khleefa
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is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (June 2015) |
khleefa (arabi: خaلaيaفaةa, angreji: Caliph ya Khalifa) arabi bhaasha mein aise shaasak ko kehte hain jo kisi islaami raajya ya anya shariya (islaami kaanoon) se chalne waali raajakeeya vyavastha ka shaasak ho. paigmbar muhammad ki 632 isavi mein mrutyu ke baad vaale khleefa poore muslim kshetr ke raajanaitik neta maane jaate the. khleefaaon ka silsila ant mein jaakar usmaani saamraajya ke patan par 1925 mein hi khtm hua.[1]
anukram
shabd ke baare mein
arabi mein 'khleefa' shabd ka matlab 'pratinidhi' ya 'uttaraadhikaari' hota hai. paigmbar muhammad ki 632 isavi mein mrutyu ke baad poore muslim jagat ki raajanaitik baagdor sainbhaalane vaalon ko 'khleefa rasool Allah' kaha jaata tha, yaani 'Allah ke rasool (sandeshavaahak) ka uttaraadhikaari'. jis tarah 'rais' ke raaj ko 'riyaasat', 'ameer' ke raaj ko 'ameeraat' aur 'Khan' ke raaj ko 'khaanat' kehte the, usi tarah 'khleefa' ke raaj ko 'khilaaft' kaha jaata tha. 'khleefa' mein 'kh' akshar ke uchchaaran par dhyaan dein kyonki yeh bina bindu vaale 'kh' se jra bhinn hai. iska uchchaaran 'khraab' aur 'khreed' ke 'kh' se milta hai.
raashidi khleefa aur shiya-sunni vivaad
paigmbar muhammad ke dehaant ke baad ke pehle chaar khleefaaon ko sunni mat ke anuyaayi 'raashidi khleefa' kehte hain, jise arabi lahaje mein 'khleefa ur-raashidun' aur faarasi lahaje mein 'khleefa-A-raashideen' bhi kehte hain. 'Rashid' ka matlab arabi mein 'sahi maarg par chalne wala' hota hai. yeh chaar khleefa is prakaar the: abu bakar as-siddeek, umar ibn al-khttaab, usmaan ibn affaan aur Ali ibn Abu taalib. yeh chaaron muhammad saahab ke jeevanakaal mein unke saathi rahe the. paigmbar muhammad ke gujarane ke turant baad aapasi baatcheet se abu bakar ko khleefa chuna gaya aur muhammad ke saathiyon ne unase vafaadaari ki shapath li. is chunaav se kuchh log naaraaj hue kyonki unhein laga ki Ali hi paigmbar ke sabse kreebi sambandhi the isliye unhein hi khleefa banana chaahiye tha.[2]
Abu bakar ka shaasan 632 se 634 keval do saal hi chala tha ki ve beemaar pade aur mrutyodasha par aa pahuainche. dehaant se pehle unhonne bina vichaar-vimarsh ke umar ko khleefa bana diya. umar se vafaadaari ki shapath keval unhi saathiyon ne li jo us samay madeena mein the, jis se kuchh anya saathiyon ne unhein khleefa maanane se aanaakaani karni shuroo kar di. us samay arabon ne islaam failaane ke liye Iran par hamla kiya aur is se krodhit hokar kuchh iraaniyon ne umar ko satta lene ke lagbhag 10 varshon baad 7 November 644 isavi ko maar daala. umar ne pehle hi chhah logon ka ek gut banaaya tha jismein se aapasi samjhaute se unhonne ek ko chunakar khleefa banaana tha. ismein Ali aur usmaan shaamil the. usmaan ko chuna gaya aur ve 11 November 644 teesare khleefa bane. lagbhag 12 saal baad 17 July 656 ko kuchh vidrohiyon ne unki bhi hatya kar di aur Ali ko chautha khleefa chuna gaya. shiya anuyaayion ka mat hai ki pehle teen khleefaaon ka raaj naajaayaj tha aur shuroo se hi Ali ko khleefa hona chaahiye tha kyonki ve paigmbar ke paarivaarik rishtedaar bhi the aur unki beti faatima ke pati bhi.
Ali ki khilaaft aur umayyad raajavansh
jab Ali khleefa bane to bahut upadrav aur viroh hue. sabe badi chunauti damishk ke raajyapaal muaaviyaah (Muʻaāawīaya, مaaعaaاaaوaaيaaة) se I jo usmaan ke rishtedaar the aur jinki bahan se paigmbar muhammad ne vivaah kiya tha. muaaviyaah ka kehna tha ki Ali unke sambandhi usmaan ke kaatilon ko pakad naheen rahe hain. unhonne furaat nadi ke kinaare Ali ki faujon ke saath 'sifeen ka yuddh' chheda jismein kisi ki jeet-haar na hui. khoon-khraaba rokane ke liye Ali muaaviyaah se baatcheet karne ko raaji ho gaye.[3]
Ali ki faujon mein 4,000 kattarpanthi logon ka gut tha jo 'khaariji' kahalaate the aur jinka yeh kada mat tha ki haar-jeet ka nirnaya keval ishvar ke haath mein hai aur marate dam tak yeh yuddh naheen rokana chaahiye. ve Ali ko sahi maarg se bhatakne ka doshi maanate hue unase alag ho gaye. lagbhag do saal baad 'naharavaan ke yuddh' mein Ali ko khaarijiyon se ladna pada jismein Ali ki jeet hui. iske baad ek din vah koofa ke masjid mein namaaj padh rahe the jab unapar 'ibn muljam' naam ke ek khaariji ne jhar mali hui talavaar se hamla kiya. ve gujr gaye. unke do beton - hasan aur husain - mein se ek ko khleefa chuna jaana tha, kyonki paigmbar muhammad donon ke naana the aur Ali ne nirdesh diya tha ki unke baad ka khleefa paigmbar ke gharaane ka hi hona chaahiye.
hasan ko chhatha khleefa banaaya gaya lekin unke khleefa bante hi muaaviyaah ne unki faujon ko unke virooddh bhadkaana shuroo kar diya. hasan aur muaaviyaah ke beech yuddh ki soorat ban I. muslim samudaaya ko bantane se rokane ke liye hasan ne samjhauta kiya ki ve khleefa ki gaddi tyaag deinge aur muaaviyaah ko khleefa sveekaar leinge basharte muaaviyaah ki mrutyu ke baad gaddi vaapas hasan ya unke uttaraadhikaari ko mile. muaaviyaah saatava khleefa to ban gaya lekin usaki marji thi ki uske baad usaka beta yaajid khleefa bane. kaha jaata hai ki muaaviyaah ne hasan ki kisi patni ko ukasaakar hasan ko jhar khilvaaya jis se hasan ki mrutyu ho gayi. jab 680 mein muaaviyaah mara to uske bete yaajid ne aathava khleefa banane ki ghoshana kar di. Ali ke dusare bete husain ne yeh maanane se inkaar kar diya. 10 October 680 mein 'karabala ka yuddh' hua jismein husain ko gardan kaatkar maara gaya. fir unke 6 maheene ki umr ke bete ko maara gaya aur unke parivaar ki striyon ka apamaan kiya gaya. har saal shiya log muharram mein in ghatnaaon ka maatam maanate hain. muaaviyaah aur yaajid ke saath umayyad khilaaft shuroo ho gayi.[4]
inhein bhi dekhein
sandarbh
- ↑ Armies of the Muslim Conquest, David Nicolle, pp. 8, Osprey Publishing, 1993, ISBN 978-1-85532-279-0, ... He was succeeded by Abu Bakr, the first Caliph or 'Successor' in a series of real or nominal leaders which only came to an end in 1924. Abu Bakr was also the first of the Rashidun or 'Correctly Guided' Caliphs ...
- ↑ The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632-750, David Nicolle, pp. 62, Osprey Publishing, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84603-273-8, ... But this third Caliphate heralded a period of discontent as the empire fractured along lines of differing religious interpretation ... Ali, the last of the Rashidun or 'Rightly Guided' Caliphs was murdered at Kufa in Iraq in January 661 ...
- ↑ The Mirage of Peace: understanding the never-ending conflict in the middle-east, David Aikman, pp. 216, Gospel Light Publications, 2003, ISBN 978-0-8307-3235-7, ... Ali had been unwilling to apprehend the murderers of Othman, who had been the third Rashidun Caliph and was Ali's predecessor. Muawiyya had been a Meccan opponent of Mohammed but converted to Islam after Mohammed's conquest of Mecca in 632 ...
- ↑ Students' Britannica India, Indu Ramchandani, pp. 384, Popular Prakashan, 2000, ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5, ... After the assassination of their father, Ali, Hasan and Husain acquiesced to the rule of the first Umayyad caliph ... Muawiya ... Husain, however, refused to recognize the legitimacy of Muawiya's son and successor, Yazid ... When Husain refused to surrender, he and his escort were slain, and Husain's head was sent to Yazid in Damascus ...