jeev

jeev shabd ka prayog jeevit praaniyon ke liye kiya jaata hai. jeev shabd ka prayog jeev vigyaan mein sabhi jeevan-sannihit praaniyon ke liye kiya jaata hain. jain granthon, hindu dharm grantho [vaidik (aupanishdik)], bauddhadharm evam soofi dharm grantho mein is shabd ka prayog kiya gaya hain.

sajeev shabd jeevavijnyaaan mein sabhi jeevan-sannihit praaniyon ke liye prayukt hota hai, jaise: kasheruki jantu, keet, paadap athva jeevaanu.^[1] ek jeev mein ek ya ek se adhik koshikaaeain hote hain. jinmein ek koshika paaya jaata hai use ek koshikeeya jeev hai; ek se adhik koshika hone par us jeev ko bahukoshikeeya jeev kaha jaata hai. manushya ka shareer vishesh ootakon aur angon mein baanta hota hai, jismein koshikaaon ke kai arabon ki rachana mein bahukoshikeeya jeev hote hain.

jain dharm

jain darshan mein jeev shabd aatma ke liye bhi prayog kiya jaata hai. kundakund svaami ka samayasaar jeev (aatma) ki prakruti samajhaata hai.^[2] aachaarya umaasvaami ne teerthankar mahaaveer ke mantavyon ko pehli sadi mein sootrit karte hue tattvaarth sootr mein likha hai: "parasparopagraho jeevaanaam". is sootr ka arth hai, 'jeevon ke paraspar mein upakaar hai'.^[3]

hindu dharm

brahm ek aisi lokottar shakti hai jo sampoorn brahmaand ke kan-kan, kshan-kshan mein vyaapt hai. yahi lokottar shakti jab sansaar ki rachana karti hai; srushti ka pravartan karti hai; praaniyon ka sanrakshan karti hai; unka sanhaar karti hai to ise ishvar ki sanjnyaa praapt ho jaati hai. brahm shabd shaktiprakaevan sattaaparakalokottar tatt‍aa‌aav ka bodhak hai. ishvar aur Bhagwan jaise shabd aise lokottar tatt‍aa‌aav ki srushti vishyak bhoomika ka bodh karaate hain. ishvar sarvashaktimaan evam sarvavyaapak hai. vah aseem hai, poornat:svatantr hai. jeev ki sthiti ishvar se bhinn hoti hai. jeev asankhya hai.

ishvar aur jeev vishyak aisi avadhaarana vishv ke anya dharmon mein bhi milti hai. yahoodi dharm mein yaahave (jahova) sarvashaktimaan satta ke roop mein maana jaata hai. jahovaasansaar ki rachana karta hai; praaniyon ka paalan evam anusanrakshanakarata hai. isaai dharm mein sarvashaktimaan satta iloi (gaud) hai. iloisanpoorn jagat ki rachana karta hai. isaai dharmaanuyaayi apne sarvashaktimaan ishvar ka bhajan-poojan karte hain. islaam mein Allah ko sarvashaktimaan maana jaata hai. paarasi dharmaanuyaayi ahuraamajdaako sarvashaktimaan maankar usaki pooja karte hain.

kabeer bhi lagbhag aisi hi baat karte hain- jal mein Kumbh Kumbh mein jal hai baahar bheetar paani. foot ghada jal jalahinsamaana yeh tat kathaungiyaani..

arthaat kuen mein mitti ka ghada hai. ghade mein jal hai. jab tak ghade ki satta hai, tab tak vah jal se bhinn avashya hai par jab ghade ki pruthak satta samaapt ho jaati hai, tab vah sampoorn jal ka ek avibhaajya ang ban jaata hai. yahi sthiti jeev aur brahm ki hai. ajnyaaan ki janjeer se jakade jeev ko hi brahm se pruthak apni satta ki bhraanti hoti hai. jab ajnyaaan ka parda hat jaata hai, tab jeev ko yeh prakaash milta hai ki vah to swayam brahm hai. upanishdon mein aisi sooktiyaanyatha soऽhamasmi (main vahi hoon), shivoऽham (main Shiv hoon), ahan brahmaasmi (main brahm hoon), ayamaatmaabrahm (yeh aatma hi brahm hai), tatt‍aa‌aavamasi (tum vahi ho) jeev aur brahm ki ananyataaka udghosh karti hai.

bauddh dharm

bauddhadharm mein nitya satta ka nishedh kiya jaata hai. is dharm mein yeh maana jaata hai ki sab kuchh chalanasheelahai, gatisheel hai. chalanasheelataaaur gatisheelata ki hi satta nitya hai. nitya satta ka nishedh karke ishvareeya satta ko maanyata naheen di ja sakti kyonki donon mein taatvikvisangati hai. isi visangati ke kaaran bauddhadharm mein ishvar jaisi kisi nitya satta ka nishedh kiya jaata hai. vaise, bauddhadharm paralok mein vishvaas karta hai. is dharm mein jeev ki satta to hai par ishvar jaise kisi nitya tatt‍aa‌aav ke abhaav mein donon ke beech bhed ka prashn hi naheen uthata. is dharm mein tathaagat buddh evam aise bodhistt‍aa‌aavonki pooja hoti hai jo nirvaan ki sthiti mein aa jaate hain. jain dharm ki mool maanyata hai ki jagatpravaahaanaadi aur anant hain. is dharm mein jaganniyanta, jagatstrrashtaajaisi kisi lokottar satta mein vishvaas naheen kiya jaata hai. jain dharm ki mool maanyata hai ki jeev yadi kramik aadhyaatmik unnayan karta rahe to vah swayam arhat ho jaata hai; ishvaratvako praapt ho jaata hai. is dharm mein chaubees teerthankaronko arhat maana jaata hai. ishvar ke roop mein inki pooja hoti hai. jainadharmamein bhi ishvar aur jeev ke beech bhed ka prashn naheen uthata kyonki yahaan jeev ki satta to hai par lokottar ishvar ki satta ka abhaav hai.

soofi dharm mein bhi ishvar aur jeev mein abhed hai. ek soofi tha mansoor. usane analahak ka udghosh kiya. analahakaka arth hota hai, main brahm hoon (ahan brahmaasmi). spashtat:soofi drushti bhi aupanishdik drushti ke samaan hai. yahaan bhi brahm aur jeev (khuda aur banda) ke beech ananyataamaani jaati hai. yahaan bhi ishvar aur jeev ke beech bhed ka prashn naheen uthata.

advaitavaadi aupanishdik parampara, shraman parampara (bauddh-jain) evam soofi parampara ke anuyaayi gyaan maarg ka anusaran karte hain. jnyaaatavya hai ki bhaktimaarg ka pathik sevak-sevya bhaav apnaakar param lakshya ki or agrasar hota hai. is maarg ka pathik swayam ko sevak aur ishvar ko sevya maanata hai. isi prakaar jnyaaanamaargaka pathik apni saadhana ke bal par param lakshya (moksh, nirvaan, kaivalya) ki siddhi karta hai; aatmasaakshaatakarata hai; paramasatyaka darshan karta hai. advaitamaargaanugaameesaadhak ki drushti mein ishvar evam jeev ka bhed hi samaapt ho jaata hai. jeev hi ishvar ka roop dhaaran kar leta hai.

• jain, vijay Kumar (2012), aachaarya kundakund samayasaar, Vikalp Printers, aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-81-903639-3-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=LwPT79iyRHMC, "Non-Copyright"
• jain, vijay Kumar (2011), aachaarya umaasvaami tattavaarthasootr, Vikalp Printers, aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-81-903639-2-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=zLmx9bvtglkC