karm

is lekh mein anek samasyaaeain hain. krupaya ise sudhaarane mein madad karein ya vaarta prushth par in samasyaaon par charcha karein. ismein koi sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. ismein mool shodh ya apramaanit daave ho sakte hain. iska lahaja vikipeediya ke aupachaarik lahaje ko naheen darshaata hai.

saadhaaran bolachaal ki bhaasha mein karm ka arth hota hai 'kriya'. vyaakaran mein kriya se nishpaadyamaan fal ke aashray ko karm kehte hain. "Ram ghar jaata hai' is udaaharan mein "ghar" gaman kriya ke fal ka aashray hone ke naate "jaana kriya' ka karm hai.

darshan mein karm ek vishesh arth mein prayukt hota hai. jo kuchh manushya karta hai usase koi fal utpann hota hai. yeh fal shubh, ashubh athva donon se bhinn hota hai. fal ka yeh roop kriya ke dvaara sthir hota hai. daan shubh karm hai par hinsa ashubh karm hai. yahaaain karm shabd kriya aur fal donon ke liye prayukt hua hai. yeh baat is bhaavana par aadhaarit hai ki kriya sarvada fal ke saath sanlagn hoti hai. kriya se fal avashya utpann hota hai. yahaaain dhyaan rakhana chaahiye ki shareer ki svaabhaavik kriyaaon ka ismein samaavesh naheen hai. aaainkh ki palakon ka uthana, girna bhi kriya hai, parantu isse fal naheen utpann hota. darshan ki seema mein is prakaar ki kriya ka koi mahatva isliye naheen hai ki vah kriya man:prerit naheen hoti. ukt saamaanya niyam man:prerit kriyaaon mein hi laagoo hota hai. jaan boojhakar kisi ko daan dena athva kisi ka vadh karna hi saarthak hai. parantu anajaane mein kisi ka upakaar dena athva kisi ko haani pahuainchaana kya karm ki uktaparidhi mein naheen aata? kaanoon mein kaha jaata hai ki niyam ka ajnyaaan manushya ko kriya ke fal se naheen bacha sakta. geeta bhi kehti hai ki karm ke shubh ashubh fal ko avashya bhogana padta hai, usase chhutakaara naheen milta. is sthiti mein jaane-anajaane mein ki gayi kriyaaon ka shubh-ashubh fal hota hi hai. anajaane mein ki gayi kriyaaon ke baare mein keval itna hi kaha jaata hai ki ajnyaaan karta ka dosh hai aur us dosh ke liye karta hi uttaradaayi hai. karta ko kriya mein pravrutt hone ke pehle kriya se sambandhit sabhi baaton ka pata laga lena chaahiye. svaabhaavik kriyaaon se ajnyaaan mein ki kai kriyaaon ka bhed keval is baat mein hai ki svaabhaavik kriyaaeain bina man ki sahaayata ke apne aap hoti hain par ajnyaaanaprerit kriyaaeain apne aap naheen hoteen-unamein man ka haath hota hai. na chaahate hue bhi aaainkh ki palakein gireingi, par na chaahate hue ajnyaaan mein koi kriya naheen ki ja sakti hai. kriya ka parinaam kriya ke uddeshya se bhinn ho, fir bhi yeh aavashyak naheen ki kriya ki jaae. at: karm ki paridhi mein ve kriyaaeain aur fal aate hain jo svaabhaavik kriyaaon se bhinn hain.

kriya aur fal ka sambandh kaarya-kaaran-bhaav ke atoot niyam par aadhaarit hai. yadi kaaran vidyamaan hai to kaarya avashya hoga. yeh praakrutik niyam aacharan ke kshetr mein bhi satya hai. at: kaha jaata hai ki kriya ka karta fal ka avashya bhokta hota hai. bauddhon ne karta ko kshanik maana hai parantu is niyam ko charitaarth karne ke liye ve kshanasantaan mein ek prakaar ki ekaroopata maanate hue kehte hain ki ek vyakti ki santaan doosare vyakti ki santaan se bhinn hai. kshanabhed hone se bhi vyaktitv mein bhed naheen hota; at: vyakti poorvanishpaadit kriya ka uttar kaal mein bhog karta hi hai. yid ham yeh na maanein to kehna padega ki kisi doosare ke dvaara ki gayi kriya ka fal ka koi doosra bhogata hai jo tark viruddh hai. yadi is niyam par poorn aastha ho to tark hamein iske ek anya nishkarsh ko bhi sveekaar karne ke liye baadhya karta hai. yadi sabhi kriyaaon ka fal bhogana padta hai to un kriyaaon ka kya hoga jinka fal bhogane ke pehle hi karta mar jaata hai? ya to hamein karm ke siddhaant ko chhodna hoga ya fir, maanana hoga ki karta naheen marata, vah keval shareer ko badal deta hai. bhaarateeya vichaarakon ne ek svar se doosra paksh hi sveekaar kiya hai. ve kehte hain ki marana shareer ka svaabhaavik karm hai, parantu bhog ke liye yeh aavashyak naheen hai ki vahi shareer bhoge jisne kriya ki hai. bhokta alag hai aur vah karmafal ka bhog karne ke liye doosra shareer dhaaran karta hai. isi ko punarjanmavaad kehte hain. mrutyu shareer ki aanushangik svaabhaavik kriya hai jiska karm par koi prabhaav naheen hota. at: karm ke siddhaant ko punarjanm se alag karke naheen rakha ja sakta.

itna hi naheen, jab kriya ka sambandh falabhog ke saath maana jaata hai tab yeh bhi maanana padega ki bhog-jo shubh ashubh karmon ke anusaar sukhamaya ya du:khamaya hota hai-avashyambhaavi hai. usase bacha naheen ja sakta, na to usako badla ja sakta hai. fal ke kshaya ka ekamaatr upaaya hai usako bhog lena. is janm mein praani jaisa hai uske poorv janmon ki kriyaaon ka fal maatr hai. fal ek shakti hai jo jeevan ki sthiti ko niyantrit karti hai. is shakti ka punj bhi karm kaha jaata hai aur kuchh log ise bhaagya ya niyti bhi kehte hain. niytivaad mein maana gaya hai ki praani niyti se niyantrit at: paravash hai. vah swayam kuchh naheen karta. parantu poorvajanmon ki kriya ka fal bhogane ke alaava vah is janm mein svatantr karta bhi hai, at: poorv karmon ko bhogane ke saath hi vah bhavishya ke liye karm karta hai. isi mein usaka svaatantraya hai. aachaar ke liye svatantrata paramaavashyak hai aur praaya: sabhi bhaarateeya daarshanik ise maanate hain. kriya, kriyaafal tatha kriyaafal ka samooh, jise adrusht bhi kehte hain, bhaarateeya darshan mein karm shabd se abhihit hota hai.

pehle kaha gaya hai ki man:prerana karm ka aavashyak upakaran hai. man:-prerana ke shubh ya ashubh hone se hi karm shubh ya ashubh haata hai. daaktar rogi ki bhalaai ke liye usaki cheerafaad karta hai. yadi is cheerafaad se rogi ko kasht hota hai to daaktar usaka uttaradaayi naheen hai. daaktar shubh karm kar raha hai. at: du:kh, jo ashubh man:prarena se ki gayi kriya ka fal hai, tabhi door ho sakta hai jab man ko ashubh prabhaavon se bachaaya jaae. sarvada shubh karm karna sarvada shubh sochane se hi ho sakta hai. kasht ke bachane ka yahi ek upaaya hai. parantu shubh karm karanevaale vyakti ko falabhog ke liye janm lena hi hoga, chaahe svarg mein, chaahe pruthvi par. janm lena apne aapamein mahaan‌ kasht hai kyonki janm ka sambandh mrutyu se hai. mrutyu ka kasht du:sah kasht maana gaya hai. at: yadi is kasht se bhi chhutakaara paana hai to janm ki parampara ko bhi samaapt karna hoga. iske liye shubh karmon ka bhi parityaag aavashyak hai kyonki bina uske janm se mukti naheen hai. at: shubhaashubh parityaagi hi vaastavik du:khamukt ho sakta hai.

kya shubhaashubh parityaag sambhav hai? shareer rahate yeh sambhav naheen maaloom hota. par ek upaaya hai. man ke shodhan se yeh siddh ho sakta hai. yadi man mein kisi fal ki aakaanksha ke bina, palak uthane girne ki tarah, saari kriyaaeain svaabhaavik roop se ki jaaeain to unase shubh ashubh fal utpann naheen honge aur janm mrutyu se bhi chhutakaara mil jaaega. nishkaam karm ka yahi aadarsh hai. iske vipreet saare karm-jo shubh ashubh hote hain-sakaam karm hain aur ve bandhan ke kaaran hain.

karm ke is siddhaant ke saath svarg-narak ki kalpanaaeain bhi judi hain. shubh karmon ke parinaamasvaroop sakal sukhon se poorn svarg ki praapti hoti hai. iske vipreet narak ki praapti hoti hai. svarg narak mein bhi shubh ashubh karm ki maatra ke anusaar anek star maane gaye hain, jaise pruthvi par anek star hain. karm ke siddhaant ko maanane par svarg narak ki kalpana ko bhi maanana aavashyak ho ja jinhein ham shubh karm kehte hain ve punya tath ashurbh karm paap kahalaate hain. punya aur paap mukhyat: kriya ke fal ka bodh karaate hain. ye karm teen prakaar ke haate hain. nityakarm ve hain jo na karne par paap utpann karte hain, kintu karne par kuchh bhi naheen utpann karte. naimittik karm karne se punya tatha na karne se paap hota hai. kaamya karm kaamna se kiye jaate hain at: unke karne se fal ki siddhi hoti hai. na karne se kuchh bhi naheen hota. chooainki teenon karmon mein yeh uddeshya chhipa hai ki punya arjit kiya jaae, paap se door raha jaae, at: ye sabhi karm man:prerit hain. janm se chhutakaara paane ke liye nitya, naimittik aur kaamya karmon ka parityaag atyant aavashyak maana gaya hai.

jain darshan

jain darshan mein karm ke mukhya aath bhed bataae gaye hai^[1] -

1. jnyaaanavaran
2. darshanavaran
3. vedani
4. mohaneeya
5. aayu
6. naam
7. gotr aur
8. antaraaya

• hindu darshan
• karm bandh

• jain, vijay Kumar (2011), aachaarya umaasvaami tattavaarthasootr, Vikalp Printers, aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-81-903639-2-1, https://archive.org/details/AcharyaUmasvamisTattvarthsutra