kaarthej
kaarthej (arabi: قaaرaaطaaاaaج, krtaaj; barbar: ⴽaaⴰaaⵔaaⵜaaⴰaaⵊaaⴻaaⵏ, kartajen; angreji: Carthage, kaarthej) uttar afreeka ke tyooniseeya desh mein lagbhag 3,000 saal se lagaataar aabaad ek praacheen shahar hai. yeh shahar praacheen kaal me roman evam foniseeyan saamraajya ka ek pramukh gadh raha hai. san 1000 isa-poorv ke aaspaas iski shuruaat foneeshiya dvaara sthaapit ek door-daraaj basti ke roop mein hui. aadhunik yug mein ise tyooniseeya ki rajdhani tyoonis ka ek baahari kshetr maana jaata hai.
praacheen roman sroton ke anusaar iski sthaapana san 814 isaapoorv mein foneeshiya ke tyre shahar se (jo aadhunik Lebanon mein padta hai) aaye ek foneeshiyaai samooh ne ki thi. kaarthej teji se dhan, shakti aur prabhaav mein badhne laga. is nagar par kendrit sanskruti ko uske samakaaleen roman log pyoonik (laatini: Punic) bulaaya karte the, jo "foneeshiya" shabd ka hi ek bigda roop hai. samay ke saath bhoomadhya saagar mein yeh rom aur yoonaan ke siraakyooj shahar se mukaabala karne waali teesari shakti ke roop mein ubhara. inmein aapasi jhadpon ka silsila chhid gaya. doosare pyoonik yuddh mein prasiddh kaartheji neta haannibl ne Italy par chadhaai curry aur san 216 i॰apoo॰ mein dakshinpoorvi Italy mein lade gaye kaine ke yuddh mein jeet praapt ki, jis se lagne laga ke Italy ke kai kshetron se rom ka saamraajya ukhad jaaega. lekin san 202 i॰apoo॰ mein lade gaye jaama ke yuddh mein haannibl paraajit hua aur kaarthej bahut kamzor pad gaya. san 149-146 i॰apoo॰ mein lade gaye teesare pyoonik yuddh mein kaarthej ki poori haar ho gayi. rom ke faujon ne kaarthej ke shahar ko poori tarah jala aur tod daala. kaarthej ke sabhi naagrikon ko maar daala gaya ya das bana liya gaya.
kuchh samay baad rom ne hi kaarthej ki fir sthaapana ki aur yeh shahar samay ke saath-saath roman saamraajya ka chautha sab se mahatvapoorn nagar bana. kuchh samay tak yeh alp aayu vaale vaindal raajya ki rajdhani bhi raha. san 698 isavi mein arab faujein yahaaain aa dhamaki aur kaarthej doosari dafa nasht kiya gaya.