keeniya
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jamhoori ya keeniya keeniya ganaraajya
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raashtravaakya: "haramabi"(svaahili) "aaie ham sab aage badhe" |
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raashtragaan: E mungoo enguvoo yetoo "sabke rachiyta he! Bhagwan" |
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keeniya ki sthiti (gahra neela)
– afreeka (halka neela & gahra dhoosar) |
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rajdhani aur sabse badaa nagar |
nairobi 1°a16′aS 36°a48′aE / 1.267°aS 36.8°aE |
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| raajabhaasha(eain) | svaahili, angreji | |||||
| nivaasi | keeniyaai | |||||
| sarkaar | arddh-adhyaksheeya ganaraajya | |||||
| - | raashtrapati | uhuru keeniyaata | ||||
| - | pradhaanamantri | raayala odinga | ||||
| svatantrata United kingadam se | ||||||
| - | dinaank | 12 December 1963 | ||||
| - | ganaraajya ghoshit | 12 December 1964 | ||||
| kshetrafal | ||||||
| - | kul | 580,367 varg kilometer (47 vaan) 224,080 varg meal |
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| - | jal (%) | 2.3 | ||||
| janasankhya | ||||||
| - | 2013 janaganana | 44,037,656[1] (31 vaaain) | ||||
| - | 2009 janaganana | 38,610,097[2] | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpaad (PPP) | 2012 praakkalan | |||||
| - | kul | $77.14 billion$[3] | ||||
| - | prati vyakti | $1,802$[3] | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpaad (saanketik) | 2012 praakkalan | |||||
| - | kul | $41.117 billion$[3] | ||||
| - | prati vyakti | $976$[3] | ||||
| gini (2014) | 42.5[4] madhyam · 48th |
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| maanav vikaas soochakaank (2013) |
 0.535[4]nimn · 147 vaaain |
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| mudra | keeniyn shiling (KES) | |||||
| samay mandal | ieti (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+3) | |||||
| - | greeshmakaaleen (di॰ba॰asa॰) | (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+3) | ||||
| doorabhaash koot | 254 | |||||
| Internet teeeladi | .ke | |||||
| [5] CIA ke anusaar, edas ke kaaran is desh mein mrutyu jaldi ho jaati hai jiske kaaran yahaaain ki ausat mrutyu dar bahut kam hai. yahaaain ki shishu mrutyu dar bhi uchch hai aur jeevan vruddhi dar kam hai. | ||||||
keeniya ganatantr poorvi Africa mein sthit ek desh hai. bhoomadhya rekha par hind mahaasaagar ke sate hue is desh ki seema uttar mein ithiyopiya, uttar-poorv mein somaaliya, dakshin mein tanjaaniya, pashchim mein yugaanda va Victoria jheel aur uttar pashchim mein soodaan se milti hai. desh ki rajdhani nairobi hai. kenya mein 581,309 km2 (224,445 varg meal) shaamil hain aur July 2012 tak iski janasankhya lagbhag 4.4 karod hai.[5]
desh ka naam mount kenya par rakha gaya hai, jo ek mahatvapoorn bhaugolik prateek hai aur Africa mahaadveep ki doosari sabse oonchi parvat choti hai. 1920 se pehle, jis kshetr ko ab keeniya ke naam se jaana jaata hai, use british East Africa sanrakshit raajya ke roop mein jaana jaata tha.
anukram
bhoogol
avasthiti aur vistaar
keeniya Africa mahaadveep ke poorvi tat par sthit hai aur is prakaar poorvi Africa ka desh kahalaata hai. bhaugolik nirdeshaankon mein iska vistaar lagbhag 5° uttari se 5° dakshini akshaanshon tak aur 34° se 42° poorvi deshaantar ke madhya hai. keeniya ka kul kshetrafal 580,367 varg ki॰mee॰ hai aur yeh kshetrafal ke anusaar vishv ka 49vaaain bada desh hai. is mein sthaleeya bhaag 569,140 varg ki॰mee॰ aur jaleeya kshetr (Victoria jheel aur anya) 11,227 varg ki॰mee॰ hain.[6]
keeniya ki sthaleeya seema 3,447 ki॰mee॰ lambi hai jismein da॰ soodaan ke saath 232 ki॰mee॰, ithiyopiya ke saath 861 ki॰mee॰, somaaliya ke saath 682 ki॰mee॰, tanjaaniya ke saath 769 ki॰mee॰ aur yugaanda ke saath 933 ki॰mee॰ hissa hai. samudra tat ki lambaai hind mahaasaagar ke sahaare 536 ki॰mee॰ hai.[7]
sthalaakruti
keeniya ko sthalaakrutik visheshataaon ke aadhaar par chhah pramukh bhaugolik pradeshon mein baaainta jaata hai.[8]
samudra tateeya kshetr hind mahaasaagar ke kinaare ke sahaare uttar se dakshin ki or faila hua hai aur yahaaain vividh tateeya sthalaroop paae jaate hain. chhoti khaadiyaaain aur mooainge ki chattaanein tat ke sahaare aur ek lagbhag satat avarodhak pravaal bhitti tat ke saath paayi jaati hai. uttari hisse mein laamoo dweep chaap (Lamu Archipelago) hai jo samudra tal mein vruddhi ke parinaam svaroop samudra mein doobe tat ka uchch bhoomi wala hissa hai jo samudra se oopar dweep ke roop mein ubhara hua hai.
maidaani kshetr ke antargat dakshin tateeya pashchabhoomi ek uchchaavach viheen aparadanaatmak maidaan hai jismein kaheen kaheen chhoti pahaadiyaan parilkshit hoti hain aur taana maidaan, taana nadi dvaara jama kiye gaye nikshepon se nirmit hai.
uttari maidaani-kshetr pashchim mein yugaanda ki seema se poorv mein somaaliya ki seema tak faila hai. yeh bahudha laava nirmit maidaan hai. rudolf jheel aur chaalbi registaan isi kshetr ka hissa hain. yahaaain shushk pradeshon mein paayi jaane waali sthal roop nirmaan ke prakram kriyaasheel hain kyonki yeh pradesh shushk jalavaayu wala hai.
keeniyaai uchch bhoomi ko yooropeeyan log shvet uchch bhoomi bhi kehte the. yeh bhransh ghaati ke pashchim aur poorv do hisson mein vibhkt hokar avasthit hai. mount kenya poorvi hisse mein sthit hai.
bhranshaghaati pradesh poorvi afreeki bhransh ka hissa hai aur yeh rudolf jheel ke ilaake se lekar dakshin mein tanjaaniya ki seema tak hai. keeniyaai uchch bhoomi iske dvaara dvibhaajit ki jaati hai.
pashchimi pathaar pradesh ek bade besin ke aakaar mein Victoria jheel ke sahaare sthit hai aur bahudha bhranshit pathaaron wala hai.
jalavaayu
keeniya ki jalavaayu iski akshaansheeya sthiti se kaafi prabhaavit hai. vishuvat rekha par sthit hone ke kaaran yahaaain vishuvateeya jalavaayu pai jaati hai jismein varsh bhar mausam lagbhag ek sa rahata hai. tateeya bhaagon mein varsh bhar varsha iska pramukh udahaaran hai aur taapamaan tatha aardrata mein dainik chakr spasht roop se parilkshit hota hai. pashchimi aur bheetari bhaagon mein uttari hisse mein registaani jalavaayu ya ardh-shushk jalavaayu pai jaati hai. keeniya ke lagbhag 70% se adhik bhaagon mein ardh-shushk jalavaayu ka hi vistaar hai jahaaain 51 semi se kam vaarshik varsha hoti hai.[9] kam varsha vaale kshetron mein varsha aniyamit bhi hoti hai aur varsha ki maatra ki ausat se vichaaransheelata adhik paayi jaati hai.
keeniyaai uchch bhoomi par oonchaai ka jalavaayu ke oopar spasht prabhaav hai aur bhoomadhya rekha par avasthiti ke kaaran varsh bhar mein koi vishesh ritvikta naheen paayi jaati.
| hind mahaasaagar ke tat par sthit mombaasa shahar ki jalavaayu saankhyiki[10] | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NOAA koot | saankhyiki | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | ausat | |
| 0101 | ausat taapamaan F | 81.7 | 82.6 | 82.9 | 81.7 | 79.2 | 76.6 | 75.2 | 75.2 | 76.5 | 78.3 | 80.4 | 81.3 | 79.3 | |
| 0201 | uchcha॰ taapamaan F | 91.8 | 92.7 | 92.7 | 90.5 | 87.6 | 84.9 | 83.7 | 83.8 | 85.5 | 86.9 | 88.9 | 91 | 88.3 | |
| 0301 | nyoona॰ taapamaan F | 71.6 | 72.5 | 73.2 | 72.9 | 70.9 | 68.2 | 66.7 | 66.7 | 67.5 | 69.6 | 71.8 | 71.6 | 70.3 | |
| 0615 | varsha (inch mein)[10] | 1.4 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 6.3 | 9.7 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 3.7 | |
| 0101 | ausat taapamaanaC | 27.6 | 28.1 | 28.3 | 27.6 | 26.2 | 24.8 | 24.0 | 24.0 | 24.7 | 25.7 | 26.9 | 27.4 | 26.27 | |
| 0201 | uchcha॰ taapamaan C | 33.2 | 33.7 | 33.7 | 32.5 | 30.9 | 29.4 | 28.7 | 28.8 | 29.7 | 30.5 | 31.6 | 32.8 | 31.29 | |
| 0301 | nyoona॰ taapamaan C | 22.0 | 22.5 | 22.9 | 22.7 | 21.6 | 20.1 | 19.3 | 19.3 | 19.7 | 20.9 | 22.1 | 22.0 | 21.26 | |
| 0615 | varsha (mi॰ mee॰)[10] | 33.9 | 14.0 | 55.6 | 154.3 | 246 | 88.3 | 71.8 | 68.2 | 67.2 | 103.4 | 104.7 | 75.8 | 89.39 | |
| 1109 | adhi॰ aardrata % | 76.0 | 76.0 | 78.0 | 82.0 | 85.0 | 84.0 | 86.0 | 85.0 | 82.0 | 81.0 | 80.0 | 78.0 | 81.08 | |
| 1110 | nyoona॰ aardrata[10]% | 62.0 | 59.0 | 61.0 | 66.0 | 70.0 | 67.0 | 67.0 | 66.0 | 65.0 | 66.0 | 68.0 | 65.0 | 65.17 | |
praakrutik vanaspatiyaaain
keeniya mein praakrutik vanaspatiyon ka vitran jalavaayu aur uchchaavach ka anusaran karta hai. samudra tateeya bhaagon mein maingrov vanaspati paayi jaati hai aur tateeya maidaanon mein aardr bhaagon mein paam aur anya ushn katibandheeya vanaspatiyaaain pramukh hain.
androoni kshetron mein varsha ki maatra kramash: kam hote jaane ke kaaran yahaaain ghaas ke maidaan aur khule van ka failaav hai. aur adhik shushk bhaagon mein kateeli jhaadiyaaain aur marusthali vanaspatiyaaain paayi jaati hain. chooainki keeniya ka 70% se adhik bhaag ardhashushk ya shushk hai at: yahaaain jhaadiyon vaale ghaas ke maidaanon ki bahulata hai jinmein chhitput bade vruksh paae jaate hain. aise maidaanon ko wooded and bushed grassland athva woodland and bushland kaha jaata hai.
pahaadi ilaakon mein jahaaain varsha ki maatra aadhik hoti hai vahaaain kaafi lambi ghaas ke kshetr paae jaate hain. aise kshetron mein baaains (Arundinalia alpina) lagbhag 3000 meter ki oonchaai tak milta hai. anya vrukshon mein kaimfar, jaitoon, podo aur seedar ityaadi hain.[11]
vartamaan samay mein vanon ka teji se ho raha dohan keeniya ki kuchh pramukh paryaavaraneeya samasyaaon mein se ek hai. Nobel puraskaar praapt kaaryakatri vangaari mathaai ne in vanon ke sanrakshan ke liye kaafi kaam kiya aur unke jaise anya paryaavaran kaaryakarta ab bhi yahaaain ke vanon ko sanrakshit karne hetu janaandolan chala rahe hain.
bhoogarbhik sanrachana
keeniya ka naveenakaalik bhoogarbhik paridrushya mukhyat: jvaalaamukheeyata dvaara prabhaavit raha hai. yahaaain plate vivrtaniki ki sakriyta rift ghaatiyon ke roop mein is poore kshetr ki sanrachana ko nirdhaarit karti hai. yahaaain poorvi afreeki rift keeniya ki sabse uttari jheel turakaana se lekar, mount kenya hote hue dakshin mein kilimaanjaaro parvat tak aur aage tanjaaniya mein faili hai.
keeniya ke pashchimi bhaag ka jyaadaatar hissa plaayoseen-pleestoseen kaal ke jvaalaamukhiyon dvaara aachhaadit hai jiske neeche preekaimbriyn chattaanein paayi jaati hai.[12] vaheen keeniya ka dakshini-poorvi hissa kaaroo nadi tantr dvaara jama kiye talachhat se nirmit hai jo parmiyn se lekar baad ke triyaasik kaal ke avasaad hain. anja droni ka digvinyaas utar-pashchim se dakshin-poorv ki or hai aur yeh rift gondavaanaalaind ke vibhaajan ke samay utpann huyi thi.[13][14]
paryaavaraneeya mudde
keeniya mein pramukh paryaavaraneeya muddon aur chunautiyon mein nirvaneekaran, jal sansaadhan ka nyooneekaran, marusthaleekaran aur audyogik pradooshan ityaadi hain.
jal sansaadhanon ki upalabdhata aur gunavatta mein giraavat ek bahut badi samasya ke roop mein ubhara hai.[15] kai jheelon mein jalakumbhi (Eichhornia crassipes) jaise paudhon ka atikraman unke praakrutik paaritantr ko nasht kar raha hai aur in jheelon ke machhali utpaadan tatha jal ki saamaanya gunavatta mein bhi kami aayi hai. nadiyon ke jaladhaaran mein bhi sikudaav darj kiya gaya hai jo inke besin mein bhoojal ke neeche chale jaane ka parinaam maana ja raha hai.
sarkaar aur raajaneeti
kenya ek raashtrapati pratinidhi lokataantrik ganaraajya hai. raashtrapati, raajya ka pramukh aur sarkaar ka mukhiya donon hai, jo ek bahudaleeya pranaali ke saath hain. kaaryakaari shakti sarkaar dvaara prayog ki jaati hai. vidhaayi shakti sarkaar aur raashtreeya sabha ya ke sansadeeya nichle sadan, mein nihit hai. nyaayapaalika kaaryapaalika aur vidhaayika se svatantr hai.
janasaankhyiki
kenya mein vividh aabaadi rahati hain jismein Africa mein paae jaane vaale adhikaansh pramukh jaateeya, nasleeya aur bhaashaai samoohon shaamil hain. ek anumaan ke anusaar 42 alag-alag samudaaya kenya mein rahate hain, jismein baantu log (67%) aur nilot log (30%) bahumat mein hain. arab log, bhaarateeya aur Europeeya log kenya mein alpasankhyak ke roop mein rahate hain.
yeh desh ek yuva aabaadi wala hai, 73% log 30 saal se kam umr ke hain, teji se janasankhya vruddhi ki vajah se. pichhli sadi se kenya ki aabaadi 29 lakh se 4 karod ho gayi hain.
kenya ke vibhinn jaateeya samooh aam taur par apne samudaaya ke bheetar apni maatrubhaasha mein bolte hain. do aadhikaarik bhaashaaeain, angreji aur svaahili, anya aabaadi ke saath sanchaar ke liye, vividh star mein upayog ki jaati hain. angreji vyaapak roop se vaanijya, schooli shiksha aur sarkaar mein boli jaati hai.
sandarbh
- ↑ Kenya Demographics Profile 2013, indeksamundi dot com (21 fravari 2013), abhigman tithi: 5 August 2014
- ↑ vebaik machine par Kenya 2009 Population and housing census highlights (August 10, 2013).. kenya janaganana vibhaag
- ↑ a aa i E "Kenya" (angreji mein). antararaashtreeya mudra kosh. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=44&pr1.y=12&c=664&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. abhigman tithi: 5 August 2014.
-
↑ a aa "Human Development Report 2014". United Nations. 2014. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf. abhigman tithi: 26 July 2014. sandarbh truti: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "HDI" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ a aa si aai A (2012). "Kenya [kenya]". world faiktabuk. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html. abhigman tithi: 28 May 2013.
- ↑ seeaaie- world faiktabuk, (abhigman tithi 06-08-2014)
- ↑ seeaaie- world faiktabuk, (abhigman tithi 06-08-2014)
- ↑ Kenya -- Geography on East Africa Living Encyclopedia, afreekan adhyayan kendra, peinsilveniya vishvavidyaalaya, (abhigman tithi 06-08-2014)
- ↑ Kenya -- Geography on East Africa Living Encyclopedia, afreekan adhyayan kendra, peinsilveniya vishvavidyaalaya, (abhigman tithi 06-08-2014)
- ↑ a aa i E "Mombasa, Kenya: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data", Climate-Charts.com, 2008, web: CC820: May precipitation was reset as "246" mm, converting 9.7 in.
- ↑ Raphael W. Kareri, SOME ASPECTS OF THE GEOGRAPHY OF KENYA, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya, (abhigman tithi 07-08-2014)
- ↑ Bernard Kipsang Rop, Petroleum Potential of NW-Kenya Rift Basins: A Synopsis of Evidence and Issues
- ↑ Bernard Kipsang Rop, Petroleum Potential of NW-Kenya Rift Basins: A Synopsis of Evidence and Issues
- ↑ L.C. Greene, D.R. Richards, R.A. Johnson, (1991), Crustal structure and tectonic evolution of the anza rift, northern Kenya, Tectonophysics 197 (2–4): 203–211.
- ↑ The Water & Sanitation Crisis, water.org par; (abhigman tithi 07-08-2014).