itihaas

sindh mein mohenjodaado mein hadppa sanskruti ke avashesh

itihaas shabd ka prayog visheshat: do arthon mein kiya jaata hai. ek hai praacheen athva vigat kaal ki ghatanaaeain aur doosra un ghatnaaon ke vishay mein dhaarana. itihaas shabd (iti + h + aas ; as dhaatu, lit lakaar anya purush tatha ek vachan) ka taatparya hai "yeh nishchaya tha". grees ke log itihaas ke liye "histari" (history) shabd ka prayog karte the. "histari" ka shaabdik arth "bunana" tha. anumaan hota hai ki gyaat ghatnaaon ko vyavasthit dhang se bunakar aisa chitr upasthit karne ki koshish ki jaati thi jo saarthak aur susanbaddh ho.

is prakaar itihaas shabd ka arth hai - parampara se praapt upaakhyaan samooh (jaise ki lok kathaaeain), veeragaatha (jaise ki mahaabhaarat) ya aitihaasik saakshya.^[1] itihaas ke antargat ham jis vishay ka adhyayan karte hain usamein ab tak ghatit ghatnaaon ya usase sambandh rakhanevaali ghatnaaon ka kaalakramaanusaar varnan hota hai.^[2] doosare shabdon mein maanav ki vishisht ghatnaaon ka naam hi itihaas hai.^[3] ya fir praacheenata se naveenata ki or aane waali, maanavajaati se sambandhit ghatnaaon ka varnan itihaas hai.^[4] in ghatnaaon va aitihaasik saakshyon ko tathya ke aadhaar par pramaanit kiya jaata hai.

itihaas ke mukhya aadhaar yugavishesh aur ghatnaasthal ke ve avashesh hain jo kisi na kisi roop mein praapt hote hain. jeevan ki bahumukhi vyaapakata ke kaaran svalp saamagri ke sahaare vigat yug athva samaaj ka chitranirmaan karna du:saadhya hai. saamagri jitni hi adhik hoti jaati hai usi anupaat se beete yug tatha samaaj ki rooparekha prastut karna saadhya hota jaata hai. paryaapt saadhanon ke hote hue bhi yeh naheen kaha ja sakta ki kalpanaamishrit chitr nishchit roop se shuddh ya satya hi hoga. isliye upayukt kami ka dhyaan rakhakar kuchh vidvaan kehte hain ki itihaas ki sanpoornata asaadhya si hai, fir bhi yadi hamaara anubhav aur gyaan prachur ho, aitihaasik saamagri ki jaaainch-padtaal ko hamaari kala tarkapratishthat ho tatha kalpana sanyat aur viksit ho to ateet ka hamaara chitr adhik maanaveeya aur praamaanik ho sakta hai. saaraansh yeh hai ki itihaas ki rachana mein paryaapt saamagri, vaigyaanik dhang se usaki jaaainch, usase praapt gyaan ka mahatva samajhne ke vivek ke saath hi saath aitihaasak kalpana ki shakti tatha sajeev chitran ki kshamata ki aavashyakta hai. smaran rakhana chaahiye ki itihaas na to saadhaaran paribhaasha ke anusaar vigyaan hai aur na keval kaalpanik darshan athva saahityik rachana hai. in sabke yathochit sanmishran se itihaas ka svaroop racha jaata hai.

likhit itihaas ka aarambh padya athva gadya mein veeragaatha ke roop mein hua. fir veeron athva vishisht ghatnaaon ke sambandh mein anushruti athva lekhak ki poochh-taachh se gadya mein rachana praarambh hui. is prakaar ke lekh khapadon, pattharon, chhaalon aur kapadon par milte hain. kaagaj ka aavishkaar hone se lekhan aur pathan paathan ka maarg prashast ho gaya. likhit saamagri ko anya prakaar ki saamagri-jaise khandahar, shav, bartan, dhaatu, ann, sikke, khilaune tatha yaataayaat ke saadhanon aadi ke sahayog dvaara aitihaasik gyaan ka kshetr aur kosh badhta chala gaya. us sab saamagri ki jaaainch padtaal ki vaigyaanik kala ka bhi vikaas hota gaya. praapt gyaan ko ko sajeev bhaasha mein gunfit karne ki kala ne aashcharyajanak unnati kar li hai, fir bhi ateet ke darshan ke liye kalpana kuchh to abhyaas, kintu adhiktar vyakti ki naisargik kshamata evam sookshm tatha kraant drushti par aashrit hai. yadyapi itihaas ka aarambh Asia mein hua, tathaapi usaka vikaas Europe mein vishesh roop se hua.

Asia mein cheeniyon, kintu unase bhi adhik islaami logon ko, jinko kaalakram ka mahatva achhe prakaar gyaat tha, itihaasarachana ka vishesh shreya hai. musalmaanon ke aane ke pehle hinduon ki itihaas sambandh mein apni anokhi dhaaran thi. kaalakram ke badle ve saanskrutik aur dhaarmik vikaas ya hraas ke yugon ke kuchh mool tatvon ko ekatrit kar aur vichaaron tatha bhaavanaaon ke pravartanon aur prateekon ka saanketik varnan karke tusht ho jaate the. unka itihaas praaya: kaavyaroop mein milta hai jismein sab kachchi-pakki saamagri mili juli, ulajhi aur guthi padi hai. uske sulajhaane ke kuchh-kuchh prayatn hone lage hain, kintu kaalakram ke abhaav mein bhayankar kathinaaiyaaain pad rahi hain.

vartamaan sadi mein Europeeya shiksha mein Dixit ho jaane se aitihaasik anusandhaan ki Hindustan mein uttarottar unnati hone lagi hai. itihaas ki ek naheen, sahasron dhaaraaeain hain. sthool roop se unka prayog raajaneetik, aarthik aur saamaajik kshetron mein adhik hua hai. iske siva ab vyaktiyon mein seemit na rakhakar janta tatha uske sambandh ka gyaan praapt karne ki or adhik ruchi ho gayi hai.

Bhaarat mein itihaas ke srot hain: rigved aur an‍aaya ved jaise yajurved, saamaved, atharvaved granth, itihaas puraanasmruti granth aadi. inhein aitihaasik saamagri kehte hain.

pashchim mein hirodotas ko pratham itihaasakaar maanate hain.

itihaas ka kshetr bada vyaapak hai. pratyek vyakti, vishay, anveshan aandolan aadi ka itihaas hota hai, yahaaain tak ki itihaas ka bhi itihaas hota hai. ataev yeh kaha ja sakta hai ki daarshanik, vaigyaanik aadi anya drushtikonon ki tarah aitihaasik drushtikon ki apni niji visheshata hai. vah ek vichaarashaili hai jo praarambhik puraatan kaal se aur visheshat: 17veen sadi se sabhya sansaar mein vyaapt ho gayi. 19veen sadi se praaya: pratyek vishay ke adhyayan ke liye uske vikaas ka aitihaasik gyaan aavashyak samjha jaata hai. itihaas ke adhyayan se maanav samaaj ke vividh kshetron ka jo vyaavahaarik gyaan praapt hota hai usase manushya ki paristhitiyon ko aaainkane, vyaktiyon ke bhaavon aur vichaaron tatha janasamooh ki pravruttiyon aadi ko samajhne ke liye badi suvidha aur achhi khaasi kasauti mil jaati hai.

itihaas praaya: nagaron, praanton tatha vishesh deshon ke ya yugon ke likhe jaate hain. ab is or cheshtha aur prayatn hone lage hain ki yadi sambhav ho to sabhya sansaar hi naheen, varan manushya maatr ke saamoohik vikaas ya vinaash ka adhyayan bhoogol ke samaan kiya jaae. is dhyeya ki siddh yadyapi asambhav naheen, tathaapi badi dustar hai. iske praathamik maanachitr se yeh anumaan hota hai ki vishv ke santoshajanak itihaas ke liye bahut lambe samay, prayaas aur sangathan ki aavashyakta hai. kuchh vidvaanon ka mat hai ki yadi vishvaitihaas ki tatha maanushik pravruttiyon ke adhyayan se kuchh sarvavyaapi siddhaant nikaalne ki cheshta ki gayi to itihaas samaajashaastr mein badalkar apni vaiyaktik visheshata kho baithega. yeh bhaya itna chintaajanak naheen hai, kyonki samaajashaastr ke liye itihaas ki utani hi aavashyakta hai jitni itihaas ko samaajashaasatr ki. vastut: itihaas par hi samaajashaastr ki rachana sambhav hai.

maanav sabhyata ki itihaas vastut: maanav ke vikaas ka itihaas hai, par yeh prashn sada vivaadagrast raha hai ki aadi manav aur usaki sabhyata ka vikaas kab aur kahaaain hua. itihaas ke isi adhyayan ko praagaitihaas kehte hain. yaani itihaas se poorv ka itihaas. praagaitihaasik kaal ki maanav sabhyata ko 4 bhaagon mein baaainta gaya hai.

• aadim paashaan kaal
• poorv paashaan kaal
• uttar paashaan kaal
• dhaatu kaal

asabhyata se ardhasabhyata, tatha ardhasabhyata se sabhyata ke pratham sopaan tak hajaaron saalon ki doori tay ki gayi hogi. lekin vishv mein kis samay kis tarah se ye sabhyataaeain viksit huin iski koi jaankaari aaj naheen milti hai. haaain itna avashya maaloom ho saka hai ki praacheen vishv ki sabhi sabhyataaeain nadiyon ki ghaatiyon mein hi udit huin aur fali fooleen. dajala-fraat ki ghaati mein sumer sabhyata, baabili sabhyata, tatha aseeriyn sabhyata, neel ki ghaati mein praacheen misr ki sabhyata tatha sindhu ki ghaati mein sindhu ghaati sabhyata ya aarya sabhyata ka vikaas hua.

1. ↑ aapte, vaaman shivraam (1969). sanskrut hindi kosh. Delhi, Patna, Varanasi Bhaarat: Motilal banaaraseedaas. pa॰ 174.
2. ↑ prasaad, kaalika (2000). bruhat hindi kosh. Varanasi Bhaarat: jnyaaanamandal limited. pa॰ 147.
3. ↑ naahar, Dr ratibhaanu Singh (1974). praacheen Bhaarat ka raajanaitik evam saanskrutik itihaas. Allahabad, Bhaarat: kitaabamahal. pa॰ 1.
4. ↑ Whitney, W. D. (1889). The Century dictionary; an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language. New York: The Century Co. Page 2842|language=angreji

• itihaas lekhan (histograafi)
• Bhaarat ka itihaas

• itihaas ke itihaas ki bhaarateeya drushti (hrudayanaaraayan Dixit)
• itihaas darshan (Google pustak ; lekhak - paramaanand Singh)
• itihaas ki jaroorat kise hai? (vebaduniya)
• History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies. Moscow: KomKniga, 2006. ISBN 5-484-01002-0
• itihaas ki prakruti
• hindi mein itihaas lekhan (1864-1930); kuchh sandarbh (hitendr Patel, itihaas vibhaag, raveendr bhaarati vishvavidyaalaya, Kolkata)
• itihaasabhaarati
• jo itihaas mein naheen hai (Google pustak ; lekhak - Rakesh Kumar Singh, bhaarateeya jnyaaanapeeth)
• shubhada prakaashan (hindi bhaasha mein Bhaarat ki pehli itihaas-shodh vaibasaait)