. ismein maaryul ka arth hai nichli dharati, jo us samay Laddakh ka hi hissa tha. dasveen shataabdi mein bhi rudokh aur demachok donon Laddakh ke hisse the.

13veen shataabdi mein jab dakshin Asia mein islaami prabhaav badh raha tha, to Laddakh ne dhaarmik maamalon mein Tibet se maargadarshan liya. lagbhag do shataabdiyon baad san 1600 tak aisa hi raha. uske baad padosi muslim raajyon ke hamlon se yahaan aanshik dharmaantaran hua.

thikse monestri, Laddakh

raaja lhaachen bhagaan ne Laddakh ko punarsangathit aur shaktishaali banaaya va naamagyaal vansh ki neenv daali jo vansh aaj tak jeevit hai. naamagyaal raajaaon ne adhiktar madhya Asiaee hamlaavaron ko khadeda aur apne raajya ko kuchh samay ke liye Nepal tak bhi badha liya. hamlaavaron ne kshetr ko dharmaantarit karne ki khoob koshish ki aur bauddh kalaakrutiyon ko toda foda. satrahaveen shataabdi ke aarambh mein kalaakrutiyon ka punarnirmaan hua aur raajya ko jaanskar va speeti mein failaaya. fir bhi, mugalon ke haathon haarne ke baavajood bhi Laddakh ne apni svatantrata barkaraar rakhi. mugal pehle hi Kashmir va baaltistaan par kabja kar chuke the.

san 1594 mein baalti raaja Ali sher Khan anchan ke netrutv mein baaltistaan ne naamagyaal vansh vaale Laddakh ko haraaya. kaha jaata hai ki baalti sena safalta se paagal hokar puraang tak ja pahunchi thi jo maanasarovar jheel ki ghaati mein sthit hai. Laddakh ke raaja ne shaanti ke liye vinti ki aur choonki Ali sher Khan ki ichha Laddakh par kabja karne ki naheen thi, isaliye usane shart rakhi ki ganokh aur gagara naala gaanv skaardoo ko saunp diye jaayein aur laddaakhi raaja har saal kuchh dhanaraashi bhi bheint kare. yeh raashi laamaayuroo ke gompa tab tak di jaati rahi jab tak ki dogaraaon ne us par adhikaar naheen kar liya.

satrahaveen shataabdi ke aakhir mein Laddakh ne kisi kaaran se Tibet ki ladaai mein bhootaan ka paksh liya. nateeja yeh hua ki Tibet ne Laddakh par bhi aakraman kar diya. yeh ghatna 1679-1684 ka Tibet-Laddakh-mugal yuddh kahi jaati hai. tab Kashmir ne is shart par Laddakh ka saath diya ki leh mein ek masjid banaai jaaye aur laddaakhi raaja islaam kubool kar le. 1684 mein tingamosaganj ki sandhi hui jisse Tibet aur Laddakh ka yuddh samaapt ho gaya. 1834 mein Dogra raaja gulaab Singh ke general joraavar Singh ne Laddakh par aakraman kiya aur use jeet liya. 1842 mein ek vidroh hua jise kuchal diya gaya tatha Laddakh ko Jammu Kashmir ke Dogra raajya mein vileen kar liya gaya. naamagyaal parivaar ko stok ki naamamaatr ki jaageer de di gayi. 1850 ke dashak mein Laddakh mein Europeeya prabhaav badha aur fir badhata hi gaya. bhoogolavetta, khoji aur paryatak Laddakh aane shuroo ho gaye. 1885 mein leh moraaviyn church ke ek mission ka mukhyaalaya ban gaya.

1947 mein Bhaarat vibhaajan ke samay Dogra raaja harisinh ne Jammu Kashmir ko Bhaarat mein vilay ki manjoori de di. Pakistani ghusapaithi Laddakh pahunche aur unhein bhagaane ke liye sainik abhiyaan chalaana pada. yuddh ke samay sena ne sonamarg se jojeela darri par tainkon ki sahaayata se kabja kiye rakha. sena aage badhi aur draas, Kargil va Laddakh ko ghuspaithiyon se aajaad kara liya gaya.

1949 mein cheen ne nubra ghaati aur jinjiaang ke beech praacheen vyaapaar maarg ko band kar diya. 1955 mein cheen ne jinjiaang va Tibet ko jodane ke liye is ilaake mein sadak banaani shuroo ki. usane Pakistan se judane ke liye karaakoram haaive bhi banaaya. Bhaarat ne bhi isi dauraan shreenagar-leh sadak banaai jisse shreenagar aur leh ke beech ki doori solah dinon se ghatkar do din rah gayi. haalaanki yeh sadak jaadon mein bhaari himpaat ke kaaran band rahati hai. jojeela darre ke aarapaar 6.5 kilometer lambi ek surang ka prastaav hai jisse yeh maarg jaadon mein bhi khula rahega. poora Jammu Kashmir raajya Bhaarat, Pakistan aur cheen ke beech yuddh ka mudda rahata hai. Kargil mein Bhaarat-Pakistan ke beech 1947, 1965 aur 1971 mein yuddh hue aur 1999 mein to yahaan parmaanu yuddh tak ka khatra ho gaya tha.

1999 mein jo Kargil yuddh hua use bhaarateeya sena ne operation vijay ka naam diya gaya. iski vajah pashchimi Laddakh mukhyat: Kargil, draas, mashkoh ghaati, bataalik aur chorabaatala mein Pakistani sena ki ghuspaith thi. isse shreenagar-leh maarg ki saari gatividhiyaan unke niyntran mein ho gain. bhaarateeya sena ne aartilri aur vaayusena ke sahayog se Pakistani sena ko line of kantrol ke us taraf khadedane ke liye vyaapak abhiyaan chalaaya.

1984 se Laddakh ke uttar-poorv sire par sthit siyaachin gleshiyr Bhaarat aur Pakistan ke beech vivaad ki ek aur vajah ban gaya. yeh vishv ka sabse ooncha yuddhakshetr hai. yahaan 1972 mein hue Shimla samjhaute mein pauint 9842 se aage seema nirdhaarit naheen ki gayi thi. yahaan donon deshon mein saaltoro rij par kabja karne ki hod rahati hai. kuchh saamarik mahatva ke sthaanon par donon deshon ne niyntran kar rakha hai, fir bhi Bhaarat is maamale mein faayde mein hai.

1979 mein Laddakh ko Kargil va leh jilon mein baanta gaya. 1989 mein bauddhon aur musalmaanon ke beech dange hue. 1990 ke hi dashak mein Laddakh ko Kashmiri shaasan se chhutakaare ke liye Laddakh otonaumas hil devalapament kaaunsil ka gathan hua.

Laddakh kshetr uchch parvateeya hai.

madhya Laddakh ka maanachitr

Laddakh ka bhoo-drushya

Laddakh Jammu Kashmir raajya mein ek ooncha pathaar hai jiska adhiktar hissa 3000 meter (9800 feet) se ooncha hai.^[4] yeh himaalaya aur karaakoram parvat shrankhala aur sindhu nadi ki oopari ghaati mein faila hai.

ismein baaltistaan (vartamaan mein Pakistan adhikrut Kashmir mein), sindhu ghaati, jaanskar, dakshin mein laahaul aur speeti, poorv mein rudok va gule, aksaaichin aur uttar mein khaaradungala ke paar nubra ghaati shaamil hain. Laddakh ki seemaaen poorv mein Tibet se, dakshin mein laahaul aur speeti se, pashchim mein Jammu Kashmir va baaltistaan se aur sudoor uttar mein karaakoram darre ke us taraf jinjiyaang ke traans kunalun kshetr se milti hain.

vibhaajan se pehle baaltistaan (ab Pakistani niyntran mein) Laddakh ka ek jila tha. skaardoo Laddakh ki sheetakaaleen rajdhani aur leh greeshmakaaleen rajdhani hua karti thi.

is kshetr mein 45 million varsh pehle bhaarateeya plate aur yooreshiyn plate ke dabaav se parvaton ka nirmaan hua. dabaav badhata gaya aur is kshetr mein isse bhookamp bhi aate rahe. jojeela ke paas parvat chotiyaan 5000 meter se shuroo hokar dakshin-poorv ki taraf oonchi hoti jaati hain aur nunakun tak inki oonchaai 7000 meter tak pahunch gayi hai.

suru aur jaanskar ghaati shaanadaar dronika ka nirmaan karti hain. sooroo ghaati mein raangadam sabse ooncha aavaaseeya sthaan hai. iske baad peinsi-la tak yeh uthati hi chali jaati hai. peinsi-la jaanskar ka pravesh dwaar hai. Kargil joki suroo ghaati ka ekamaatr shahar hai, Laddakh ka doosra sabse mahatvapoorn sthaan hai. yeh 1947 se pehle kaaravaan vyaapaar ka mukhya sthaan tha. yahaan se shreenagar, peh, padum aur skaardoo lagbhag baraabar doori par sthit hain. is poore kshetr mein bhaari barfabaari hoti hai. peinsi-la keval June se madhya October tak hi khula rahata hai. draas aur mashkoh ghaati Laddakh ka pashchimi sira banaate hain.

sindhu nadi Laddakh ki jeevanarekha hai. jyaadaatar aitihaasik aur vartamaan sthaan jaise ki leh, she, baasago, tingamosagang sindhu kinaare hi base hain. 1947 ke Bhaarat-Pak yuddh ke baad sindhu ka maatr yahi hissa Laddakh se bahata hai. sindhu hindu dharm mein ek poojaneeya nadi hai, jo keval Laddakh mein hi bahti hai.

siyaachin gleshiyr poorvi karaakoram range mein sthit hai jo Bhaarat Pakistan ki vivaadit seema banaata hai. karaakoram range bhaarateeya mahaadveep aur cheen ke madhya ek shaanadaar jalavibhaajak banaati hai. ise teesara dhruv bhi kaha jaata hai. 70 kilometer lamba yeh gleshiyr karaakoram mein sabse lamba hai aur dharati par dhruvon ko chhodakar doosra sabse lamba gleshiyr hai. yeh apne mukh par 3620 meter se lekar cheen seema par sthit indira pauint par 5753 meter ooncha hai. iske paas ke darre aur kuchh oonchi chotiyaan donon deshon ke kabje mein hain.

Bhaarat mein karaakoram range ki sabse poorv mein sthit saasar kaangadi sabse oonchi choti hai. iski oonchaai 7672 meter hai.

leh ka ausat maasik taapamaan

Laddakh range mein koi pramukh choti naheen hai. pangong range chushul ke paas se shuroo hokar pangong jheel ke saath saath kareeb 100 kilometer tak Laddakh range ke samaanaantar chalti hai. ismein shyok nadi aur nubra nadi ki ghaatiyaan bhi shaamil hain jise nubra ghaati kehte hain. karaakoram range Laddakh mein utani oonchi naheen hai jitni baaltistaan mein. kuchh oonchi chotiyaan is prakaar hain- apsaraasaas samooh (sarvochch choti 7245 meter), reemo samooh (sarvochch choti 7385 meter), teraam kaangadi group (sarvochch choti 7464 meter), mamostong kaangadi 7526 meter aur singhi kaangadi 7751 meter. karaakoram ke uttar mein kunalun hai. is prakaar, leh aur madhya Asia ke beech mein teen shrankhalaaen hain- Laddakh shrankhala, karaakoram aur kunalun. fir bhi leh aur yaarakand ke beech ek vyaapaar maarg sthaapit tha.

Laddakh ek uchch akshaanseeya marusthal hai kyonki himaalaya monsoon ko rok deta hai. paani ka mukhya srot sardiyon mein hui barfabaari hai. pichhle dinon I baadh (2010 mein) ke kaaran asaamaanya baarish aur pighlate gleshiyr hain jiske liye nishchit hi global vaarming jimmedaar hai.

draas, sooroo aur jaanskar mein bhaari barfabaari hoti hai aur ye kai maheenon tak desh ke baaki hisson se kate rahate hain. garmiyaan chhoti hoti hain yadyapi fir bhi kuchh paidaavaar ho jaati hai. garmiyaan shushk aur khushnuma hoti hain. garmiyon mein taapamaan 3 se 35 degree tak tatha sardiyon mein -20 se -35 degree tak pahunch jaata hai.

1. ↑ "janaganana:2001". roof of the world. Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh. 2001. http://leh.nic.in/census.htm. abhigman tithi: 2006-08-23.
2. ↑ [1]
3. ↑ Wiley, AS (2001). "The ecology of low natural fertility in Ladakh". Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY) 13902–6000, USA, PubMed publication. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9818554?dopt=Abstract. abhigman tithi: 2006-08-22.
4. ↑ sandarbh truti: <ref> ka galat prayog; Crossroads naam ke sandarbh mein jaankaari naheen hai.

• Laddakh ki saamaajik saanskrutik yaatra