jeevavaijnyaaanik vargeekaran

aadhunik vichaar ke anusaar jeevon ki teen pramukh shreniyaan - yookaaryota, yoobaiktiriya evam aarkiaa

jeev jagat ke samuchit adhyayan ke liye aavashyak hai ki vibhinn gunadharm evam visheshataaon vaale jeev alag-alag shreniyon mein rakhe jaaain. is tarah se jeevon evam paadapon ke vargeekaran ko vargiki ya vargeekaran vigyaan kehte hain. angreji mein vargiki ke liye do shabd prayog mein laaye jaate hain - taiksonaumi (Taxonomy) tatha sistemaitiks (Systematics). kaarl leeniys ne 1735 E. mein sistema naatoorai (Systema Naturae) naamak pustak sistemaitiks shabd ke aadhaar par likhi thi.^[1] aadhunik yug mein ye donon shabd paadap aur jantu vargeekaran ke liye prayukt hote hain.

vargiki ka kaarya aakaariki, aakrutivijnyaaan (morphology) kriyaavijnyaaan (physiology), paristhitiki (ecology) aur aanuvanshiki (genetics) par aadhaarit hai. anya vaigyaanik anushaasanon ki tarah yeh bhi anek prakaar ke gyaan, mat aur pranaaliyon ka sashleshan hai, jiska prayog vargeekaran ke kshetr mein hota hai. jeevavijnyaaan sambandhi kisi prakaar ke vishleshan ka pratham sopaan hai suvyavasthit dhang se usaka vargeekaran; at: paadap, ya jantu ke adhyayan ka pehla kadam hai usaka naamakaran, vargeekaran aur tab varnan.

jeevan vruksh

jantujagat ka vargeekaran

vargeekaran vigyaan ka itihaas utana hi puraana hai jitna maanav ka itihaas. samajh boojh hote hi manushya ne aas paas ke jantuon aur paudhon ko pehchaanana tatha unako naam dena praarambh kiya. yoonaan (grees) ke anek praacheen vidvaan, visheshat: hipaakreteej (46-377 isa poorv) ne aur demaukreetas (465-370 isa poorv), ne apne adhyayan mein jantuon ko sthaan diya hai. spasht roop se arastoo (384-322 isa poorv) ne apne samay ke gyaan ka upayukt sankalan kiya hai. arastoo (airistautal) ullekh mein vargeekaran ka praarambh dikhaai padta hai. inka mat hai ki jantu apne rahan sahan ke dhang, svabhaav aur shaareerik aakaar ke aadhaar par pruthak kiye ja sakte hain. unhonne pakshi, machhali, hvel, keet aadi jantusamoohon ka ullekh kiya hai aur chhote samoohon ke liye koliyauptera (Coleoptera) aur diptera (Diptera) aadi shabdon ka bhi prayog kiya hai. is samay ke vanaspativid arastoo ki vichaaradhaara se aage the. unhonne sthaaneeya paudhon ka safal vargeekaran kar rakha tha. branafels (Brunfels, 1530 E.) aur bauhin (Bauhim, 1623 E.) paadap vargeekaran ko safal raaste par laanevaale vaigyaanik the, parantu jantuon ka vargeekaran karanevaale is samay ke visheshagya ab bhi arastoo ki vichaaradhaara ke antargat kaarya kar rahe the.

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jeevavaijnyaaanik vargeekaran ki aath mukhya shreniyaan. madhyavarti laghu shreniyaan naheen dikhaai gayi hain.

vartamaan samay mein 'antarraashtreeya naamakaran code' dvaara jeevon ke vargeekaran ki saat shreniyaaain (Ranks) paaribhaashit ki gayi hain. ye shreniyaaain hain- jagat (kingdom), sangh (phylum/division), varg (class), gan (order), kul (family), vansh (genus) tatha jaati (species). haal ke varshon mein domen (Domain) naamak ek aur star prachalan mein aaya hai jo 'jagat' ke rakha oopar hai. kintu ise abhi tak kodon mein sveekrut naheen kiya gaya hai. saat mukhya shreniyon ke beech mein bhi shreniyaaain banaai ja sakti hain jiske liye 'adhi-' (super-), 'up-' (sub-) ya 'infra-' (infra-) upasargon ka prayog karna chaahiye. iske alaava jantuvijnyaaan tatha vanaspati vigyaan ke vargeekaran ki shreniyon mein maamooli antar bhi hai (jaise - 'aadim jaati' (traaib)).

is samay saadhaaran taur se kaam laai jaanevaali shreniyaaain nimnalikhit hai :

• jagat (Kingdom),
• sangh (Phylum),

• upasangh (Subphylum),
• adhivrg (Superclass),

• varg (Class)

• upavarg (Subclass),
• sahagan ya kohaort (Cohort),
• adhign (Superorder),

• gan (order),

• upagan (Suborder),
• adhikul (Superfamily),

• kul (Family),

• upakul (Subfamily),
• aadim jaati (Tribe),

• vansh (Genus),

• upavansh (Subgenus),

• jaati (Species) tatha

• upajaati (Subspecies)

parajeeviyon mein vruhat bhinnata, jeev vaigyaaniko ke liye unka varnan karna tatha unhein naamaavali baddh karna ek badi chunauti upasthit karti hai. haal hi mein hue vibhinn jaatiyon ko pruthak karne, pahachaanane va vibhinn taiksonaumi paimaanon par unke vibhinn samoohon ke beech sambandh dhoondhane hetu di.N.A. prayog paarajaivajnyaon ke liye atyadhik mahatvapoorn va sahaayak rahe hain.

vargeekaran ki kul aath shreniyaan (raink) hain.

• paadap vargeekaran
• aaiyoopeeesi naamakaran - rasaayanon ke naam ki vaigyaanik paddhati
• dvipd naamakaran
• vaanaspatik naam
• vargiki

• Tree of Life Web Project - explore complete phylogenetic tree interactively
• Tree of Life illustration - A modern illustration of the complete tree of life.
• Science Magazine Tree of Life - Sample tree of life from Science journal.
• Science journal issue - Issue devoted to the tree of life.
• [1]-Report on recent paper on "pruning" of the tree of life model.
• The Tree of Life by Garrett Neske, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project: "presents an interactive tree of life that allows you to explore the relationships between many different kinds of organisms by allowing you to select an organism and visualize the clade to which it belongs."