jvaalaamukhi

tavurvur ka ek sakriya jvaalaamukhi fatate hue, raabaaul, paapuaa new giniya

jvaalaamukhi pruthvi ki satah par upasthit aisi daraar ya mukh hota hai jisse pruthvi ke bheetar ka garm laava, gas, raakh aadi baahar aate hain.^[1] vastut: yeh pruthvi ki oopari parat mein ek vibhang (rupture) hota hai jiske dvaara andar ke padaarth baahar nikalte hain. jvaalaamukhi dvaara ni:srut in padaarthon ke jama ho jaane se nirmit shankvaakaar sthalaroop ko jvaalaamukhi parvat kaha jaata hai.

jvaalaamukhi ka sambandh plate vivrtaniki se hai kyonki yeh paaya gaya hai ki bahudha ye pleton ki seemaaon ke sahaare paae jaate hain kyonki plate seemaaeain pruthvi ki oopari parat mein vibhang utpann hone hetu kamjor sthal upalabdh kara deti hain. iske alaava kuchh anya sthalon par bhi jvaalaamukhi paae jaate hain jinki utpatti maintal ploom se maani jaati hai aur aise sthalon ko hautaspaut ki sanjnyaa di jaati hai.

bhoo-aakruti vigyaan mein jvaalaamukhi ko aakasmik ghatna ke roop mein dekha jaata hai aur pruthvi ki satah par parivartan laane vaale balon mein ise rachanaatmak bal ke roop mein vargeekrut kiya jaata hai kyonki inse kai sthalaroopon ka nirmaan hota hai. vaheen, doosari or paryaavaran bhoogol inka adhyayan ek praakrutik aapada ke roop mein karta hai kyonki isse paaritantr aur jaan-maal ka nuksaan hota hai.

sakriyta ke aadhaar par

sakriya ya jaagrat jvaalaamukhi

bhoovaijnyaaanikon mein sakriyta ko lekar mataikya naheen hai lekin agar koi jvaalaamukhi vartamaan mein fat raha ho, ya uske jald hi fatne ki aashanka ho, ya fir usamein gas risne, dhuaaain ya laava ugalane, ya bhookamp aane jaise sakriyta ke chinh hon to use sakriya maana jaata hai.

mrut jvaalaamukhi

yeh ve jvaalaamukhi hote hain jinke baare mein vaigyaaniko ki apeksha hai ki ve fateinge naheen. inke baare mein yeh anumaan lagaaya jaata hai ki inmein andar laava va maagma khtm ho chuka hai aur ab inmein ugalane ki garami va saamagri bachi hi naheen hai. agar kisi jvaalaamukhi ke kabhi bhi vispfot hone ya kisi bhi anya prakaar ki sakriyta ki koi bhi ghatna hone ki smruti naheen na ho to aksar use mrut samjha jaata hai.

prasupt ya supt jvaalaamukhi

vaigyaaniko mein mrut (extinct) aur supt (dormant) jvaalaamukhiyon mein antar bata paana kathin hai, lekin agar maanaveeya smruti mein koi jvaalaamukhi kabhi bhi itihaas mein bahut pehle fata ho to use supt hi maana jaata hai lekin mrut naheen. bahut se aise jvaalaamukhi hain jinhein fatne ke baad ek aure visfot ke liye dabaav banaane mein laakhon saal gujr jaate hain - inhein us dauraan supt maana jaata hai. masalan toba jvaalaamukhi, jiske visfot mein aaj se lagbhag 70,000 varsh poorv bhaarateeya upamahaadveep ke sabhi maanav mar gaye the aur poori manushyajaati hi vilupti ki kagaar par aa pahuainchi thi, har 3,80,000 varshon mein punarvisfot ke liye tauyaar hota hai.

udgaar ki prakruti ke anusaar

kendreeya udbhedan vaale jvaalaamukhi

is udgaar mein laava ke saath adhik maatra mein gas (praay: ek sankari nali ya chhidr ke sahaare) baahar niklati hai. aur laava ka jamaav shanku ki tarah tatha kabhi-kabhi gumbad ya teele ke roop mein hota hai.

arthaat ve jvaalaamukhi jinke vivr ya mukh ka vyaas kuchh 100 feet se adhik naheen hota hai aur iska aakaar gol ya kareeb-kareeb gol hota hai. tatha jinse gas laava tatha vikhndit padaarth adhik maatra mein visfotak udbhedan ke saath aakaar mein kaafi oonchaai tak prakat hote hain. kendreeya udgaar vaale jvaalaamukhi kahalaate hai. ye atyadhik vinaashakaari hote hai. udgaar se bhayankar bhookamp aate hain.

inhein visfot ki teevrata ke aadhaar par pun: kai prakaaron mein vargeekrut kiya jaata hai^[2]:

• 1 havaayan ya havaai tulya
• 2 straamboliyn ya straamboli tulya

• bhoopadaarth teevrata se baahar aata hai.
• ismein taral laava ke saath vikhndit padaarth jaise jvaalaamukhi bam udgaar ke samay nikalte hai. jo adhik oonchaai par jaakar pun: jvaalaamukhi kretar mein gir padtehai. jaise-bhoomadhya saagar mein sisli dweep ke uttar mein sthiti lipaari dweep ke paas stromboli jvaalaamukhi mein paaya jaata hai.

• 3 valkainiyn ya valakainaino tulya jvaalaamukhi

• is prakaar ke jvaalaamukhi praay: visfot evam bhayankar udgaar ke saath hota hai.
• isse vistrut laava itna chipchipa evam lasadaar hota hai ki do udgaaron ke beech yeh jvaalaamukhi chhidr par jamkar use dhak leta hai. is tarah gaison ke maarg mein avarodh ho jaata hai.
• iske baad jab gaisein adhik maatra mein ekatr ho jaati hai to ye gainse teevrata se is avarodhak ko hata deti hai.
• isse jvaalaamukhi meghi kaafi doori tak chha jaate hain aur aakaar foolagobhi jaisa ho jaata hai. jaise-lipaari dweep par valakaino jvaalaamukhi

• 4 visuviyn
• 5 pliniyn
• 6 peeliyn ya peeli tulya jvaalaamukhi

• is prakaar ke jvaalaamukhi sabse adhik vinaashakaari hote hai tatha inka udgaar sarvaadhik visfotak tatha bhayankar hota hai.
• isse nikla laava sarvaadhik chipchipa evam lasadaar hota hai.
• udgaar ke samay jvaalaamukhi nali mein laava ki kathor patti jama ho jaati hai. jab agala udgaar hota hai tab bhayankar gaise inhein teevrata se todkar aavaaj karti hui dharaatal par prakat hoti hai.
• ismein nistrut laava evam vikhndit padaarth sarvaadhak hote hain tatha prajvalit gaison ke kaaran jvaalaamukhi megh prakaashamaan ho jaate hai. jaise-8 May 1902 ko maartinik dweep (the. America) par peeli jvaalaamukhi ka bhayankar udbhedan hua tha. isliye ise peeliyn tulya jvaalaamukhi kehte hai.
• jaava evam sumaatra ke madhya sunda jaladamaroo madhya mein 1883 mein kraakaatoaa mein-ismein puraane shanku ka ek tihaai bhaag hava mein ud gaya. bhayankar gas evam vaashp ke kaaran 17 meal tak oonchaai tak baadal ghir gaye the. iske visfot ke baad (yaani 1 din baad hi) jvaalaamukhi dhool evam raakh tatha vaashp ke baadal 50 meal (80 kimi) ki oonchaai tak aakaash mein pahunch gaya. aur kraakraatoaa dweep ki do tihaai bhaag saagar mein nimjjit ho gaya. aur udgaar ki aavaaj 3000 kimi door poorvi Australia tak sunaai di gayi. aur bhookamp se 120 feet oonchaai lahar uthi jisse jaava evam sumaatra ke tateeya bhaagon mein 36000 vyakti maare gaye. isi prakaar 1911 mein fileepaain dweep mein hivk-hivk ka bhayankar udbhedan hua tha.

• 7 kaitaamaaiyan

daraari udbhedan vaale jvaalaamukhi

is prakaar ke udbhedan mein laava ke saath gas ki maatra kam hoti hai jisse laava daraaron mein hokar dhraraatal par jamane lagta hai. kabhi-kabhi adhik maatra mein laava ke jama hone se moti parat ban jaati hai jiske falasvaroop laava maidaan ya laava pathaar bante hai. jaise-1783 mein aaisalaind mein ek 17 meal lambe daraar se hokar laava ka udagaar hua hai. jiska vistaar 218 meal tak tha. ise aaisalaind ki janasankhya ka 5vaan bhaag nasht ho gaya. is tarah ke udagaar kritaishiys yug mein bade paimaane par hue the.

Bhaarat mein dakkan ka pathaari hissa kreeteshas yug ke ek daraari udbhedan dvaara nirmit hai aur is par besaalt ki chattaanon ke apakshaya se kaali regur mitti ka nirmaan hua hai.

ek mishrit jvaalaamukhi ke vibhinn bhaag (oordhvaadhar paimaana badhaaya gaya hai):
1. vishaal maigma koshth 2. aadhaarashail 3. naali (pipe) 4. aadhaar 5. sil 6. bhitti (daaik) 7. jvaalaamukhi dvaara utsarjit raakh ki paratein 8. paarshv	9. jvaalaamukhi dvaara utsarjit laava ki paratein 10. gala 11. parajeevi shanku 12. laava pravaah 13. nikaas 14. vivr (kretar) 15. raakh ke baadal

jab ni:srut padaarth jvaalaamukhi chhidr ke chaaron or jama hone lagta hai to jvaalaamukhi shanku ka nirmaan hota hai. jab adhik jama ho jaata hai tab shanku kaafi bada ho jaata hai tatha parvat ka roop dhaaran kar leta hai. ise jvaalaamukhi parvat kehte hai. is parvat ke madhya mein jo chhidr hota hai use jvaalaamukhi chhidr, mukh athva vivr kehte hai. yeh chhidr neeche se ek nali dvaara juda rahata hai jise jvaalaamukhi nali kehte hai.

haal hi mein ek shodh mein yeh paaya gaya hai ki chhote-chhote jvaalaamukhi visfoton ke dvaara vartamaan jalavaayu parivartan ki gati dheemi ho sakti hai.^[3]

• plate vivrtaniki
• mishrit jvaalaamukhi

• jvaalaamukhi vigyaan evam bhoogarbh rasaayanashaastr ka antarraashtreeya sangh (IAVCEI) (angreji mein)
• sanyukt raajya ke jvaalaamukhi aur vartamaan chetaavaniyaaain, volcanoes.usgs.gov par (angreji mein)
• ab tak ke das sabse vidhvanshakaari jvaalaamukhi udbhedan - livescience.com par (angreji mein)
• valkaino national park (sanyukt raajya America) (angreji mein)