kaavya

is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (September 2014)

kaavya, kavita ya padya, saahitya ki vah vidha hai jismein kisi kahaani ya manobhaav ko kalaatmak roop se kisi bhaasha ke dvaara abhivyakt kiya jaata hai. Bhaarat mein kavita ka itihaas aur kavita ka darshan bahut puraana hai. iska praarambh bharatamuni se samjha ja sakta hai. kavita ka shaabdik arth hai kaavyaatmak rachana ya kavi ki kruti, jo chhandon ki shrunkhalaaon mein vidhivt baandhi jaati hai.

kaavya vah vaakya rachana hai jisse chitt kisi ras ya manoveg se poorn ho. arthaat vah kala jismein chune hue shabdon ke dvaara kalpana aur manovegon ka prabhaav daala jaata hai. rasagangaadhar mein 'ramaneeya' arth ke pratipaadak shabd ko 'kaavya' kaha hai. 'arth ki ramaneeyata' ke antargat shabd ki ramaneeyata (shabdalankaar) bhi samajhakar log is lakshan ko sveekaar karte hain. par 'arth' ki 'ramaneeyata' kai prakaar ki ho sakti hai. isse yeh lakshan bahut spasht naheen hai. saahitya darpanaakaar vishvanaath ka lakshan hi sabse theek jainchata hai. uske anusaar 'rasaatmak vaakya hi kaavya hai'. ras arthaat manovegon ka sukhad sanchaar ki kaavya ki aatma hai.

kaavya- prakaash mein kaavya teen prakaar ke kahe gaye hain, dhvani, guneebhoot vyangya aur chitr. dhvani vah hai jis, mein shabdon se nikle hue arth (vaachya) ki apeksha chhipa hua abhipraaya (vyangya) pradhaan ho. guneebhoot byangya vah hai jismein gaun ho. chitr ya alankaar vah hai jismein bina byangya ke chamatkaar ho. in teenon ko kramash: uttam, madhyam aur adham bhi kehte hain. kaavyaprakaashakaar ka jor chhipe hue bhaav par adhik jaan padta hai, ras ke udrek par naheen. kaavya ke do aur bhed kiye gaye hain, mahaakaavya aur khand kaavya. mahaakaavya sargabaddh aur usaka naayak koi devata, raaja ya dheerodaatt gunn sampann kshatriya hona chaahiye. usamein shrungaar, veer ya shaant rason mein se koi ras pradhaan hona chaahiye. beech beech mein karuna; haasya ityaadi aur ras tatha aur aur logon ke prasang bhi aane chaahiye. kam se kam aath sarg hone chaahiye. mahaakaavya mein sandhya, soorya, chandra, raatri, prabhaat, mrugaya, parvat, van, ritu saagar, sanyog, vipralanbh, muni, pur, yagya, ranaprayaan, vivaah aadi ka yathaasthaan sannivesh hona chaahiye. kaavya do prakaar ka maana gaya hai, drushya aur shravya. drushya kaabya vah hai jo abhinay dvaara dikhlaaya jaaya, jaise, naatak, prahasan, aadi jo padhne aur sunen yogya ho, vah shravya hai. shravya kaavya dotaprakaar ka hota hai, gadya aur padya. padya kaavya ke mahaakaavya aur khandakaavya do bhed kahe ja chuke hain. gadya kaavya ke bhi do bhed kiye gaye hain. katha aur aakhyaayika. chanpoo, virud aur kaaranbhak teen prakaar ke kaavya aur maane gaye hai.

saamaanyat: sanskrut ke kaavya-saahitya ke do bhed kiye jaate hain-drushya aur shravya. drushya kaavya shabdon ke atirikt paatron ki veshabhoosha, bhaavabhangima, aakruti, kriya aur abhinay dvaara darshakon ke hrudaya mein rasonmesh karaata hai. drushyakaavya ko 'roopak' bhi kehte hain kyonki usaka rasaasvaadan netron se hota hai. shravya kaavya shabdon dvaara paathakon aur shrotaaon ke hrudaya mein ras ka sanchaar karta hai. shravyakaavya mein padya, gadya aur champoo kaavyon ka samaavesh kiya jaata hai. gatyarthak mein pad dhaatu se nishpan 'padya' shabd gati ki pradhaanata soochit karta hai. at: padyakaavya mein taal, laya aur chhand ki vyavastha hoti hai. pun: padyakaavya ke do upabhed kiye jaate hain—amahaakaavya aur khandakaavya. khandakaavya ko 'muktakaavya' bhi kehte hain. khandakaavya mein mahaakaavya ke samaan jeevan ka sampoorn itivrutt na hokar kisi ek ansh ka varnan kiya jaata hai—

khandaavyan bhavetkaavyasyaikadeshaanusaari ch. – saahityadarpan, 6/321

kavitv ke saath-saath sangeetaatkata ki pradhaanata hone se hi inko hindi mein 'geetikaavya' bhi kehte hain. 'geeti' ka arth hrudaya ki raagaatmak bhaavana ko chhandobaddh roop mein prakat karna hai. geeti ki aatma bhaavaatirek hai. apni raagaatmak anubhooti aur kalpana ke kavi varnyavastu ko bhaavaatmak bana deta hai. geetikaavya mein kaavyashaastreeya roodhiyon aur paramparaaon se mukt hokar vaiyaktik anubhav ko saralata se abhivyakt kiya jaata hai. svaroopat: geetikaavya ka aakaar-prakaar mahaakaavya se chhota hota hai. in sab tattvon ke sahayog se sanskrut muktakakaavya ko ek utkrusht kaavyaroop maana jaata hai. muktakaavya mahaakaavyon ki apeksha adhik lokapriya hue hain.

sanskrut mein geetikaavya muktak aur prabandh donon roopon mein praapt hota hai. prabandhaatmak geetikaavya ka sarvotkrusht udaaharan meghadoot hai. adhikaansh prabandh geetikaavya isi ke anukaran par likhe gaye hain. muktak vah haijismein pratyek padya apne aap mein svatantr hota hai. iske sundar udaaharan amarookashatak aur bhatruharishtakatraya hain. sangeetamaya chhand madhur padaavali geetikaavyon ki visheshata hai. shrunङagaar, neeti, vairaagya aur prakruti iske pramukh pratipaadya vishay hai. naari ke saundarya aur svabhaav ka svaabhaavik chitran in kaavyon mein milta hai. upadesh, neeti aur lokavyavahaar ke sootr inmein bade hi ramaneeya dhang se praapt ho jaate hain. yahi kaaran hai ki muktakaavyon mein sooktiyon aur subhaashiton ki praapti prachurata se hoti hai.

muktakakaavya ki parampara sfut sandesh rachanaaon ke roop mein vaidik yug se hi praapt hoti hai. rigved mein sarama naamak kutte ko sandeshavaahak ke roop mein bhejane ka prasang hai. vaidik muktakakaavya ke udaaharanon mein vasishth aur vaamadev ke sookt, ullekhaneeya hain. raamaayan, mahaabhaarat aur unke paravarti granthon mein bhi is prakaar ke sfut prasang vipul maatra mein upalabdh hote hain. kadaachit mahaakavi vaalmeeki ke shaakodgaaron mein yeh bhaavana gopit roop mein rahi hai. pativiyukta pravaasini seeta ke prati preshit shri Ram ke sandeshavaahak hanumaan, duryodhan ke prati dharmaraaj yudhishthir dvaara preshit shreekrushn aur sundari dayamanti ke nikat raaja nal dvaara preshit sandeshavaahak hans isi parampara ke antargat gine jaane vaale prasang hain. is sandarbh mein Bhagwat puraan ka venugeet vishesh roop se uddharaneeya hai jiski rasavibhor karne waali bhaavana chhavi sanskrut muktakakaavyon par ankit hai.

kavita ya kaavya kya hai is vishay mein bhaarateeya saahitya mein aalochakon ki badi samruddh parampara hai— aachaarya vishvanaath, panditraaj jagannaath, pandit anbikaadatt vyaas, aachaarya shreepati, bhaamah aadi sanskrut ke vidvaanon se lekar aadhunik aachaarya raamachandr shukl tatha jayashankar prasaad jaise prabuddh kaviyon aur aadhunik yug ki meera mahaadevi varma ne kavita ka svaroop spasht karte hue apne apne mat vyakt kiye hain. vidvaanon ka vichaar hai ki maanav hrudaya anant roopataamak jagat ke naana roopon, vyaapaaron mein bhatakata rahata hai, lakin jab maanav ahan ki bhaavana ka parityaag karke vishuddh anubhooti maatr rah jaata hai, tab vah mukt hrudaya ho jaata hai. hrudaya ki is mukti ki saadhana ke liye manushya ki vaani jo shabd vidhaan karti I hai use kavita kehte hain. kavita manushya ko svaarth sambandhon ke sankuchit ghere se oopar uthaati hai aur shesh srushti se raagaatmak sambandh jodne mein sahaayak hoti hai. kaavya ki anek paribhaashaaeain di gayi hain. ye paribhaashaaen aadhunik hindi kaavya ke liye bhi sahi siddh hoti hain. kaavya siddh chitt ko alaukik aanandaanubhooti karaata hai to hrudaya ke taar jhankrut ho uthate hain. kaavya mein satyan shivan sundaram ki bhaavana bhi nihit hoti hai. jis kaavya mein yeh sab kuchh paaya jaata hai vah uttam kaavya maana jaata hai.

kaavya ke bhed do prakaar se kiye gaye hain–

• svaroop ke anusaar kaavya ke bhed aur
• shaili ke anusaar kaavya ke bhed

svaroop ke anusaar kaavya ke bhed

svaroop ke aadhaar par kaavya ke do bhed hain - shravyakaavya evam drushyakaavya.

shravya kaavya

jis kaavya ka rasaasvaadan doosare se sunakar ya swayam padh kar kiya jaata hai use shravya kaavya kehte hain. jaise raamaayan aur mahaabhaarat.

shravya kaavya ke bhi do bhed hote hain - prabandh kaavya tatha muktak kaavya.

prabandh kaavya

ismein koi pramukh katha kaavya ke aadi se ant tak kramabaddh roop mein chalti hai. katha ka kram beech mein kaheen naheen tootata aur gaun kathaaeain beech-beech mein sahaayak ban kar aati hain. jaise raamacharit maanas.

prabandh kaavya ke do bhed hote hain - mahaakaavya evam khandakaavya.

1- mahaakaavya ismein kisi aitihaasik ya pauraanik mahaapurush ki sampoorn jeevan katha ka aadyopaant varnan hota hai. mahaakaavya mein ye baatein hona aavashyak hain-

• mahaakaavya ka naayak koi pauraanik ya aitihaasik ho aur usaka dheerodaatt hona aavashyak hai.
• jeevan ki sampoorn katha ka savistaar varnan hona chaahiye.
• shrrungaar, veer aur shaant ras mein se kisi ek ki pradhaanata honi chaahiye. yathaasthaan anya rason ka bhi prayog hona chaahiye.
• usamein subah shaam din raat nadi naale van parvat samudra aadi praakrutik drushyon ka svaabhaavik chitran hona chaahiye.
• aath ya aath se adhik sarg hone chaahiye, pratyek sarg ke ant mein chhand parivartan hona chaahiye tatha sarg ke ant mein agale ank ki soochana honi chaahiye.

2- khandakaavya ismein kisi ki sampoorn jeevanakatha ka varnan na hokar keval jeevan ke kisi ek hi bhaag ka varnan hota hai. khand kaavya mein ye baatein hona aavashyak hain-

• kathaavastu kaalpanik ho.
• usamein saat ya saat se kam sarg hon.
• usamein jeevan ke jis bhaag ka varnan kiya gaya ho vah apne lakshya mein poorn ho.
• praakrutik drushya aadi ka chitran desh kaal ke anusaar aur sankshipt ho.

muktak

ismein keval ek hi pad ya chhand svatantr roop se kisi bhaav ya ras athva katha ko prakat karne mein samarth hota hai. geet kavitt doha aadi muktak hote hain.

drushya kaavya

jis kaavya ki aanandaanubhooti abhinay ko dekhkar evam paatron se kathopakathan ko sun kar hoti hai use drushya kaavya kehte hain. jaise naatak mein ya chalachitr mein.

shaili ke anusaar kaavya ke bhed

1- padya kaavya - ismein kisi katha ka varnan kaavya mein kiya jaata hai, jaise kaamaayani.

2- gadya kaavya - ismein kisi katha ka varnan gadya mein kiya jaata hai, jaise raveendranaath Tagore ki geetaanjali. gadya mein kaavya rachana karne ke liye kavi ko chhand shaastr ke niyamon se svachhandata praapt hoti hai.

3- chanpoo kaavya - ismein gadya aur padya donon ka samaavesh hota hai. maithileesharan gupt ki 'yashodhara' chanpoo kaavya hai.

aadhunik hindi padya ka itihaas lagbhag 800 saal puraana hai aur iska praarambh terahaveen shataabdi se samjha jaata hai. har bhaasha ki tarah hindi kavita bhi pehle itivruttaatmak thi. yaani kisi kahaani ko laya ke saath chhand mein baandh kar alankaaron se saja kar prastut kiya jaata tha. bhaarateeya saahitya ke sabhi praacheen granth kavita mein hi likhe gaye hain. iska vishesh kaaran yeh tha ki laya aur chhand ke kaaran kavita ko yaad kar lena aasaan tha. jis samay chhaapekhaane ka aavishkaar naheen hua tha aur dastaavejon ki anek pratiyaan banaana aasaan naheen tha us samay mahatvapoorn baaton ko yaad rakh lene ka yeh sarvottam saadhan tha. yahi kaaran hai ki us samay saahitya ke saath saath raajaneeti, vigyaan aur aayurved ko bhi padya (kavita) mein hi likha gaya. Bhaarat ki praacheenatam kavitaaen sanskrut bhaasha mein rigved mein hain jinmein prakruti ki prashasti mein likhe gaye chhandon ka sundar sankalan hain. jeevan ke anek anya vishyon ko bhi in kavitaaon mein sthaan mila hai.

• ras
• chhand
• alankaar
• kaavyashaastr

mere geet svapn geet

• kaavyashaastr ke maanadand (Dr raamanivaas gupt)
• bhaarateeya kaavyashaastr ki bhoomika (Google pustak ; lekhak - yogendr prataap Singh)
• kavita kosh : hindi kavitaaon ka khajaana
• hindi / urdoo aur sanskrut bhaashaaon se chune huye kaavya moti
• kaavya sampaadan
• sarvapratham evam samarpit hindi kaviyon ka ghar
• Google Directory category in Hindi
• Natyasasthra (Bharatheeya Kavyasastra: Part II)
• kaavyashaastr : bhaag 8
• kavita kya hai? (lekhaka—aaaachaarya raamachandr shukl)