jal sansaadhan

dharaataleeya jal (Surface Water): nubra ghaati ka ek drushya

jal sansaadhan paani ke vah srot hain jo maanav ke liye upayogi hon ya jinke upayog ki sambhaavana ho. paani ke upayogon mein shaamil hain krushi, audyogik, ghareloo, manoranjan hetu aur paryaavaraneeya gatividhiyon mein. vastut: in sabhi maanaveeya upayogon mein se jyaadaatar mein taaje jal ki aavashyakta hoti hai.

pruthvi par paani ki kul upalabdh maatra athva bhandaar ko jalamandal kehte hain.^[1] pruthvi ke is jalamandal ka 97.5% bhaag samudron mein khaare jal ke roop mein hai aur keval 2.5% hi meetha paani hai, usaka bhi do tihaai hissa himnad aur dhruveeya kshetron mein him chaadaron aur him topiyon ke rup mein jama hai.^[2] shesh pighla hua meetha paani mukhyat: jal ke roop mein paaya jaata hai, jis ka keval ek chhota sa bhaag bhoomi ke oopar dharaataleeya jal ke roop mein ya hava mein vaayumandaleeya jal ke roop mein hai.

meetha paani ek naveekaraneeya sansaadhan hai kyonki jal chakr mein praakrutik roop se iska shuddheekaran hota rahata hai, fir bhi vishv ke svachh paani ki paryaaptata lagaataar gir rahi hai duniya ke kai hisson mein paani ki maang pehle se hi aapoorti se adhik hai aur jaise-jaise vishv mein janasankhya mein abhootapoorv dar se vruddhi ho rahi hain, nikat bhavishya main is asantulan ka anubhav badhne ki ummeed hai. paani ke prayoktaaon ke liye jal sansaadhanon ke aavantan ke liye fremavark (jahaaain is tarah ki ek fremavark maujood hai) jal adhikaar ke roop mein jaana jaata hai.^[3]

aaj jal sansaadhan ki kami, iske avanayan aur isse sambandhit tanaav aur sangharsh vishvaraajaneeti aur raashtreeya raajaneeti mein mahatvapoorn mudde hain. jal vivaad raashtreeya aur antarraashtreeya donon staron par mahatvapoorn vishay ban chuke hain.

dharaataleeya jal

shyok nadi aur usaki ghaati mein jal pravaah

dharaataleeya jal ya satahi jal pruthvi ki satah par paaya jaane wala paani hai jo gurutvaakarshan ke prabhaav mein dhaal ka anusaran karte hue saritaaon ya nadiyon mein pravaahit ho raha hai athva pokharon, taalaabon aur jheelon ya meethe paani ki aardrabhoomiyon mein sthit hai. kisi jalasambhar mein satah ke jal ki praakrutik roop se varshan aur himnadon ke pighlane se poorti hoti hai aur vah praakrutik roop se hi mahaasaagaron mein nirvaah, satah se vaashpeekaran aur pruthvi ke neeche ki or risaav ke dvaara kho jaata hai.

haalaaainki ki kisi bhi kshetreeya jal tantr mein paani ka praakrutik srot varshan hi hai aur iski maatra us besin ki bhaugolik avasthiti aur aakaar par nirbhar hai. iske alaava ek jal tantr mein paani ki kul maatra kisi bhi samay anya kai kaarakon par nirbhar hoti hai. in kaarakon mein shaamil hain jheelon, aardrabhoomiyon aur krutrim jalaashayon mein bhandaaran kshamata; in bhandaaron ke neeche sthit mitti ki paaragamyata; besin ke bheetar dharaataleeya apavaah ke abhilkshan; varshan ki avadhi, teevrata aur kul maatra aur sthaaneeya vaashpeekaran ka star ityaadi. yeh sabhi kaarak kisi jalatantr mein jal ke aavaagaman aur uske bajat ko prabhaavit karte hain.

maanav gatividhiyaaain in kaarakon par ek bade paimaane par prabhaav daal sakti hain. manushya aksar jalaashayon ka nirmaan dvaara besin ki bhandaaran kshamata mein vruddhi aur aadrabhoomi ke jal ko baha kar besin ki is kshamata ko ghata dete hain. manushya aksar apavaah ki maatra aur us ki teji ko farshabandi aur jalamaarg nirdhaaran se badha dete hain.

kisi bhi samay paani ki kul upalabdh maatra par dhyaan dena bhi jaroori hai. manushya dvaara kiye ja rahe jal upayogon mein se bahut saare varsh mein ek nishchit aur alp avadhi ke liye hi hote hain. udaaharan ke liye anek kheton ko vasant aur greeshm ritu mein paani ki badi maatra ki aavashyakta hoti hai aur sardiyon mein bilkul naheen. aise khet ko paani upalabdh karne ke liye, satah jal ke ek vishaal bhandaaran kshamata ki aavashyakta hogi jo saal bhar paani ikatha kare aur us chhote samay par use pravaah kar sake jab usaki aavashyakta ho. vaheen doosari or kuchh anya upayogon ko paani ki satat aavashyakta hoti hai, jaise ki vidyut sanyantr jis ko thanda karne ke liye lagaataar paani chaahiye. aise bijli sanyantr ko paani dene ke liye satah par pravaahit jal ki keval utani hi maatra ko bhandaarit karne ki aavashyakta hogi ki vah nadi mein paani ke kam hone ki sthiti mein bhi bijli sanyantr ko sheetalan ke liye paani upalabdh kara sake.

deerghakaal mein kisi besin ke andar varshan dvaara paani ki kitni maatra ki poorti ki jaati hai yahi us besin ki maanav upayogon hetu jal upalabdhata ki oopari seema hoti hai.

praakrutik dharaataleeya jal ki maatra ko kisi doosare besin kshetr se nahar ya pipe line ke maadhyam se aayaat dvaara sanvardhit kiya ja sakta hai. manushya pradooshan dvaara jal ko 'kho' sakta hai (yaani use bekaar bana sakta hai).

meethe jal ke bhandaaron ke maamale mein braajeel duniya sabse adhik jal bhandaar rakhane wala desh hai jiske baad baad doosare aur teesare sthaan par hain roos aur Canada.^[4]

nadi tali ke neeche ka pravaah

nadi ke poore maarg mein neeche ki or pravaahit jal ki maatra keval vahi naheen hoti jo svatantr jaladhaara ke roop mein bahti hui dikhti hai balki nadi ki tali ke theek neeche bhi kaafi paani pravaahit hota rahata hai. yeh paani tali ke asangathit padaarthon ke beech se hokar bahata hai jaise ki kankadon aur golaashmon ki moti parat ke beech se hokar. aise pravaah ko avapravaah kehte hai aur yeh kabhi kabhi dikhaai padne vaale pravaah se adhik bhi ho sakta hai. nadi ke neeche avapravaah ki is peti ko avapravaah mandal kaha jaata hai. ek prakaar se yeh vah peti hai jahaaain bhoojal aur nadeejal ka aapasi antar mit jaata hai. yeh kaarst pradeshon aur taraai kshetr mein kaafi mahatvapoorn hota hai.

bhoojal

bhoojal aur isse jude anya tathya

bhoojal ya bhoomigat jal meethe jal ka hissa hai jo mitti aur chattaanon ke randhraakaashon (pore) mein sthit hota hai. yeh jal star ke neeche jalabhare (aquifer) ke bheetar bahne wala jal bhi hai. bhoojal ke is pravaah ko adhopravaah (underflow) kaha jaata hai. kabhi-kabhi satah ke theek neeche ke jal ko bhoojal tatha atyadhik gaharaai mein paae jaane vaale jal ko bhoogarbhik jal ya jeevaashm jal (fossil water) bhi kehte hain.

bhoojal ko yadi ek vishaal jal bhandaar maana jaaya to is bhandaar mein jal ka aagaman ya isko paani ki upalabdhata dharaatal ki satah ke oopar ke satahi jal ke neeche ki or risaav dvaara hoti hai aur isse jal ka nishkaasan adhopravaah dvaara samudron mein ya fir atyadhik gahre jeevaashm jal ke roop mein hota hai. at: bhoojal bhi kai maayanon mein dharaataleeya jal jaisa hi hota hai: jal tantr mein aadaan-pradaan aur bhandaaran ke sandarbh mein yadi iski tulana dharaataleeya jal se ki jaae to mahatvapoorn antar yeh hai ki gamanaagaman ki dheemi gati hone ke kaaran bhoojal ke bhandaar aamtaur par dharaataleeya jal se adhik vishaal aur sthaai hote hain. is antar ke kaaran maanav aasaani se bhoojal ka lambe samay tak bina gambhir parinaamon ke gair deerghakaalik upayog kar sakte hain. haalaaainki yeh bhi dhyaatavya hai ki bhoojal ek baar pradooshit ho jaane par iske praakrutik chakran dvaara saaf hone ki prakriya aur bhi dheemi hai.

vilvaneekaran

vilvaneekaran (Desalination) ek krutrim prakriya hai jiske dvaara khaara paani (saline water) (aam taur par samudra ka paani taaje paani mein badla jaata hai sab se aam vilvaneekaran prakriyaaen aasavan (distillation) aur ulat paraasaran (reverse osmosis) hain. filhaal anya vaikalpik sroton ki tulana mein vilvaneekaran ek bahut mahanga vikalp hai aur kul maanav upayog ka ek bahut chhota ansh hi is ke dvaara poora hota hai yeh keval aarthik drushti se uttam vyaavahaarik-moolya vaale kshetron (jaise ghareloo aur audyogik udyogon ke liye) ya fir shushk kshetron mein upayogi hai. vilvaneekaran ka sabse vyaapak upayog faaras ki khaadi ke kshetr mein hai.

jama hua jal

nyoofaaundalaind ke tat se dekha gaya ek himkhand

himshail (iceberg) ko jal ke srot ke roop mein upayog karne ke liye kai prastaav rakhe gaye hain kintu aaj tak yeh keval naveen pariyojanon ke liye vichaaraadheen hi hai. himaani apavaah ko bhi dharaataleeya jal maana jaata hai.

meethe jal ya taaje paani ke upayog ko naveekaraneeya aur a-naveekaraneeya prakaaron mein vargeekrut kiya ja sakta hai. yadi jal turant ek aur upayog ke liye upalabdh naheen ho to yeh upayog anaveekaraneeya upayog hoga. bhootal ki neeche ki or risaav aur vaashpeekaran mein hone waali kshati evam kisi utpaadan mein sammilit jal (jaise krushi upaj) ko naveekaraneeya maana jaata hai. vah jal bhi jise shodhit kar satah ke jal ke roop mein lautaaya ja sake naveekaraneeya maana jaata hai.

krushi upayog

ek khet ontaariyo mein

anumaan lagaaya jaata hai ki pruthvi par kul jal upayog ka 69% jal sinchaai ke liye upayog hota hai jiska 15% se 35% sinchaai aaharan dhaaraneeya ya satat upayog naheen hai.^[5]

vishv ke kuchh kshetron mein sinchaai kisi bhi fasal ke liye aavashyak hai jabki anya kshetron mein yeh adhik laabhadaayak fasalon ki badhat athva fasal paidaavaar ki vruddhi mein kaaragar hai. vibhinn sinchaai vidhiyon mein fasal paidaavaar, jal khapat evam upakaranon aur sanrachanaaon ki poonji laagat mein gamaagam shaamil hain. satah ke oopar ya neeche ke sechak (sprinkler) kam meheinge kintu kam kaaragar bhi hote hain, kyonki adhiktar jal vaashpibhoot ho jaata hai ya ris jaata hai adhik kaaragar sinchaai vidhiyon mein shaamil hain risaav sinchaai (drip or trickle irrigation), pravaah sinchaai aur sechak sinchaai jis mein sechak jameeni star ke paas sanchaalit kiye jaate ho yeh pranaaliya meheingi hai, kintu risaav aur vaashpeekaran ko kam karne mein saarthak hain koi bhi pranaali yadi anuchit vyarth prabandhit ho to apavyayi hoti hai ek aur gamaagam jise aksham vichaar milta hai, veh hai up satah ke paani ka khaara hona

jaleeya krushi (Aquaculture) jal ka ek chhota lekin badhta prayog hai. meethe paani mein vyaavasaayik matsya paalan bhi paani ka krushi upayog maana jaata hai, lekin ise sinchaai se kam mahatva diya jaata hai.

jaise-jaise vishv ki janasankhya aur anaaj ki maang mein vruddhi ho rahi hai jal ke seemit sroton ke ishtatam upayog dvaara adhiktam upaj praapt karne ke liye sinchaai ki vidhiyon^[6]aur praudyogiki, krushi jal prabandhan, shasya sanyojan aur jal sanrakshan ke kshetr mein vikaas ki aavashyakta mahasoos ki ja rahi hai.

audyogik upayog

ek bijli sanyantr Poland mein

anumaan hain ki vishv bhar ke 15% jal ka upayog audyogik hai. pramukh audyogik upayogakartaaon mein shaamil hain taapeeya bijli ghar jo paani ko sheetalan ke liye upayog karte hain. vaheen jalavidyut sanyantr paani ko bijli srot ke roop mein upayog karte hain. ayask aur petrolium sanyantr raasaayanik prakriyaaon mein paani ka upayog karte hain aur kai vinirmaan sanyantr ise ek vilaayak ke roop mein upayog karte hain. audyogik upayog mein nasht hone vaale paani mein vyaapak vivdhita hai par vaishvik star par yeh krushi upayog mein hone vaale kshaya se kam hai.

ghareloo upayog

peene ka paani

anumaan lagaaya jaata hai ki vishv mein kul jal upayog ka 15% jal ghareloo uddeshyon ke liye upayog mein laaya jaata hai in mein shaamil hain peene ka paani, snaan, khaana pakaane, svachhata aur baagavaani (gardening) ityaadi. Peter galaik (Peter Gleick) ke anumaan anusaar gharon ki buniyaadi aavashyakataaon ke liye prati din prati vyakti lagbhag 50 liter ki khapat hai aur is mein bageechon ke liye paani shaamil naheen hai.^[7]

manoranjan

white vaatar jal pravaah

manoranjan ke liye prayog hone wala jal aamtaur par kul jal prayog ka ek bahut chhota kintu badhta hua hissa hai. manoranjan mein paani ka upayog adhiktar jalaashayon, kshiprikaaon, jharanon aur saahasik khelon se juda hua hai. yadi ek jalaashaya mein paani ka star saamaanya ki tulana mein adhik rakha jaaya to manoranjak khapat ke liye usaka upayog ek naveekaraneeya ya Akshay upayog ke taur par vargeekrut kiya ja sakta hai. kuchh jalaashayon se jal nirgaman shvet jal (whitewater) ke roop mein drushyaavalokan aur raafting (naav khena) ityaadi manoranjak kaaryon ke liye samayabaddh kiya jaata hai jo manoranjak upayog maana ja sakta hai. anya udaaharan skeeyar, prakruti utsaahi aur tairaak hain jo jal ka is roop mein upayog karte hain. aadhunik sabhyata mein vaatar park jaisi suvidhaaeain bhi isi shreni mein gini ja sakti hain.

manoranjak upayog aamtaur par gairakshayi hota hai. golf course paani ki atyadhik maatra ka upayog karne ke liye prasidd hai, visheshakar khushk kshetron mein. baharahaal, yeh spasht naheen hai ki manoranjak sinchaai ke liye jal ka upayog (jis mein niji udyaanon shaamil honge) paani ke sansaadhanon par kya pratyaksh prabhaav daalata hai. aisa kaafi had tak vishvasaneeya deta ke aabhaav ke kaaran hai. California ki sarkaar sahit kuchh sarkaaron ne golf course mein jal ke upayog ko krushi karaar diya hai taaki paryaavaranavid ise jal barbaadi na kah paayein haalaanki uparokt aankadon ka ek aadhaar ke roop mein upayog karte hue, is her-fer ka vaastavik saankhyikeeya prabhaav shoonya ke kareeb maana jaata hai.

iske atirikt, manoranjan mein upayog anya upayogakartaaon ke liye vishisht samay aur sthaanon par paani ki upalabdhata mein kami ka kaaran bhi ho sakta hai. udaaharan ke liye paani ke ek jalaashaya mein der garmiyon mein naukaayan ke liye banaae rakhana aur kisaanon ko basant ke mausam ki kheti ke dauraan upalabdh naheen rakhana aisa hi upayog hoga. shvet jal raafting ke liye jal nirgaman bijli ki maang ke vyastatam samay par panabijli utpaadan ke liye jal ki anupalabdhata mein parint ho sakta hai.

paryaavaraneeya upayog

sinkleyar aardrabhoomi: ek praakrutik aardrabhoomi ka drushya

svachh paryaavaran ke liye paani ka prayog bhi ek bahut chhota upayog hai lekin badhti kul jal ka prayog ka pratishat hai. paryaavaraneeya jal upayogon mein shaamil hain - krutrim aardrabhoomi nirmaan, vanyajeev aavaas ke liye apekshit krutrim jheelein, baaaindh ke ird gird matsya sopaan aur machhali paalan ke liye samayabaddh jalaashayon se jal mukti ityaadi.

manoranjan ke saadhan ke upayog ki tarah, paryaavaraneeya upayog gair kshaya wala hai lekin vishisht samay aur sthaanon par anya upayogakartaaon ke liye paani ki upalabdhata mein kami ka kaaran ho sakta hai. udahaaran ke liye jalaashaya se machhali udyog ke liye jal mukti ke baad paani oopari kheton ke liye upalabdh naheen hoga.

jal sankat aur jal tanaav (water stress) ki avadhaarana saral hai: satat vikaas ke liye vishv vyaapaar parishad (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) ke anusaar yeh un paristhitiyon par laagoo hota hai jahaan sabhi upayogon ke liye paryaapt paani naheen upalabdh hai chaahe ve audyogik, krushi ya ghareloo upayog hon. prati vyakti (per capita) upalabdh jal tanaav ko paribhaashit karna jatil hai, tathaapi yeh dhaarana hai ki jab prati vyakti vaarshik Akshay meethe paani ki upalabdhata 1700 ghanameetar se kam ho, to desh alpaavadhik ya niyamit roop se paani tanaav ka anubhav karne lagte hain. 1,000 ghan meter se kam jal upalabdhata aarthik vikaas aur maanav svaasthya aur samruddhi mein baadha daalati hai.

janasankhya vruddhi aur jal sansaadhan

san 2000 mein, duniya ki aabaadi 6.2 arab thi. sanyukt raashtra ka anumaan hai ki san 2050 tak janasainkhya mein 3 arab ki vruddhi ho jaayegi aur iska jyaadaatar hissa vikaasasheel deshon mein janasankhya vruddhi karega jo pehle se hi jal tanaav se grast hain.^[8] is liye jal ki maang aur badhegi jab tak is mahatvapoorn sansaadhan mein jal sanrakshan aur punarprayog (recycling) dvaara anukool vruddhi naheen hoti.

samruddhi mein badhat

gareebi unmoolan dar ki vruddhi ho rahi hai khaaskar cheen aur Bhaarat jaise do janasankhya diggajon mein. baharahaal, badhti samruddhi (affluence) ka matlab hai nishchit roop se adhik paani ki khapat. 24 ghante, 7 din meethe paani ki aavashyakta aur buniyaadi svachhata (sanitation) se le kar udyaan sinchaai aur gaadi dhone ke liye paani ki maang karne se le kar jakujji ya niji taranataal ki chaahat tak yeh samruddhi jal ki maaaing mein vruddhi hi karegi.

vyaavasaayik gatividhiyon ka vistaar

teji se ho rahe audyogeekaran se seva kshetr jaise paryatan aur manoranjan jaisi vyaavasaayik gatividhiyaan teji se vistaar kar raheen hain. is vistaar ke falasvaroop poorti aur svachhata sahit jal sevaaon mein vruddhi hoti hai jo paani aur praakrutik sansaadhanon aur paaristhitik tantr par aur adhik dabaav ke kaaran ho sakte hain.

teevr shahareekaran

shahareekaran ke rujhaan ismein teevr vruddhi ke hain. niji laghu kuaine aur gatar (septic tank) jo kam ghanatv samudaayon mein kaaragar saabit hote hain, bhaari ghanatv ke shehari kshetron mein saksham naheen hote. shahareekaran ke hote jal sambandhit buniyaadi suvidhaaon mein mahatvapoorn nivesh ki aavashyakta hai. vyaktiyon tak paani pahunchaane ke liye aur malajal ko aur pradooshit aur dooshit jal ka upachaar kiye jaane ko suvidhaaon ka vikaas anivaarya hai anyatha ye saarvajanik svaasthya jokhim ban jaayeinge. 60% Europeeya sheheron mein jis ki janasainkhya 100,000 se adhik hai, vahaaain bhoomigat jal tej dar se prayog kiya ja raha hai.^[9] yadi kuchh jal upalabdh hai, to use grahan karne ki laagat mein vruddhi hi vruddhi (costs more and more) ho rahi hai.

jalavaayu parivartan aur jal sansaadhan

jalavaayu parivartan mausam aur jal chakr ke beech abhinn sambandhon ke kaaran duniya bhar ke jal sansaadhanon par mahatvapoorn prabhaav daal sakta hai. badhte taapamaan ke rahate vaashpeekaran mein vruddhi hogi aur parinaamat: varshan mein bhi vruddhi hogi, haalaanki varsha mein kshetreeya vivdhita mein bhi vruddhi hogi. kul milaakar, taaje paani ki vaishvik aapoorti mein vruddhi hogi lekin sookha aur baadh vibhinn kshetron mein alag alag samay par aksar ho sakte hain aur pahaadi kshetron mein barfabaari aur tushaar pighlaav ki sambhaavana hai. badha taapamaan jal gunavatta ko kaise prabhaavit karega yeh achhi tarah samjha naheen gaya hai. sambhaavit prabhaavon mein shaamil hain jaladhaaraaon aur jalaashayon ka yootrofikeshan ityaadi. jalavaayu parivartan ke kaaran krushi sinchaai, udyaan sechak aur shaayad taranataal ki maangon mein vruddhi bhi ho sakti hai.

jalabharon ka rikteekaran

paani ke kuen

maanav aabaadi ke vistaar ke kaaran jal ke liye pratispardha aise badh rahi hai ki vishv ke pramukh jalabhare samaapt hote ja rahe hain. yeh bhoomigat jal ke dvaara krushi sinchaai aur pratyaksh maanav upabhog donon ke liye kadva yathaarth hai. poori duniya mein sabhi aakaar ke laakhon pamp is samay bhoomigat jal nikaal rahe hain. uttari cheen aur Bhaarat jaise shushk kshetron mein sinchaai bhoomigat jal ke dvaara aur asamvrudheeya dar se nichoda ja raha hai. jinhon ne jalastar mein giraavat anubhav ki hain, un shaharon mein shaamil hain Mexico city, bainkauk, Manila, Beijing, Madras aur Shanghai ityaadi.^[10]

anya jagahon ki tarah Bhaarat mein bhi bhoojal ka vitran sarvatr samaan naheen hai. Bhaarat ke pathaari bhaag hamesha se bhoojal ke maamale mein kamjor rahe hain. yahaaain bhoojal kuchh khaas bhoogarbhik sanrachanaaon mein paaya jaata hai jaise bhransh ghaatiyon aur daraaron ke sahaare. uttari Bhaarat ke jalodh maidaan hamesha se bhoojal mein sampann rahe hain lekin ab uttari pashchimi bhaagon mein sinchaai hetu teji se dohan ke kaaran inmein abhootapoorv kami darj ki gayi hai.^[11] Bhaarat mein jalabharon aur bhoojal ki sthiti par chinta jaahir ki j rahi hai. jis tarah Bhaarat mein bhoojal ka dohan ho raha hai bhavishya mein sthitiyaaain kaafi khatarnaak hosakati hain. vartamaan samay mein 29% vikaas khand ya to bhoojal ke dayaneeya star par hain ya chintaneeya hain aur kuchh aankadon ke anusaar 2025 tak lagbhag 60% block chintaneeya sthitimein aa jaayeinge.^[12]

dhyaatavya hai ki Bhaarat mein 60% sinchaai etu jal aur lagbhag 85% peya jal ka srot bhoojal hi hai,^[13] aise mein bhoojal ka teji se girta star ek bahut badi chunauti ke roop mein ubhar raha hai.

pradooshan aur jal sanrakshan

pradooshit jal

jal pradooshan aaj vishv ke pramukh chintaaon mein se ek hai. kai deshon ki sarkaaron ki is samasya ko kam karne ke liye samaadhaan khojane ke liye kadi mehnat ki hai. jal aapoorti ko kai pradooshakon se khatra hai, kintu sab se adhik vyaapak visheshakar alpaviksit deshon mein hai. kachche malajal ka praakrutik jal mein pravaah dvaara iske niptaan ki yeh vidhi alpaviksit deshon mein sabse aam hai lekin yeh ardh viksit deshon jaise cheen, Bhaarat aur iraan mein bhi prachalit hai.

mal, keechad, gandagi aur vishaakt pradooshak, sab paani mein feink diye jaate hain. mal upachaar ke baavajood samasyaaen khadi hoti hain. jevnaarit (??) mal keechad mein tabdeel hota hai, jo samudra mein baha diya jaata hai keechad ke atirikt udyogon aur sarkaaron dvaara raasaayanon ka risaav jal pradooshan ka pramukh srot hain.

jal vivaad

jal ke peechhe vaastavik antar raajya sangharsh ka ek udahaaran hai sumeriya ke lagaash (Lagash) aur umma (Umma)^[14] raajyon ke beech, 2500 aur 2350 isa poorv hua sangharsh. pramaan ke aabhaav mein bhi yeh kaha ja sakta hai ki keval jal ke peechhe hi itihaas mein vibhinn yuddh lade gaye hain. jab paani ki kami raajaneetik tanaav ka kaaran banta hai, to ise jal tanaav kaha jaata hai. jal tanaav aksar kshetreeya aur sthaaneeya star par sangharsh ka kaaran raha hai. ^[15][16]

jal tanaav sangharsh aur raajaneetik tanaav ko bhi badhaava de sakte hain chaahe vah paani se sambandhit na bhi hon. samay ke saath taaje paani ki gunavatta ya maatra janasankhya ki sehat giraate hue aarthik vikaas mein avarodhak bhi ho sakti hai aur kshetreeya asthirta badha sakti hai.^[17]

jal sambandhit sangharsh aur tanaav sambhaavit raashtreeya seemaaon ke bheetar bhi hai, vipttikaaleen nadi ghaati ke nichle hisson mein cheen ke dakshini kshetr udaaharan ke liye peeli nadi ya Thailand mein chaao fraaya nadi (Chao Phraya River) kai varshon se jal sambandhit tanaav se peedhit hain is ke atirikt, cheen, Bhaarat, Iran aur Pakistan jaise shushk desh jo bhaari maatra mein sinchaai ke liye nirbhar hain, vah vishesh roop se jal sambandhit sangharsh ke jokhim kshetr mein hain raajaneetik tanaav, naagrik virodh aur hinsa bhi paani ke nijeekaran ki pratikriya ho sakte hain 2000 ke boleeviya jal yuddh (Bolivian Water Wars of 2000) sankhya 3 mein vrutt ka adhyayan hain ham vibhinn roopon mein jal ka upayog karte hain ham paani ka upayog tairaaki jaise manoranjan ke liye karte hain ham vastuen dhone ke liye paani ka upayog karte hain. paani bijli aur sinchaai ke liye prayog kiya jaata hai. yeh paudhon ko seenchane ke kaam aata hai ; sechak bhi jal ki khapat karte hain kheti baadhi aur fasal badhaane mein jal ka upayog hota hai.

poshan aur jal do buniyaadi maanaveeya aavashyakataaen hain haalaanki, 2002 se vaishvik coverage ke aankade darshaate hain ki, ke har das logon mein :

• mote taur par 5 ke gharon mein paani ki aapoorti ke liye pipe ka kanekshan hai (un ke nivaas, plaut ya yaard mein)
• 3 behtar jal aapoorti ke anya maadhyam jaise sanrakshit kuaaain ya saarvajanik staandpipe ka upayog karte hain
• 2 sevaaheen hain
• iske atirikt, har 10 mein se 4 log sudhari svachhata ke bina rah rahe hain.^[18]

pruthvi shikhar sammelan 2002 (Earth Summit 2002) mein sarkaaron ne kaarya kaarravaai ki ek yojana ko manjoori de di:

• san 2015 tak surakshit paani peene ki asamarthata rakhane vaalon ka anupaat lagbhag aadha hone ki sambhaavana hai^[19] paani ke 'munaasib abhigman' ko kam se kam 20 liter prati vyakti prati din, ek kilometer ki doori ke bheetar ke srot ke taur par paribhaashit karti hai
• buniyaadi svachhata ki asamarthata rakhane vaalon ka anupaat lagbhag aadha hone ki sambhaavana hai GWSSR ke mutaabik "buniyaadi svachhata" niji ya saajha lekin saarvajanik naheen niptaan pranaali hai jo mall ko maanaveeya sampark se alag karti hai.

jaise chitr darshaata hai, san 2025 mein paani ki kami gareeb deshon mein aur prabal hogi jahaaain sansaadhan seemit hain aur janasankh vruddhi tej hai jaise ki madhya poorv, Africa aur kuchh bhaag Asia ke. san 2025 tak, bade shahar aur un ke aas paas ke kshetraon ko surakshit paani aur ryaapt svachhata pradaan karne ke liye nae buniyaadi suvidhaaon ki aavashyakta hogi. yeh krushi jal upayogakartaaon, ke saath badhte sangharshon ka sujhaav hai, jo varttamaan mein manushya dvaara prayog kiye jaane vaale paani ke sabse bade upayogakarta hain.

saamaanyat: adhik viksit desh jaise uttari America, Europe aur roos san 2025 tak paani ki aapoorti karne ke liye ek gambhir khatra naheen dekheinge, keval is liye naheen ki un ki saapeksh dhanaraashi adhik hai, kintu adhik mahatvapoorn un ki janasainkhya jal sansaadhanon ke saath behtar samaayojit hogi. vaheen doosari or uttari Africa, madhya poorv, dakshin afreeka aur uttari cheen mein bhautik abhaav aur jal sambandhit kshamata, saapeksh janasankhya visfot ke kaaran ye kshetr gambhir paani ki kami ka saamana kareinge. dakshin America, up sahaara Africa, dakshini cheen aur bharat ke adhiktar bhoobhaag san 2025 tak paani ki aapoorti ki kami ka saamana kareinge. in kshetron mein surakshit peyajal mein kami ke kaaran honge vikaas karne ke liye aarthik baadhaaen aur atyadhik janasankhya vruddhi.

jal aapoorti aur svachhata ke liye buniyaadi dhaanche mein jaise pipe sanjaal, jalodanch kendra aur jal prashodhan kendra poonji ki ek badi raashi ke nivesh ki aavashyakta hoti hai. yeh anumaan hai ki aarthik sah-sanchaalan aur vikaas sangathan (OECD) raashtron ko paani ke samay aadhaarit buniyaadi dhaanche ko badalne ke liye, jal aapoorti ki guaranty dene ke liye, risaav daron mein kami laane aur paani ki gunavatta ki raksha ke liye prati varsh kam se kam 200 arab Amreeki dollar ka nivesh karna hoga.^[20]

antaanrraashtreeya star par vikaasasheel deshon ki aavashyakataaon par dhyaan keindrit kiya gaya hai.sahasraabdi vikaas lakshya (Millennium Development Goals) san 2015 tak surakshit peene ke paani aur buniyaadi svachhata ke aabhaav mein ji rahe janasainkhya anupaat ko aadha karne ka lakshya poora karne ke liye 10 se 15 arab amareeke dollar ke varttamaan nivesh ko doguna karne ki aavashyakta hai is mein maujooda buniyaadi dhaanche ke rakharakhaav ke liye aavashyak nivesh shaamil naheen hain^[21]

ek baar buniyaadi suvidhaaen jagah par hon to prachalit jal aapoorti aur svachhata pranaali mahatvapoorn chalte kharch antarbhoot karega. kaarmikon, oorja, rasaayan, rakharakhaav aur anya kharchon ki aapoorti ke liye in poonji aur parichaalan laagat ko poora karne ke liye dhan raashi ki sootr upayogakarta fees, saarvajanik dhan ya do ke kuchh sanyojan honge. par yaheen par jal arthashaastr jatil hona shuroo ho jaata hai kyonki yeh saamaajik aur vyaapak aarthik neetiyon se takaraata hai. aise naitik prashn jo paani ki upalabdhata aur paani ke upayog ke baare mein aadhaarbhoot jaankaari par keindrit hai is lekh ke daayare se pare hain. fir bhi yeh samajhne ke liye ki jokhimon aur avsaron ke sandarbh mein jal muddon ka vyaapaar aur udyog par kya prabhaav padhega, is ke liye yeh kaafi praasangik hai.

vyaapaar pratikriya

sthaayi vikaas vishv vyaapaar parishad (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) apne paridrushya nirmaan (scenario building) prakriya mein kaaryarat hai^[22] jiske uddeshya hain:

• jal se sambandhit mool muddon aur driveron ka vyavasaaya dvaara samajh ka spashteekaran karte hain aur badhaava dena.
• vyaapaar samudaaya aur gair jal prabandhan ke muddon par vyaapaar hitdhaarakon ke beech aapasi samajh ko badhaava dena.
• nirantar jal prabandhan ke liye samaadhaan ke bhaag ke roop mein samarthan prabhaavi vyaapaar kaarravaai.

ike dvaara kiye gaye adhyayan mein yeh nishkarsh nikaala gaya hai ki:

• pyaase samaaj mein vyaapaar jeevit naheen rah sakta.
• jal sankat ke liye jal kaarobaar mein hone ki aavashyakta naheen hai.
• vyaapaar samaadhaan ka hissa hai aur iski kshamata apni abhiyaan dvaara sanchaalit hai.
• badhte paani ke mudde aur jatilta, laagat ko badhaava deinge.

• sanyukt raashtra paryaavaran kaaryakram - meetha paani
• vishv ke Akshay jal sansaadhan - desh anusaar kramaankan
• antarraashtreeya jal varsh se 'jald tathya' vivranika (san 2003)
• seema paar taaja jal vivaad aankadaasanchaya
• sanyukt raashtra - jal
• ameriki praakrutik itihaas sangrahaalaya - Water: H2O=Life
• antararaashtreeya jal prabandhan sansthaan (IWMI)
• ai - jal sahakaari anusandhaan kendra - Australiaee sarkaar se vitt poshit pahal jal prabandhan nirnaya sahaayata samarthan aujaar
• jal sansaadhan aur antararaashtreeya kaanoon sandarbhagranth soochi pees pailes pustakaalaya
• sanyukt raashtra ka vishv jal vikaas report
• amareeka ka jal sansaadhan
• antararaashtreeya jal sansaadhan sangh
• Canada ke jal sansaadhan sangh
• ameriki jal sansaadhan sangh
• sansthaan ke jal sansaadhan ke liye - USACE
• jal sansaadhan anusandhaan kendra
• jal sansaadhanon ke tarjan paryaavaran agency ke dvaara
• praacheen sinchaai California vishvavidyaalaya ke bhoovijnyaaan vibhaag se
• khanan jal California vishvavidyaalaya ke bhoovijnyaaan vibhaag se
• chayanit vishv jal aankade
• paani ke liye upayog ...
• taaje paani ke bhavishya mein srot
• vishv jal aapoorti aur maang: 1995 se 2025 (International Water Management Institute) se
• saamarik aur antararaashtreeya adhyayan kendra (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
• Sandia raashtreeya prayogashaalaaen (Sandia National Laboratories)
• jharajhar shehar , shahari jal ke upayog mein nae nirdesh.
• paani aur dharati par jeevan ka bhavishya
• paani aur shahar: is avlokan mutaabik kriya
• efaeo jal portal sanyukt raashtra ke khaadya aur krushi sangathan