jain dharm

jain dharm Bhaarat ka ek praacheen dharm hai. 'jain dharm' ka arth hai - 'jin dvaara pravartit dharm'. 'jain' kehte hain unhein, jo 'jin' ke anuyaayi hon. 'jin' shabd bana hai 'ji' dhaatu se. 'ji' maane-jeetna. 'jin' maane jeetne wala. jinhonne apne man ko jeet liya, apni vaani ko jeet liya aur apni kaaya ko jeet liya, ve hain 'jin'. jain dharm arthaat 'jin' bhagavaan‌ ka dharm.

is yug mein sadiyon pehle shri rishabhadev dvaara jain dharm ka praadurbhaav hua. jain dharm ki praacheenata praamaanik karne vaale anek ullekh ajain saahitya aur khaaskar vaidik saahitya mein prachur maatra mein hain. arhantan, jin, rishabhadev, arishtanemi aadi teerthankaron ka ullekh rigvedaadi mein bahulata se milta hai, jisse yeh svat: siddh hota hai ki vedon ki rachana ke pehle jain-dharm ka astitv Bhaarat mein tha. shreemad‍ Bhagwat mein shri rishabhadev ko vishnu ka aathavaaain avataar aur paramahans diganbar dharm ka pratipaadak kaha hai. vishnu puraan mein shri rishabhadev, manusmruti mein pratham jin (yaani rishabhadev) skandapuraan, lingapuraan aadi mein baaisavein teerthankar arishtanemi ka ullekh aaya hai. deeksha moorti-sahasranaam, vaishampaayan sahasranaam mahimn stotr mein Bhagwan jineshvar va arahant kah ke stuti ki gayi hai. yog vaashishth mein shreeraam 'jin' Bhagwan ki tarah shaanti ki kaamna karte hain. isi tarah rudrayaamalatantr mein bhavaani ko jineshvari, jinmaata, jinendra kehkar sambodhan kiya hai. nagar puraan mein kalayug mein ek jain muni ko bhojan karaane ka fal krutayug mein das braahmanon ko bhojan karaane ke baraabar kaha gaya hai.

jain dharm mein ahinsa ko param dharm maana jaata hai aur koi srushtikrta ishvar naheen maana jaata.^[1]

jain dharm mein shraavak aur muni donon ke liye paaainch vrat bataae gaye hai. teerthankar aadi mahaapurush jinka paalan karte hai, vah mahaavrat kahalaate hai ^[2]-

1. ahinsa - kisi bhi jeev ko man, vachan, kaaya se peeda naheen pahuainchaana.
2. satya - hit, mit, priya vachan bolna.
3. asteya - bina di hui vastu ko grahan naheen karna.
4. brahmacharya - man, vachan, kaaya se maithun karm ka tyaag karna.
5. aparigrah- padaarthon ke prati mamatvaroop parinman ka buddhipoorvak tyaag.^[3]

muni inka sookshm roop se paalan karte hai, vahi shraavak sthaayi roop se karte hai.

jain dhvaj

saat tattv

jain granthon mein saat tattvon ka varnan milta hain. yeh hain-

1. jeev- jain darshan mein aatma ke liye "jeev" shabd ka prayog kiya gaya hain. aatma dravya jo chaitanyasvarup hai. ^[4]
2. ajeev- jad ya ki achetan dravya ko ajeev (pudgal) kaha jaata hai.
3. aasrav - pudgal karmon ka aasrav karna
4. bandh- aatma se karm bandhana
5. sanvar- karm bandh ko rokana
6. nirjara- karmon ko shaya karna
7. moksh - jeevan va maran ke chakr se mukti ko moksh kehte hain.

nau padaarth

jain granthon ke anusaar jeev aur ajeev, yeh do mukhya padaarth hain.^[5] aasrav, bandh, sanvar, nirjara, moksh, punya, paap ajeev dravya ke bhed hain.

chhah dravya

jain dharm ke anusaar lok 6 dravyon (substance) se bana hai. yeh 6 dravya shaashvat hain arthaat inko banaaya ya mitaaya naheen ja sakta.^[5] yeh hai jeev, ajeev, dharm, adharm, aakaash aur kaal.

ratnatraya

• samyak darshan
• samyak gyaan
• samyak chaaritr

yeh ratnatraya aatma ko chhodkar anya kisi dravya mein naheen rahata.^[5]

chaar kashaaya

krodh, maan, maaya, lobh.

chaar gati

Dave gati, manushya gati, tiryanyach gati, nark gati, (panyacham gati = moksh).

chaar nikshep

naam nikshep, sthaapana nikshep, dravya nikshep, bhaav nikshep.

samyaktv ke aath ang

ni:shankitttv, ni:kaankshitttv, nirvichikitsattv, amoodhadrushtitv, upabrunhan / upagoohan, sthitikran, prabhaavana, vaatsalya.

ahinsa

ahinsa aur jeev daya par bahut jor diya jaata hai. sabhi jain shaakaahaari hote hain.

anekaantavaad

anekaantavaad ka arth hai- ek hi vastu mein paraspar virodhi anek dharm yugalon ka sveekaar.^[6]

syaadvaad'

syaadvaad ka arth hai- vibhinn apekshaaon se vastugat anek dharmon ka pratipaadan.^[6]

pratham teerthankar rishabhadev ki pratimaaji, kundalapur, madhya pradesh

jain ishvar ko maanate hain. lekin ishvar ko satta sampann nahi maanate ishvar sarv shaktishaali trilok ka jnyaaata drashta hai par trilok ka karta nahi | jain log srushtikrta ishvar ko naheen maanate, jin ya arihnt ko hi ishvar maanate hain. unheen ki praarthana karte hain aur unheen ke nimitt mandir aadi banavaate hain.

teerthankar

jain dharm me 24 teerthankaron ko maana jaata hai. teerthankar dharm teerth ka pravartan karte hai. is kaal ke 24 teerthankar hai-

inmein se antim do paarshvanaath aur mahaaveer svaami aitihaasik purush hai^[7]. mahaaveer ka janm isa se 599 varsh pehle hona granthon se paaya jaaya hai. shesh ke vishay mein anek prakaar ki alaukeek aur prakrutiviruddh kathaaeain hain. rishabhadev ki katha Bhagwat aadi kai puraanon mein I hai aur unki ganana hinduon ke 24 avataaron mein hai. Bhagwan mahaaveer svaami ke pradhaan shishya indrabhooti Gautam the jinhein kuchh yuropiyn vidvaanon ne bhramavash shaakya muni gotam samjha tha. jain dharm mein do sanpradaaya hai — shvetaanbar aur diganbar. inmein tatv ya siddhaanton mein koi bhed naheen hai.

arhat Dave ne sansaar ko dravyaarthik naya ki apeksha se anaadi bataaya hai. jagat ka na to koi harta hai aur na jeevon ko koi sukh du:kh denevaala hai. apne apne karmon ke anusaar jeev sukh du:kh paate hain. jeev ya aatma ka mool svabhaan shuddh, buddh, sachchidaanandamaya hai, keval pudagal ya karm ke aavaran se usaka mool svarup aachhaadit ho jaata hai. jis samay yeh paudgalik bhaar hat jaata hai us samay aatma paramaatma ki uchch dasha ko praapt hota hai. jain mat 'syaadvaad' ke naam se bhi prasiddh hai. syaadvaad ka arth hai anekaantavaad arthaat ek hi padaarth mein nityatv aur anityatv, saadrushya aur virupatv, satv aur asatv, abhilaashyatv aur anabhilaashyatv aadi paraspar bhinn dharmon ka saapeksh sveekaar. is mat ke anusaar aakaash se lekar deepak paryant samast padaarth nityatv aur anityatv aadi ubhaya dharm yukt hai.

mantr

jain dharm ka param pavitra aur anaadi moolamantr hai-

namo arihantaanan. namo siddhaanan. namo aairiyaanan.

namo uvajjhaayaanan. namo loe savvasaahoonan.

arthaat arihanton ko namaskaar, siddhon ko namaskaar, aachaaryon ko namaskaar, upaadhyaayon ko namaskaar, sarv saadhuon ko namaskaar. ye paaainch parameshthi hain.

jain kaalachakr do bhaag mein vibhaajit hai : utsarpini aur avasarpini

jis prakaar kaal hinduon mein manvantar kalp aadi mein vibhkt hai usi prakaar jain mein kaal do prakaar ka hai— utsarpini aur avasarpini. pratyek utsarpini aur avasarpini mein chaubees chaubees jin teerthankar hote hain. oopar jo 24 teerthankar ginaae gaye hain ve vartamaan avasarpini ke hain. jo ek baar teerth kar ho jaate hain ve fir doosari utsirpini ya avasarpini mein janm naheen lete. pratyek utsirpini ya avasarpini mein nae nae jeev teerthankar hua karte hain. inheen teerthankaron ke upadeshon ko lekar ganadhar log dvaadash ango ki rachana karte hain. ye hi dvaadashaang jain dharm ke mool granth maane jaate hai. inke naam ye hain—aaachaaraang, sootrakrutaang, sthaanaang, samavaayaang, bhagavati sootr, jnyaaataadharmakatha, upaasak dashaang, antakrut dashaang, anuttoropapaatik dashaang, prashn vyaakaran, vipaakashrut, hrushtivaad. inmein se gyaarah ansh to milte hain par baarahavaaain hrushtivaad naheen milta. ye sab ang ardhamaagadhi praakrut mein hai aur adhik se adhik bees baais sau varsh puraane hain. in aagamon ya angon ko shvetaabanr jain maanate hain. par diganbar poora poora naheen maanate. unke granth sanskrut mein alag hai jinmein in teerthankaron ki kathaaeain hai aur 24 puraan ke naam se prasiddh hain.

jain dharm kitna praacheen hai, theek theek naheen kaha ja sakta. jain grantho ke anusaar jain dharm anaadikaal se hai. mahaaveer svaami ya vardhamaan ne isa se 527 varsh poorv nirvaan praapt kiya tha. isi samay se peechhe kuchh log visheshakar yooropiyn vidvaan jain dharm ka prachalit hona maanate hain. jis prakaar bauddhon mein 24 buddh hai usi prakaar jainon mein bhi 24 teerthakaar hai. hindu dharm ke anusaar jainon ne bhi apne granthon ko aagam, puraan aadi mein vibhkt kiya hai par pro॰ jekobi aadi ke aadhunik anveshanon ke anusaar yeh siddh kiya gaya hai ki jain dharm bauddh dharm se pehle ka hai. udayagiri, Junagadh aadi ke shilaalekhon se bhi jainamat ki praacheenata pai jaati hai. hindu granth, skand puraan (adhyaaya 37) ke anusaar: "rishabhadev naabhiraaj ke putr the, rishabh ke putr bharat the, aur inke hi naam par is desh ka naam "bhaaratavarsh" pada"|^[8]

bhaarateeya jyotish mein yoonaaniyon ki shaili ka prachaar vikrameeya sanvat se teen sau varsh peechhe hua. par jainon ke mool granth angon mein yavan jyotish ka kuchh bhi aabhaas naheen hai. jis prakaar brahmanon ki ved sanhita mein panchavarshaatmak yug hai aur kruttika se nakshatron ki ganana hai usi prakaar jainon ke ang granthon mein bhi hai. isse unki praacheenata siddh hoti hai.

Bhagwan mahaaveer ke pashchaat is paranmpara mein kai muni evam aachaarya bhi huye hai, jinmein se pramukh hain-

• Bhagwan mahaaveer ke pashchaat 62 barsh mein teen kevali (527-465 B.C.)

1. aachaarya Gautam ganadhar (607-515 B.C.)
2. aachaarya sudharmaasvaami (607-507 B.C.)
3. aachaarya jamboosvaami (542-465 B.C.)

• iske pashchaat 100 barsho mein pauch shrut kevali (465-365 B.C.)
  • aachaarya bhadrabaahu- antim shrut kevali (433-357)
• aachaarya kundakund svaami (200 A.D.)
• aachaarya umaasvaami (200 A.D.)
• aachaarya samantabhadr
• aachaarya poojyapaad (474-525)
• aachaarya veerasen (790-825)
• aachaarya jinsen (800-880)
• aachaarya nemichndr siddhaantachakravarti

teerthankar mahaaveer ke samay tak avichhinn rahi jain parampara isa ki teesari sadi mein do bhaagon mein vibhkt ho gayi : diganbar aur shvetaambar. muni pramaanasaagar ji ne jainon ke is vibhaajan par apni rachana 'jainadharm aur darshan' mein vistaar se likha hai ki aachaarya bhadrabaahu ne apne gyaan ke bal par jaan liya tha ki uttar Bhaarat mein 12 varsh ka bhayankar akaal padne wala hai isliye unhonne sabhi saadhuon ko nirdesh diya ki is bhayaanak akaal se bachane ke liye dakshin Bhaarat ki or vihaar karna chaahiye. aachaarya bhadrabaahu ke saath hajaaron jain muni (nirgranth) dakshin ki or vartamaan ke Tamil Nadu aur Karnataka ki or prasthaan kar gaye aur apni saadhana mein lage rahe. parantu kuchh jain saadhu uttar Bhaarat mein hi ruk gaye the. akaal ke kaaran yahaaain ruke hue saadhuon ka nirvaah aagamaanuroop naheen ho pa raha tha isliye unhonne apni kai kriyaaeain shithil kar leen, jaise kati vastr dhaaran karna, 7 gharon se bhiksha grahan karna, 14 upakaran saath mein rakhana aadi. 12 varsh baad dakshin se laut kar aaye saadhuon ne ye sab dekha to unhonne yahaaain rah rahe saadhuon ko samajhaaya ki aap log pun: teerthankar mahaaveer ki parampara ko apna lein par saadhu raaji naheen hue aur tab jain dharm mein diganbar aur shvetaambar do sampradaaya ban gaye.

digmbar

digmbar (nirgranth) muni vastr naheen pahanate hai. nagn rahate hain. teerthakaron ki pratimaaeain poorn nagn banaayi jaati hain aur unka shrungaar naheen kiya jaata hai, poojan paddhati mein fal aur fool naheen chadhaae jaate hain.

shvetaambar

shvetaambar sannyaasi shvet vastr pahanate hain, teerthakaron ki pratimaaeain langot aur dhaatu ki aankh, kundal sahit banaayi jaati hain aur unka shrungaar kiya jaata hai.

shvetaambar bhi teen bhaag me vibhkt hai:

1. moortipoojak -yॆ teerthakaron ki pratimaaeain ki puja karatॆ he.
2. sthaanakavaasi
3. teraapanthi

samast jain aagam grantho ko chaar bhaago main baanta gaya hai

(1) prathamaanuyog

(2) karanaanuyog

(3) charanaanuyog

(4) dravyaanuyog

tattvaarth sootr- sabhi jainon dvaara sveekrut granth

digmbar granth

pramukh jain granth hain :-

• shatkhandaagam- mool aagam granth
• aachaarya kund kund dvaara virchit granth- samayasaar, pravachanasaar
• ratnakarand shraavakaachaar
• purushaarth siddhayupaaya
• aadipuraan
• ishtopadesh,
• aaptameemaansa,
• moolaachaar,
• dravyasangrah,
• gommatasaar,

shvetaambar granth

kalpasootr

jain dharm ke pramukh tyauhaar is prakaar hain.

• panchakalyaanak
• mahaaveer jayanti
• paryushan
• rishipanchami
• jain dharm mein deepaavali
• gyaan panchami
• dashalakshan dharm

• praveshadvaar:jain dharm
• tamil jain
• jain mandir
• jaya jineindr
• kevali

• pramaanasaagar, muni (2008), jain tattvavidya, bhaarateeya jnyaaanapeeth, aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-81-263-1480-5, https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kKqDPzCrwf0C&dq=Jain+Tattvavidya&source=gbs_navlinks_s
• jain, vijay Kumar (2011), aachaarya umaasvaami tattvaarthasootr, Vikalp Printers, aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-81-903639-2-1, https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zLmx9bvtglkC
• aachaarya nemichndr (2013), dravyasangrah, Vikalp Printers, aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 81-903639-5-6, https://books.google.co.in/books?id=g9CJ3jZpcqYC
• Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2001). Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture. Mumbai: Popular prakashan. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 81-7154-839-3.
• Zimmer, Heinrich (1953), Joseph Campbell, ed., Philosophies Of India, London, E.C. 4: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-8120807396, https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer
• shaastri, p. kailaashachandr (2007), jain dharm, aachaarya shantisaagar 'chhaani' smruti granthamaala, aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 81-902683-8-4

• jainadharm mein vigyaan (Google pustak ; Narayan laal kachhaara)
• jainendr siddhaant kosh (Google pustak ; jinendr vaani)
• bundelakhand ke jain teerth (bundelakhand darshan dot com)